The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 46

The SOUTHERN CALIFORNIANS, whose territory lies south of the thirty-fifth parallel, are, as far as is known, tribally distributed as follows:

The _Cahuillos_ 'inhabit princ.i.p.ally a tract of country about eighty miles east from San Bernardino, and known as the Cabeson Valley, and their villages are on or near the road leading to La Paz on the Colorado River.... Another branch of this tribe numbering about four hundred occupy a tract of country lying in the mountains about forty miles southeast from San Bernardino, known as the Coahuila Valley.' _Stanley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 194-5. 'The Coahuillas are scattered through the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains and eastward in the Cabesan Valley.' _Whiting_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 691. The Coahuilas live in the San Jacinto Mountains. _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 17. The Cohuillas reside in the northern half of the country, commencing on the coast, and extending to within fifty miles of the Colorado river, following the eastern base of the mountains. _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_. The Cahuillos or Cawios reside 'near the Pacific, between the sources of the San Gabriel and Santa Anna.'

_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 26. 'The Cahuillas are a little to the north of the San Luisenos, occupying the mountain ridges and intervening valleys to the east and southeast of Mount San Bernadino, down towards the Mohava river and the desert that borders the river Colorado, the nation of Mohavas lying between them and these rivers. I am unable just now to give the number and names of all their villages. San Gorgonio, San Jacinto, Coyote, are among those best known, though others even nearer the desert, are more populous.' _Hayes' MS._ The Cohuillas occupy the southwestern part of San Bernardino County, and the northwestern part of San Diego county. _MS. Map._ 'The Carvilla Indians occupy the Country from San Gorgonio Pa.s.s to the Arroyo Blanco.' _Cram's Topog.

Memoir_, p. 119. 'The _Cowillers_ and _Telemnies_ live on Four Creeks.'

_Id._, p. 400. 'The limits of the Kahweyah and Kahsowah tribes appear to have been from the Feather river in the northern part of the State, to the Tulare lakes of the south.' _Cal. Farmer_, _May 25, 1860_.

The _Diegenos_ 'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and to extend about a hundred miles into the interior.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. The Dieguinos are in the southern part of San Diego County, and extend from the coast to the desert. _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 240. The Dieguinas reside in the southern part of the country watered by the Colorado, and claim the land from a point on the Pacific to the eastern part of the mountains impinging on the desert. _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_. The Comeyas or Diegenos 'occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and extend about a hundred miles into the interior.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 7. 'The Indians round San Diego, Deguinos, Diegenos, were in a savage state, and their language almost unknown. Bartlett says that they are also called Comeya; but Whipple a.s.serts that the Comeya, a tribe of the Yumas, speak a different language.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 62. On page 220 Ludewig says that as the name Diegenos means the Indians round San Diego, there is no such name as Deguinos. 'The villages of the Dieguinos, wherever they live separately, are a little to the south of the Cahuillas.

Indeed, under this appellation they extend a hundred miles into Lower California, in about an equal state of civilization, and thence are scattered through the Tecate valley over the entire desert on the west side of New River.... Their villages known to me are San Dieguito (about twenty souls), San Diego Mission, San Pasqual, Camajal (two villages), Santa Ysabel, San Jose, Matahuay, Lorenzo, San Felipe, Cajon, Cuyamaca, Valle de las Viejas.' _Hayes' MS._

The _Missouris_ 'are scattered over San Bernardino, San Diego and other counties in the southern part of the State.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 17.

The _Kechi_ inhabit the country about Mission San Luis Rey. _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 92.

The _Chumas_, or _Kachumas_ live three miles from the Mission of Santa Inez. _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_.

_Los Cayotes_ was the name given by the Spaniards to the tribe which originally inhabited San Diego county. _Hoffman_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 147.

The _New River Indians_ 'live along New River, sixty miles west from Fort Yuma, and near San Diego.' _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p.

216.

The _Sierras_, or Caruanas, the _Lagunas_, or Tataguas, and the _Surillos_ or Cartakas are mentioned as living on the Tejon reservation.

_Wentworth_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, pp. 324-6.

The _Serranos_ lived in the vicinity of San Bernardino. _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star, Letter I._, in _Hayes Col._

Mr Taylor claims to have discovered the exact positions of many of the places mentioned. His statement, for the accuracy of which I by no means vouch, is as follows: 'Xucu, or Shucu, on the Ortega farm, near Rincon Point; Missisissepono on Rafel Gonzale's rancho on Saticoy river, near sea, sometimes called Pono; Coloc, near Carpentaria beach. Mugu, below Saticoy some thirty miles, near the sea; Anacbuc or Anacarck, near the islet of La Patera, near the sea sh.o.r.e. Partocac or Paltocac, the Indian cemetery on the Mesa of La Patera, near sea; Aguin at the beach of Los Llagos Canada; Casalic, at the Refugio Playa and Canada; Tuc.u.mu or playa of Arroyo Honda. Xocotoc, Cojo, or Cojotoc, near Pt. Concepcion; Pt.

Concepcion, Cancac or Caacac, or Cacat.' _Cal. Farmer_, _Aug. 21, 1863_.

[Sidenote: SOUTHERN MISSION INDIANS.]

The following names of rancherias were taken from the archives of the various missions; in the vicinity of La Purissima: Lajuchu, Silimastus, Sisolop, Jlaacs, or Slacus, Huasna, Estait, Esmischue, Ausion, Esnispele, Silisne, Sacspili, Estait, Huenejel, Husistaic, Silimi, Suntaho, Alacupusyuen, Espiiluima, Tutachro, Sisolop, Naila, Tutachro, Paxpili, or Axpitil, Silino, Lisahuato, Guaslaique, Pacsiol, Sihimi, Huenepel Ninyuelgual, Lompoc, Nahuey, or Nahajuey, Sipuca, Stipu, Ialamma, Huasna, Sacsiol, Kachisupal, Salachi, Nocto, Fax, Salachi, Sitolo, or Sautatho, Omaxtux. Near Santa Inez, were: Sotomoenu, Katahuac, Asiuhuil, Situchi, Kulahuasa, Sisuchi, Kuyam, or Cuyama, Ionata, Tekep, Kusil, Sanchu, Sikitipuc, Temesathi, Lujanisuissilac, Tapanissilac, Ialamne, Chumuchn, Suiesia, Chumuchu, Tahijuas, Tinachi, Lompoe, Ionata, Aguama, Sotonoemu, Guaislac, Tequepas, Matiliha, Stucu, Aketsum, or Kachuma, Ahuamhoue, Geguep, Achillimo, Alizway, Souscoc, Talaxano, Nutonto, Cholicus. Near Santa Barbara were Guainnonost, Sisabanonase, Huelemen, Inoje, Luijta, Cajpilili, Missopeno (Sopono), Inajalayehua, Huixapa, Calahua.s.sa, Snihuax, Huililoc, Yxaulo, Anijue, Sisuch, Cojats, Numguelgar, Lugups, Gleuaxcuyu, Chiuchin, Ipec, Sinicon, Xalanaj, Xalou, Sisahiahut, Cholosoc, Ituc, Guima, Huixapapa, Eleunaxciay, Taxlipu, Elmian, Anajue, Huililic, Inajalaihu, Estuc, Eluaxcu. Sihuicom, Liam. Some of these were from rancherias of the valleys east of the range on the coast. Some of these Taylor locates as follows: 'Janaya, above the Mission, Salpilil on the Patera; Aljiman, near the windmill of La Patera; Geliec, near islet of La Patera; Tequepes, in Santa Ynez Valley; Cascili, in the Refugio playa; Miguihui, on the Dos Pueblos; Sisichii, in Dos Pueblos; Maschal, on Santa Cruz Island; Gelo, the islet of La Patera; Cuyamu on Dos Pueblos also Cinihuaj on same rancho; Coloc, at the Rincon; Alcax in La Goleta; Allvatalama, near the La Goleta Estero; Sayokenek, on the Arroyo Burro; Partocac Cemetery, near Sea Bluffs of La Goleta; Humaliju, of San Fernando Mission; Calla Wa.s.sa and Anijue, of Santa Ynez Mission; Sajcay in Los Cruces; Sasaguel, in Santa Cruz Island; Lucuyumu, in the same Island, dated November, 1816; Nanahuani and Chalosas were also on same Island; Eljman was on San Marcos, Xexulpituc and Taxlipu, were camps of the Tulares.' _Cal. Farmer_, _Aug. 21, 1863_.

Near San Buenaventura Mission were: 'Miscanaka, name of the Mission site. Ojai or Aujay, about ten miles up San Buenavent river. Mugu, on the coast near sea on Guadalasca rancho, not far from the point so called. Matillija up the S. B. river towards Santa Inez, which mission also had Matilija Indians. The Matillija Sierra separates the valleys of S. Buenaventa and S. Inez. Sespe was on the San Cayetano rancho of Saticoy river, twenty miles from the sea. Mupu and Piiru were on the arroyos of those names which came into the Saticoy near Sespe. Kamulas was higher up above Piiru. Cayeguas (not a Spanish name as spelt on some maps) on rancho of that name. Somes or Somo near hills of that name.

Malico, range of hills south of Somo. Chichilop, Lisichi, Liam, Sisa, Sisjulcioy, Malahue, Chumpache, Lacayamu, Ypuc, Lojos Aogni, Luupsch, Miguigui, and Chihucchihui were names of other rancherias.... Ishgua or Ishguaget, was a rancheria near the mouth of the Saticoy river and not far from the beach.... Hueneme was a rancheria on the ocean coast a few miles south of Saticoy river. Tapo and Simi were rancherias on the present Noriega rancho of Simi. Saticoy is the name of the existing rancheria ... on the lower part of the Santa Paula or Saticoy rancho, about eight miles from the sea, near some fine springs of water, not far from the river, and near the high road going up the valleys.' _Cal.

Farmer_, _July 24, 1863_. 'The site of San Fernando was a rancheria called Pasheckno. Other clans were Okowvinjha, Kow.a.n.ga and Saway Yanga.

The Ahapchingas were a clan or rancheria between Los Angeles and San Juan Capistrano, and enemies of the Gabrielenos or those of San Gabriel.... The following are the names of the rancherias, or clans, living in the vicinity of San Luis Rey Mission: Enekelkawa was the name of one near the mission-site, Mokaskel, Cenyowpreskel, Itukemuk, Hatawa, Hamechuwa, Itaywiy, Milkwanen, Ehutewa, Mootaeyuhew, and Hepowwoo, were the names of others. At the Aquas Calientes was a very populous rancheria, called Hakoopin.' _Id._, _May 11, 1860_.

In Los Angeles county, the following are the princ.i.p.al lodges or rancherias, with their corresponding present local names: Yangna, Los Angeles; Sibag-na, San Gabriel; Isanthcagna, Mision Vieja; Sisitcanogna, Pear Orchard; Sonagna, Mr White's farm; Acuragua, The Presa; Asucsagna, Azuza; Cucomogna, Cucamonga Farm; Pasinogna, Rancho del Chino; Awigna, La Puente; Chokishgna, The Sab.o.n.e.ria; Nacaugna, Carpenter's Farm; Pineugna, Santa Catalina Island; Pimocagna, Rancho de los Ybarras; Toybipet, San Jose; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbes); Aleupkigna, Santa Anita; Maugna, Rancho de los Felis; Hahamogna, Rancho de los Verdugas; Cabuegna, Caliuenga; Pasecgna, San Fernando; Houtgna, Ranchito de Lugo, Suangna, Suanga; Pubugna, Alamitos; Tibahagna, Serritos; Chowig-na, Palos Verdes; Kinkipar, San Clemente Island, Harasgna. _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star, Letter I._, in _Hayes Collection_.

The _San Luisienos_ inhabit the northern part of San Diego, from the coast east, including the mountains. _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 240. 'The villages of the San Luisenos are in a section of country adjacent to the Cahuillas, between 40 and 70 miles in the mountainous interior from San Diego; they are known as Las Flores, Santa Margarita, San Luis Rey Mission, Wahoma, Pala, Temecula, Ahuanga (two villages), La Joya, Potrero, and Bruno's and Pedro's villages within five or six miles of Aqua Caliente; they are all in San Diego County.'

_Hayes' MS._

The _Noches_ are settled along the rivers which flow between the Colorado and the Pacific Ocean. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 45.

Garces mentions the western Noches in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., vol.

i., p. 299.

The _Tejon_ Indians were those who inhabited the southern part of Tulare valley. _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 83.

The _Playanos_ were Indians who came to settle in the valley of San Juan Capistrano. _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 249.

The SHOSHONES, whose territory spreads over south-eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and the whole of Utah and Nevada, extending into Arizona and New Mexico, and the eastern border of California, I divide into two great nations, the Snakes or Shoshones, proper, and the Utahs, with their subdivisions. Wilson divides the Shoshones into the Shoshones and Bannacks, and the Utahs; the latter he subdivides into seven bands, which will be seen under Utahs. He adds: 'Among the Shoshonies there are only two bands properly speaking. The princ.i.p.al or better portion are called Shoshonies, or Snakes ... the others the Shoshocoes.... Their claim of boundary is to the east, from the red b.u.t.tes on the North fork of the Platte, to its head in the Park, Decayaque, or Buffalo Bull-pen, in the Rocky Mountains; to the south across the mountains, over to the Yanpapa, till it enters Green, or Colorado river, and then across to the backbone or ridge of mountains called the Bear river mountains running nearly due west towards the Salt Lake, so as to take in most of the Salt Lake, and thence on to the sinks of Marry's or Humboldt's river; thence north to the fisheries, on the Snake river, in Oregon; and thence south (their northern boundary), to the Red b.u.t.tes, including the source of Green River.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 697. 'Under various names ... the great race of Shoshones, is found scattered over the boundless wilderness, from Texas to the Columbia. Their territory is bounded on the north and west by ... the Blackfeet and Crows.'

_Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 537-8.

[Sidenote: THE SNAKES.]

The _Snakes_, or Shoshones proper, although they form a part only of the great Shoshone family, are usually termed 'the Shoshones' by the authorities. They are divided by Dr Hurt into 'Snakes, Bannacks, Tosiwitches, Gosha Utes, and c.u.mumpahs, though he afterwards cla.s.ses the last two divisions as hybrid races between the Shoshones and the Utahs.... The Shoshones claim the northeastern portion of the territory for about four hundred miles west, and from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five miles south from the Oregon line.' _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 46. 'The great Snake nation may be divided into three divisions, namely, the Shirrydikas, or dog-eaters; the Wararereekas, or fish-eaters; and the Banattees, or robbers. But, as a nation, they all go by the general appellation of Shoshones, or Snakes.... The Shirrydikas are the real Shoshones, and live in the plains hunting the buffalo.' The country claimed by the Snake tribes 'is bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by the Spanish waters; on the Pacific, or west side, by an imaginary line, beginning at the west end, or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind Fort Nez Perces, and running parallel with the ocean to the height of land beyond the Umpqua River, in about north lat. 41 (this line never approaches within 150 miles of the Pacific); and on the north by another line, running due east from the said spur of the Blue Mountains, and crossing the great south branch, or Lewis River, at the Dalles, till it strikes the Rocky Mountains 200 miles north of the three pilot k.n.o.bs, or the place thereafter named the 'Valley of Troubles.'' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 249, 251. 'They embrace all the territory of the Great South Pa.s.s, between the Mississippi valley and the waters of the Columbia.... Under the name of Yampatickara or Root-eaters and Bonacks they occupy with the Utahs the vast elevated basin of the Great Salt Lake, extending south and west to the borders of New Mexico and California.' _Brownell's Ind.

Races_, pp. 533-7, 540. 'The hunters report, that the proper country of the Snakes is to the east of the Youta Lake, and north of the Snake or Lewis river; but they are found in many detached places. The largest band is located near Fort Boise, on the Snake river to the north of the Bonacks.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 501. The Shoshones 'occupy the centre and princ.i.p.al part of the great Basin.'

_Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. 'Inhabit that part of the Rocky Mountains which lies on the Grand and Green River branches of the Colorado of the West, the valley of Great Bear River, the habitable sh.o.r.es of the Great Salt Lake, a considerable portion of country on Snake River above and below Fort Hall, and a tract extending two or three hundred miles to the west of that post.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 61.

The Shoshones inhabit about one third of the territory of Utah, living north of Salt Lake 'and on the line of the Humboldt or Mary River, some 400 miles west and 100 to 125 south of the Oregon line. The Yuta claim the rest of the territory between Kansas, the Sierra Nevada, New Mexico and the Oregon frontier.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 575. 'Les Soshonies, c'est-a-dire les deterreurs de racines, surnommes les Serpents, ... habitent la partie meridionale du territoire de l'Oregon, dans le voisinage de la haute Californie.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 24.

'Their country lies south-west of the south-east branch of the Columbia, and is said to be the most barren of any part of the country in these western regions.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 83. 'On the south part of the Oregon Territory, adjoining upper California, are located the Shoshones or Snake Indians.' _Ib._, p. 308. 'Serpents ou Saaptins, Monquis, Bonacks et Youtas toutes les branches du Rio Colombia ou Sud-Est et les environs du lac Sale an Timpanogos.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The country of the Shoshonees proper is south of Lewis or Snake River, and east of the Salt Lake. There is, however one detached band, known as the Wihinasht, or Western Snakes, near Fort Boirie, separated from the main body by the tribe of Bonnaks.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 219. 'The Shoshones are a small tribe of the nation called Snake Indians, a vague denomination, which embraces at once the inhabitants of the southern part of the Rocky mountains, and of the plains on each side.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 305. The Snakes or Shothoucs 'formerly occupied the whole of that vast territory lying between the Rocky and the Blue Mountains, and extending northward to the lower fork of the Columbia, and to the south as far as the basin of the Great Salt Lake.' _c.o.ke's Rocky Mts._, p.

275. 'They occupy southern and western Nevada.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 18. 'They inhabit the southern part of the Rocky Mountains and the plains on each side.' _Bulfinch's Ogn._, p. 124. 'They occupy all the country between the southern branches of Lewis's river, extending from the Umatullum to the E. side of the Stony Mountains, on the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about 40 to 47 N. Lat. A branch of this tribe reside ... in spring and summer on the W. fork of Lewis river, a branch of the Columbia, and in winter and fall on the Missouri.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 369. 'The Shoshones dwell between the Rocky and blue mountain ranges.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 151. 'The aboriginees of the Reese River country consist of the Shoshone nation, divided into many subordinate tribes, each having a distinctive name, and occupying a tract of country varying from 20 to 50 miles square.

Their country is bordered on the west by the Pi-Utes, the Edwards Creek mountains some 20 miles west of Reese River, being the dividing line. On the east it extends to Ruby Valley, where it joins on the territory of the Goshoots, the Bannocks being their neighbors on the northeast.'

_Cal. Farmer_, _June 26, 1863_. 'The Snake tribe, inhabit the country bordering on Lewis and Bear Rivers, and their various tributaries.'

_Palmer's Jour._, p. 43. 'The Snake Indians, who embrace many tribes, inhabit a wide extent of country at the head of Snake River above and below Fort Hall, and the vicinity of Great Bear River and Great Salt Lake. They are a migratory race, and generally occupy the south-eastern portion of Oregon.' _Dunn's Ogn._, p. 325. The Shoshones inhabit the great plains to the southward of the Lewis River. _c.o.x's Adven._, vol.

ii., p. 143. The Shoshones occupy 'almost the whole eastern half of the State (Nevada). The line separating them from the Pai-Utes on the east and south is not very clearly defined.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 114. 'The western bands of Shoshones ... range from the Idaho boundary north, southward to the thirty-eighth parallel; their western limit is the line pa.s.sing through the Sunatoya Mountains; their eastern limit Steptoe and Great Salt Lake Valleys.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p.

95. The Snakes inhabit 'the plains of the Columbia between the 43d and 44th degrees of lat.i.tude.' _Franchere's Nar._, p. 150. The Washakeeks or Green River Snakes inhabit the country drained by Green River and its tributaries. The Tookarikkahs, or mountain sheep-eaters, 'occupy the Salmon river country and the upper part of Snake River Valley, and Coiners' Prairie, near the Boise mines.' These two bands are the genuine Snakes; other inferior bands are the Hokandikahs or Salt Lake Diggers who 'inhabit the region about the great lake.' The Aggitikkahs or Salmon-eaters who 'occupy the region round about Salmon falls, on Snake river.' _Stuart's Montana_, p. 80.

[Sidenote: BANNACKS AND UTAHS.]

'The _Bannacks_, who are generally cla.s.sed with the Snakes, inhabit the country south of here, (Powder River) in the vicinity of Harney lake....

The Winnas band of Snakes inhabit the country north of Snake river, and are found princ.i.p.ally on the Bayette, Boise, and Sickley rivers.'

_Kirkpatrick_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, pp. 267-8. The Bonacks 'inhabit the country between Fort Boise and Fort Hall.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 502. They 'inhabit the southern borders of Oregon, along the old Humboldt River emigrant road.' _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 47. The Bonaks seem 'to embrace Indian tribes inhabiting a large extent of country west of the Rocky Mountains. As the name imports, it was undoubtedly given to that portion of Indians who dig and live on the roots of the earth.' _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 221. The Bonaks inhabit 'the banks of that part of Saptin or Snake River which lies between the mouth of Boisais or Reeds River and the Blue Mountains.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 76. The Bonax inhabit the country west of the Lewis fork of the Columbia between the forty-second and forty-fourth parallels. _Parker's Map._ The Bannacks range through northern Nevada, and into Oregon and Idaho. _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 18. They 'claim the southwestern portions of Montana as their land.' _Sully_, in _Id._, p. 289. 'This tribe occupies most of that portion of Nevada north of the forty-first degree of north lat.i.tude, with the southeastern corner of Oregon and the southwestern corner of Idaho.' _Parker_, in _Id._, 1866, p. 114. The Bannocks drift 'from Boise City to the game country northeast of Bozeman, Montana, and south as far as Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory ... traveling from Oregon to East of the Rocky Mountains.' _High_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, pp. 272-3.

[Sidenote: UTAHS.]

The _Utah_ nation occupies all that portion of the territory a.s.signed to the Shoshone family lying south of the Snakes, between the country of the Californians proper, and the Rocky Mountains. It is divided into several tribes, the number varying with different authorities. Wilson divides the Utah nation into seven tribes; viz., the 'Taos, Yampapas, Ewinte, Tenpenny Utahs, Parant Utahs, Sampiches, Pahmetes.'

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 697. 'Besides the Parawat Yutas, the Yampas, 200-300 miles south, on the White River; the Tebechya, or sun-hunters, about Tete de Biche, near Spanish lands; and the Tash Yuta, near the Navajos; there are scatters of the nation along the Californian road from Beaver Valley, along the Santa Clara, Virgen, Las Vegas, and Muddy Rivers, to New Mexico.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 578.

'The tribes of Utah Territory are: Utahs at large, Pi Utahs, roving, Uwinty Utahs, Utahs of Sampitch Valley, Utahs of Carson Valley, Utahs of Lake Sevier and Walker River, Navahoes and Utahs of Grand River, Shoshonees, or Snakes proper, Diggers on Humboldt River, Eutahs of New Mexico.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 498. The Utahs are composed of several bands, the most important of which are the Timpanogs who 'range through Utah valley and the mountains adjoining the valley on the east.... The Uintahs, the princ.i.p.al band of the Utahs, ... range through Uintah valley and the Green River country.... The Pah Vants ... range through Pah Vant and Sevier valleys and west to the White mountains.'

_Irish_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 145. 'The Yutah nation is very numerous, and is also made up of many bands, which are to be distinguished only by their names.... Four of these bands called Noaches, Payuches, Tabiachis and Sogup, are accustomed to occupy lands within the province of New Mexico, or very near it, to the north and northeast.' _Whipple, Ewbank, & Turner's Rept._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'The Utahs are divided into three bands--Mohuaches, Capotes, and Nomenuches or Poruches.' _Delgado_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p.

163; see also pp. 17, 18. 'The Ute tribe Dr. Hurt divides into the Pah Utahs, Tamp Pah-Utes, Cheveriches, Pah Vants, San Pitches, and Pyedes.

The Utahs proper inhabit the waters of Green River, south of Green River Mountains, the Grand River and its tributaries and as far south as the Navajo country. They also claim the country bordering on Utah Lake and as far south as the Sevier Lake.' _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 44. 'The Utahs are a separate and distinct tribe of Indians, divided into six bands, each with a head chief, as follows: The Menaches ... the Capotes ... the Tabe-naches ... the Cibariches ... the Tempanahgoes ... the Piuchas.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 178. 'The Yutahs are subdivided into four great bands: the Noaches, the Payuches (whom we believe to be identical with the Pa Utahs), the Tabiachis, and the Sogups, who live in perfect harmony on the north eastern confines of New Mexico, and at a distance of 500 miles to the south of the great tribe of the Zuguaganas.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 8. The Utes are 'those ... which inhabit the vicinity of the lakes and streams and live chiefly on fish, being distinguished by the name of Pah Utahs or Pah Utes, the word Pah, in their language signifying water.' _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 148. 'The country of the Utaws is situated to the east and southeast of the Soshonees, at the sources of the Rio Colorado.' _De Smet's Letters_, p. 39. 'The Youtas live between the Snake and Green Rivers.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 430. 'The Utahs of New Mexico are a portion of the tribe of the same name inhabiting the Territory of Utah.... They inhabit and claim all that region of country, embracing the sources of the north-western tributaries of the Arkansas river, above Bent's fort, up to the southern boundary of Utah Territory, and all the northern tributaries of the Rio Grande, which lie within New Mexico and north of the 37th parallel of lat.i.tude.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 169. The Utes 'occupy and claim that section of country ranging from Abiquin, northward to Navajo River and westward somewhat of this line.' _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p.

255. The Eutaws 'reside on both sides of the Eutaw or Anahuac mountains, they are continually migrating from one side to the other.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 48. 'The Youtas inhabit the country between the Snake and Green rivers.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 502.

'The Utahs' claim of boundaries are all south of that of the Shoshonies, embracing the waters of the Colorado, going most probably to the Gulf of California.' _Wilson_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 698. The country of the Utaws 'is situated to the east and southeast of the Shoshones, about the Salt Lake, and on the head waters of the Colorado river, which empties into the gulf of California.... Their country being in lat.i.tude about 41.' 'The Utaws are decent in appearance and their country, which is towards Santa Fe, is said to be tolerably good.'

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 79, 309. The Yutas, Utaws, or Youtas, 'range between lat. 35 and 42 North and the Meridians 29 and 37 W.

Long. of Washington. The great Yutas tribe is divided into two families which are contradistinguished by the names of their respective head-quarters; the Tao Yutas, so called because their princ.i.p.al camp is pitched in Tao mountains, seventy miles north of Santa Fe; and the Timpanigos Yutas, who hold their great camp near the Timpanigos lake.'

_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 371. 'Um den Fluss Dolores haben die Yutas, Tabeguachis, Payuches und Tularenos ihre Wohnsitze.' _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538. The Utahs live 'on the border of New Mexico.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 196. 'Le pays des Utaws est situe a l'est et au sud-est de celui des Soshonies, aux sources du Rio-Colorado.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. 'The Yutas or Eutaws are one of the most extensive nations of the West, being scattered from the north of New Mexico to the borders of Snake river and Rio Colorado.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 300.

The _Pah Utes_ occupy the greater part of Nevada, and extend southward into Arizona and south-eastern California. There is reason to believe that the Pi Utes are a distinct tribe from the Pah Utes, but as the same localities are frequently a.s.signed to both tribes by different writers, and as many have evidently thought them one and the same, thereby causing great confusion, I have thought it best to merely give the names as spelled by the authorities without attempting to decide which tribe is being spoken of in either case. The Pah-Utes 'range princ.i.p.ally in the southwestern portion of Utah and the southeastern portion of Nevada.' _Head_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 124. The Pah Utes 'are spread over the vast tract of territory, between the Sierra Nevada and the Colorado River, going as far south as the thirty-fifth parallel, and extending to the northward through California and Nevada into Southern Oregon and Idaho.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 92. The Pah-Utes inhabit the western part of Nevada. _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1872, p. 59. The Pah Utes and Pah Edes range over all that part of Utah south of the city of Filmore in Millard County. _Head_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 150. 'The term Pah Utes is applied to a very large number of Indians who roam through that vast section of country lying between the Sierra Nevada and the Colorado, going as far south as the thirty-fifth parallel, and extending to the northward through California, Nevada, into Southern Oregon and Idaho. The Indians of this tribe in Arizona are located in the Big Bend of the Colorado, on both sides of the river, and range as far east as Diamond River, west to the Sierra Nevada, and northward into the State of Nevada.' _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 216. The Pah Utes 'properly belong in Nevada and Arizona, but range over in southwestern Utah.' _Irish_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 146. The Pah-Utes 'range princ.i.p.ally from the borders of Oregon, on the north, to the southeast boundary of Nevada, and from the Sierra Nevada eastward to the Humboldt River and Sink of Carson; there are one or two small bands of them still further east, near Austin, Nevada. They are much scattered within these limits.'

_Douglas_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, pp. 94-5. 'The Pah-utes roam along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from the mouth of the Virgin with the Colorado (in about lat. 36 long. 115) to the territories of the Washoes north, and as far east as the Sevier Lake country of Fremont's explorations.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. 'The Pa-utahs, and Lake Utahs occupy the territory lying south of the Snakes, and upon the waters of the Colorado of the west and south of the Great Salt Lake.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 179. The Pa Yuta (Pey Utes) 'extend from forty miles west of Stony Point to the Californian line, and N.W. to the Oregon line, and inhabit the valley of the Fenelon River, which rising from Lake Bigler empties itself into Pyramid Lake.'

_Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 576. 'The Womenunche (also known as the Pa Uches) occupy the country on the San Juan river.' _Collins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 238. 'The custom of designating the different bands of Pah Utes is derived from the name of some article of food not common in other localities; "Ocki," signifies "trout," "toy,"

"tule," &c. The Ocki Pah Utes ... are located on Walker River and Lake, and the mountains adjacent thereto. The Cozaby Pah Utes ... range from Mono Lake east to Smoky Valley.' _Campbell_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, pp. 112-13. The Pah Utes extend, 'over portions of Utah and Arizona Territories, also the States of Nevada and California. _Fenton_, in _Id._, p. 113.