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The International Auxiliary Language Esperanto Part 15

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_Rimarko._--La uzado de la artikolo estas tia sama, kiel en la aliaj lingvoj. La personoj, por kiuj la uzado de la artikolo prezentas malfacilajon, povas en la unua tempo tute gin ne uzi.

II.

The Substantive.--Substantives have the termination _o_. For the formation of the plural the termination _j_ is added. There are only two cases: nominative and accusative; the latter is obtained from the nominative by the addition of the termination _n_. The other cases are expressed by the help of prepositions (the genitive by _de_, the dative by _al_, the ablative by _per_ or other prepositions according to sense).

(See pars. 103-106.)

II.

La _substantivoj_ havas la finigon _o_. Por la formado de la multenombro oni aldonas la finigon _j_. Kazoj ekzistas nur du: nominativo kaj akuzativo; la lasta estas ricevata el la nominativo per la aldono de la finigo _n_. La ceteraj kazoj estas esprimataj per helpo de prepozicioj (la genitivo per _de_, la dativo per _al_, la ablativo per _per_ au aliaj prepozicioj lau la senco).

III.

The Adjective.--The adjective ends in _a_. Cases and numbers as with the substantive. The comparative is made by means of the word _pli_, the superlative by _plej_; with the comparative the conjunction _ol_ is used.

(See pars 107-114.)

III.

La _adjektivo_ finigas per _a_. Kazoj kaj nombroj kiel ce la substantivo. La komparativo estas farata per la vorto _pli_, la superlativo per _plej_; ce la komparativo oni uzas la konjunkcion _ol_.

IV.

The Numerals.--The cardinal numerals (they are not declined) are: _unu_, _du_, _tri_, _kvar_, _kvin_, _ses_, _sep_, _ok_, _nau_, _dek_, _cent_, _mil_. The tens and hundreds are formed by the simple junction of the numerals. For the signification of ordinal numerals, the termination of the adjective is added; for the multiple--the suffix _-obl_, for the fractional--_on_, for the collective--_op_, for the distributive--the word _po_. Besides these, substantival and adverbial numerals can be used.

(See pars. 115-124.)

IV.

La _numeraloj_ fundamentaj (ne estas deklinaciataj) estas: _unu_, _du_, _tri_, _kvar_, _kvin_, _ses_, _sep_, _ok_, _nau_, _dek_, _cent_, _mil_. La dekoj kaj centoj estas formataj per simpla kunigo de la numeraloj. Por la signado de numeraloj ordaj oni aldonas la finigon de la adjektivo; por la multoblaj--la sufikson _-obl_, por la nombronaj--_on_, por la kolektaj--_op_, por la disdividaj--la vorton _po_. Krom tio povas esti uzataj numeraloj substantivaj kaj adverbaj.

V.

The p.r.o.nouns.--Personal p.r.o.nouns = _mi_, _vi_, _li_, _si_, _gi_ (referring to thing or animal), _si_, _ni_, _vi_, _ili_, _oni_; the possessive p.r.o.nouns are formed by the addition of the adjectival termination. Declension is as with the substantives.

(See pars. 125-138.)

V.

_p.r.o.nomoj_ personaj: _mi_, _vi_, _li_, _si_, _gi_ (pri objekto au besto), _si_, _ni_, _vi_, _ili_, _oni_; la p.r.o.nomoj posedaj estas formataj per la aldono de la finigo adjektiva. La deklinacio estas kiel ce la substantivoj.

VI.

The Verb.--The verb is not changed in person or number. Forms of the verb: the present tense (the time being) takes the termination _-as_; the past tense (the time been, or having been) _-is_; the future tense (the time about to be, or going to be) _-os_; the Conditional mood _-us_; the Imperative (ordering) mood _-u_; the Indefinite (infinitive) mood _-i_. Participles (with an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present _-ant_; active past _-int_; active future _-ont_; pa.s.sive present _-at_; pa.s.sive past _-it_; pa.s.sive future _-ot_. All forms of the pa.s.sive are formed by help of a corresponding form of the verb _esti_ and a pa.s.sive participle of the required verb. The preposition with the pa.s.sive is _de_.

(See pars. 159-237.)

VI.

La _verbo_ ne estas sangata lau personoj nek nombroj. Formoj de la verbo: la tempo estanta akceptas la finigon _-as_; la tempo estinta _-is_; la tempo estonta _-os_; la modo kondica _-us_; la modo ordona _-u_; la modo sendifina _-i_. Participoj (kun senco adjektiva au adverba): aktiva estanta _-ant_; aktiva estinta _-int_; aktiva estonta _-ont_; pasiva estanta _-at_; pasiva estinta _-it_; pasiva estonta _-ot_. Ciuj formoj de la pasivo estas formataj per helpo de responda formo de la verbo _esti_ kaj participo pasiva de la bezonata verbo; la prepozicio ce la pasivo estas _de_.

VII.

The Adverb.--Adverbs end in _e_; degrees of comparison as with adjectives.

(See pars. 238-248.)

VII.

La _adverboj_ finigas per _e_; gradoj de komparado kiel ce la adjektivoj.

VIII.

The Preposition.--All prepositions require the nominative.

(See pars. 249-261.)

VIII.

Ciuj _prepozicioj_ postulas la nominativon.

IX.

p.r.o.nunciation.--Every word is read as it is written.

(See pars. 5-19.)

IX.

Ciu vorto estas legata, kiel gi estas skribita.

X.

Accent.--The accent is always on the penultimate syllable.

(See par. 17.)

X.

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The International Auxiliary Language Esperanto Part 15 summary

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