The First World War Part 11

30 Richard Meinertzhagen, Richard Meinertzhagen, Army Diary 1899-1926 Army Diary 1899-1926 (Edinburgh, 1960), p. 219. (Edinburgh, 1960), p. 219.

31 David French, David French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition (Oxford, 1995), p. 133. (Oxford, 1995), p. 133.

32 Ion Idriess, Ion Idriess, The Desert Column The Desert Column (Sydney, 1982), pp. 248, 261. (Sydney, 1982), pp. 248, 261.

33 Briton C. Busch, Briton C. Busch, Britain, India and the Arabs Britain, India and the Arabs (Berkeley, CA, 1971), p. 52. (Berkeley, CA, 1971), p. 52.

34 Elie Kedourie, Elie Kedourie, England and the Middle East England and the Middle East (London, 1956), p. 103. (London, 1956), p. 103.

35 L. Schatkowski Schilcher, 'The Famine of 1915-1918 in Greater Syria', in John Spagnolo (ed.), L. Schatkowski Schilcher, 'The Famine of 1915-1918 in Greater Syria', in John Spagnolo (ed.), Problems of the Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective Problems of the Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective (Reading, 1992), p. 248. (Reading, 1992), p. 248.

36 Idriess, Idriess, The Desert Column, The Desert Column, pp. 271-2. pp. 271-2.

37 Ahmed Fmin, Ahmed Fmin, Turkey in the World War Turkey in the World War (New Haven, CT, 1930), pp. 144-51, 253. (New Haven, CT, 1930), pp. 144-51, 253.

38 Max Hoffmann, Max Hoffmann, War Diaries and Other Papers War Diaries and Other Papers (2 vols, London, 1929), vol. 1, p. 207. (2 vols, London, 1929), vol. 1, p. 207.

39 Richard G. Hovannisian, Richard G. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence 1918 Armenia on the Road to Independence 1918 (Berkeley, CA, 1967), p. 195. (Berkeley, CA, 1967), p. 195.

40 Ottokar Czernin, Ottokar Czernin, Im Weltkriege Im Weltkriege (Berlin, 1919), pp. 322-3. (Berlin, 1919), pp. 322-3.

41 Josef Redlich, Josef Redlich, Schicksalsjahre Ostezreichs 1908-1919. Das politische Tagebuch Josef Redlichs, Schicksalsjahre Ostezreichs 1908-1919. Das politische Tagebuch Josef Redlichs, ed. Fritz Fellner (2 vols, Graz, 1953), vol. 2, p. 256. ed. Fritz Fellner (2 vols, Graz, 1953), vol. 2, p. 256.

42 Richard Plaschka, Horst Haselsteiner and Arnold Suppan, Richard Plaschka, Horst Haselsteiner and Arnold Suppan, Innere Front, Innere Front, vol 1 (Munich, 1974), p. 60. vol 1 (Munich, 1974), p. 60.

43 Dorothea Groener-Geyer, Dorothea Groener-Geyer, General Groener General Groener (Frankfurt am Main, 1955), p. 81. (Frankfurt am Main, 1955), p. 81.

44 Kitchen, Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship, The Silent Dictatorship, pp. 234-5. pp. 234-5.

45 Czernin, Czernin, Im Weltkriege, Im Weltkriege, pp. 344-5. pp. 344-5.

46 Evelyn, Princess Blucher, Evelyn, Princess Blucher, An English Wife in Berlin An English Wife in Berlin (London, 1920), p. 193. (London, 1920), p. 193.

47 Benjamin Ziemann, 'Enttauschte Erwartung und kollektive Erschopfung. Die deutsche Soldaten an der Westfront 1918 auf dem Weg zur Revolution', in Jorg Duppler and Gerhard P. Gross (eds), Benjamin Ziemann, 'Enttauschte Erwartung und kollektive Erschopfung. Die deutsche Soldaten an der Westfront 1918 auf dem Weg zur Revolution', in Jorg Duppler and Gerhard P. Gross (eds), Kriegsende 1918 Kriegsende 1918 (Munich, 1999), p. 170. (Munich, 1999), p. 170.

48 Giordan Fong, 'The Movement of German Divisions to the Western Front, Winter 1917-1918', Giordan Fong, 'The Movement of German Divisions to the Western Front, Winter 1917-1918', War in History, War in History, vol. 7 (2000), pp. 225-35. vol. 7 (2000), pp. 225-35.

49 Gregory Martin, 'German Strategy and Military a.s.sessments of the American Expeditionary Force', Gregory Martin, 'German Strategy and Military a.s.sessments of the American Expeditionary Force', War in History, War in History, vol. 1 (1994), p. 179. vol. 1 (1994), p. 179.

50 Holger Herwig, Holger Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 (London, 1997), p. 319. (London, 1997), p. 319.

51 P. E. Dewey, P. E. Dewey, British Agriculture in the First World War British Agriculture in the First World War (London, 1989), p. 244. (London, 1989), p. 244.

52 J. M. Winter, J. M. Winter, The Great War and the British People The Great War and the British People (Basingstoke, 1985), pp. 104-24. (Basingstoke, 1985), pp. 104-24.

53 Cate Haste, Cate Haste, Keep the Home Fires Burning: propaganda in the First World War Keep the Home Fires Burning: propaganda in the First World War (London, 1977), p. 43. (London, 1977), p. 43.

54 Martin Kitchen, Martin Kitchen, The Gezman Offerzsives of 1918 The Gezman Offerzsives of 1918 (Stroud, 2001), p. 16. (Stroud, 2001), p. 16.

55 Rupprecht, Kronprinz von Bayern, Rupprecht, Kronprinz von Bayern, Mein Kriegstagebuch Mein Kriegstagebuch (3 vols, Berlin, 1929), vol. 2, p. 322. (3 vols, Berlin, 1929), vol. 2, p. 322.

56 Ibid., p. 320. Ibid., p. 320.

57 Lutz, Lutz, Fall of the German Empire, Fall of the German Empire, vol. 1, pp. 642-3. vol. 1, pp. 642-3.

58 Ulrich and Ziemann, Ulrich and Ziemann, Frontalltag im Ersten Weltkrieg, Frontalltag im Ersten Weltkrieg, p. 197. p. 197.

59 Lyn Macdonald, Lyn Macdonald, To the Last Man: Spring 1918 To the Last Man: Spring 1918 (London, 1998), pp. 92-3. (London, 1998), pp. 92-3.

60 Tim Travers, Tim Travers, How the War Was Won How the War Was Won (London, 1992), p. 55. (London, 1992), p. 55.

61 Rupprecht, Rupprecht, Mein Kriegstagebuch, Mein Kriegstagebuch, vol. 2, p. 351. vol. 2, p. 351.

62 Rudolph Binding, Rudolph Binding, A Fatalist at War A Fatalist at War (London, 1929), p. 208. (London, 1929), p. 208.

63 Wilhelm Deist, 'The Military Collapse of the German Empire: The Reality behind the Stab-in-the-back Myth', Wilhelm Deist, 'The Military Collapse of the German Empire: The Reality behind the Stab-in-the-back Myth', War in History, War in History, vol. 3 (1996), pp. 199, 203. vol. 3 (1996), pp. 199, 203.

64 Gerhard Ritter, Gerhard Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre: the problem of militarism in Germany The Sword and the Sceptre: the problem of militarism in Germany (4 vols, London, 1971-3), vol. 4, p. 232. (4 vols, London, 1971-3), vol. 4, p. 232.

65 Muhlmann, Das Muhlmann, Das deutsch-turkische Waffenbundnis, deutsch-turkische Waffenbundnis, p. 197. p. 197.

66 Ibid., p. 211. Ibid., p. 211.

67 Cramon, Cramon, Unser Osterreich-Ungarischer Bundesgenosse, Unser Osterreich-Ungarischer Bundesgenosse, p. 72. p. 72.

CHAPTER 10: WAR WITHOUT END.

1 John Whiteclay Chambers (ed.), The Eagle and the Dove: John Whiteclay Chambers (ed.), The Eagle and the Dove: The American Peace Movement and United States Foreign Policy 1900-1922 The American Peace Movement and United States Foreign Policy 1900-1922 (Syracuse, NY, 1991), p. 131. (Syracuse, NY, 1991), p. 131.

2 Lloyd George, Lloyd George, War Memoirs War Memoirs (2 vols, London, 1938), vol. 2, p. 1513. (2 vols, London, 1938), vol. 2, p. 1513.

3 Chambers, The Eagle and the Dove, p. 131. Chambers, The Eagle and the Dove, p. 131.

4 Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (London, 1998), pp. 248-9. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (London, 1998), pp. 248-9.

5 David Trask, David Trask, The AEF and Coalition Warmaking The AEF and Coalition Warmaking 1917-1918 (Kansas, 1993), pp. 12, 16-17. 1917-1918 (Kansas, 1993), pp. 12, 16-17.

6 Mario Morselli, Mario Morselli, Caporetto 1917: Victory or Defeat? Caporetto 1917: Victory or Defeat? (London, 2001), p. 111. (London, 2001), p. 111.

7 Harald Hiback, Harald Hiback, Command and Control in Military Crisis Command and Control in Military Crisis (London, 2003), pp. 20, 44. (London, 2003), pp. 20, 44.

8 F. M. Cutlack (ed.), F. M. Cutlack (ed.), War Letters of General Monash War Letters of General Monash (Sydney, 1935), p. 223. (Sydney, 1935), p. 223.

9 Georges Clemenceau, Georges Clemenceau, Grandeurs et miseres d'une victoire Grandeurs et miseres d'une victoire (Paris, 1930), p. 20. (Paris, 1930), p. 20.

10 Ibid., p. 22. Ibid., p. 22.

11 Hubert Gough, Hubert Gough, The March Retreat The March Retreat (London, 1934), pp. 154-5. (London, 1934), pp. 154-5.

12 Robert Blake (ed.), Robert Blake (ed.), The Private Papers of Douglas Haig The Private Papers of Douglas Haig (London, 1952), p. 303. (London, 1952), p. 303.

13 Guy Pedroncini, Guy Pedroncini, Petain: general-en-chef Petain: general-en-chef (Paris, 1974), p. 360. (Paris, 1974), p. 360.

14 Rudolph Binding, Rudolph Binding, A Fatalist at War A Fatalist at War (London, 1929), p. 234. (London, 1929), p. 234.

15 Wilhelm, Kronprinz von Preussen, Wilhelm, Kronprinz von Preussen, Meine Erinnerungen aus Deutschlands Heldenkampf Meine Erinnerungen aus Deutschlands Heldenkampf (Berlin, 1923), p. 338. (Berlin, 1923), p. 338.

16 Vera Brittain, Vera Brittain, Testament of Youth: An Autobiographical Study of the Years 1900-1925 Testament of Youth: An Autobiographical Study of the Years 1900-1925 (London, 1978), pp. 420-1. (London, 1978), pp. 420-1.

17 John Morrow, John Morrow, The Great War in the Air The Great War in the Air (Shrewsbury, 1993), p. 322; for 1918 production, see also J. M. Spaight, (Shrewsbury, 1993), p. 322; for 1918 production, see also J. M. Spaight, The Beginnings of Organised Air Power The Beginnings of Organised Air Power (London, 1927), p. 293. (London, 1927), p. 293.

18 Binding, Binding, A Fatalist at War, A Fatalist at War, p. 239. p. 239.

19 J. P. Harris, J. P. Harris, Men, Ideas and Tanks Men, Ideas and Tanks (Manchester, 1995), p. 89. (Manchester, 1995), p. 89.

20 James H. Hallas (ed.), James H. Hallas (ed.), Doughboy War: The American Expeditionary Force in World War I Doughboy War: The American Expeditionary Force in World War I (Boulder, CO, 2000), p. 174. (Boulder, CO, 2000), p. 174.

21 Charles Mangin, Charles Mangin, Lettres Lettres de de guerre 1914-1918 guerre 1914-1918 (Paris, 1950), p. 284. (Paris, 1950), p. 284.

22 Rupprecht, Kronprinz von Bayern, Rupprecht, Kronprinz von Bayern, Mein Kriegstagebuch Mein Kriegstagebuch (3 vols, Berlin, 1929), vol. 2, pp. 424-5, 430. (3 vols, Berlin, 1929), vol. 2, pp. 424-5, 430.

23 Memoirs of Marshal Foch Memoirs of Marshal Foch (London, 1931), pp. 427-8. (London, 1931), pp. 427-8.

24 Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, Command on the Western Front Command on the Western Front (Oxford, 1992), p. 311. (Oxford, 1992), p. 311.

25 Gerhard Ritter, Gerhard Ritter, The Sword and The Sword and the the Sceptre: the problem of militarism in Germany Sceptre: the problem of militarism in Germany (4 vols, London, 1971-73), vol. 4, p. 331. (4 vols, London, 1971-73), vol. 4, p. 331.

26 Mark Cornwall, Mark Cornwall, The Undermining of Austria-Hungary: the battle for hearts and minds The Undermining of Austria-Hungary: the battle for hearts and minds (Basingstoke, 2000), p. 305. (Basingstoke, 2000), p. 305.

27 Blake, The Blake, The Private Private Papers Papers of Douglas Haig, of Douglas Haig, p. 324. p. 324.

28 J. C. Dunn, J. C. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, The War the Infantry Knew, 1914-1919 (London, 1987; first published 1938), p. 516. 1914-1919 (London, 1987; first published 1938), p. 516.

29 Prior and Wilson, Prior and Wilson, Command Command on on the Western Front, the Western Front, pp. 373-4. pp. 373-4.

30 Max von Baden, Max von Baden, Erinnerungen und Dok.u.mente Erinnerungen und Dok.u.mente (Stuttgart, 1968), p. 324. (Stuttgart, 1968), p. 324.

31 Diary of Heinrich-Gottfried Vietinghoff, 28 September 1918, Bundes-Archiv Militar-Archiv, N574/2. Diary of Heinrich-Gottfried Vietinghoff, 28 September 1918, Bundes-Archiv Militar-Archiv, N574/2.

32 Carl Mhlmann, Carl Mhlmann, Oberste Hceresleitung und Oberste Hceresleitung und Balkan (Berlin, 1942), p. 230. Balkan (Berlin, 1942), p. 230.

33 General Jouinot-Gambetta, General Jouinot-Gambetta, Uskub Uskub (Paris, 1920), p. 89. (Paris, 1920), p. 89.

34 Alan Palmer, Alan Palmer, The Gardeners of Salonika The Gardeners of Salonika (New York, 1965), p. 229. (New York, 1965), p. 229.

35 Cornwall, Cornwall, The Undermining of Austria-Hungary, The Undermining of Austria-Hungary, p. 421. p. 421.

36 R. H. Lutz, R. H. Lutz, The Causes of the German Collapse in 1918 The Causes of the German Collapse in 1918 (Stanford, CA, 1934), p. 268. (Stanford, CA, 1934), p. 268.

37 8 October 1918; Hans Peter Hanssen, 8 October 1918; Hans Peter Hanssen, Diary of a Dying Empire Diary of a Dying Empire (Port Washington, NY, 1973), pp. 332-3. (Port Washington, NY, 1973), pp. 332-3.

38 R. H. Lutz (ed.), R. H. Lutz (ed.), The Fall of the German Empire The Fall of the German Empire (Stanford, CA, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 541-2. (Stanford, CA, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 541-2.

39 Stanley Weintrauh, Stanley Weintrauh, A Stillness Heard Around the World A Stillness Heard Around the World (Oxford, 1987), p. 175. (Oxford, 1987), p. 175.

40 Blake, Blake, The Private Papers of Douglas Haig, The Private Papers of Douglas Haig, p. 333. p. 333.

41 Mark Derez, 'Belgium: A Soldier's Tale', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Mark Derez, 'Belgium: A Soldier's Tale', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), At the Eleventh Hour At the Eleventh Hour (Barnsley, 1998), pp. 109, 133. (Barnsley, 1998), pp. 109, 133.

42 Henri Domelier, Henri Domelier, Au GQG allemand Au GQG allemand (Paris, 1919), p. 370. (Paris, 1919), p. 370.

43 Jean Nicot, Jean Nicot, Les Poilus ont la parole: lettres du front: 1917-1918 Les Poilus ont la parole: lettres du front: 1917-1918 (Brussels, 1998), pp. 553-4. (Brussels, 1998), pp. 553-4.

44 Herbert Sulzbach. Herbert Sulzbach. With the German Guns: four years on the Western Front With the German Guns: four years on the Western Front 1914-1918, trans. Richard Thonger (London, 1973), p. 255. 1914-1918, trans. Richard Thonger (London, 1973), p. 255.

45 Evelyn. Princess Blucher, Evelyn. Princess Blucher, An English Wife in Berlin An English Wife in Berlin (London, 1920), p. 305. (London, 1920), p. 305.

46 Heinz Hagenlcke, 'Germany and the Armistice', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Heinz Hagenlcke, 'Germany and the Armistice', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), At the Eleventh Hour At the Eleventh Hour (Barnsley, 1998), p. 40. (Barnsley, 1998), p. 40.

47 Ernst Jnger, Ernst Jnger, The Storm of Steel The Storm of Steel (London, 1929), pp. 316-17. (London, 1929), pp. 316-17.

48 Margaret Macmillan, Margaret Macmillan, Peacemakers: the Paris Conference of 1919 and its attempt to end war Peacemakers: the Paris Conference of 1919 and its attempt to end war (London, 2001), p. 475. (London, 2001), p. 475.

49 Ibid., p. 52. Ibid., p. 52.

50 Keith Jeffery, Keith Jeffery, Military Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson Military Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson (London, 1985), p. 133. (London, 1985), p. 133.

51 'Correspondance entre Romain Rolland et Jean-Richard Bloch 1914 - 1919', 'Correspondance entre Romain Rolland et Jean-Richard Bloch 1914 - 1919', La Revue Europe, La Revue Europe, nos 95-103 (1953-4), p. 84. nos 95-103 (1953-4), p. 84.

52 Anna Eisenmenger, Anna Eisenmenger, Blockade: The Diary of an Austrian Miliddle-cla.s.s Woman Blockade: The Diary of an Austrian Miliddle-cla.s.s Woman (London, 1932), p. 265. (London, 1932), p. 265.

53 Sapper's War Sapper's War Stories (London, n.d.), p. 10. Stories (London, n.d.), p. 10.

54 Margaret Cole (ed.), Margaret Cole (ed.), Beatrice Webb's Diaries Beatrice Webb's Diaries (London, 1952), p. 137. (London, 1952), p. 137.

55 John Jackson, unpublished memoir, quoted by permission of his family. John Jackson, unpublished memoir, quoted by permission of his family.

56 Ian Hay [John Beith], Ian Hay [John Beith], Their Name Liveth Their Name Liveth (London, 1931), pp. 2, 152, 154. (London, 1931), pp. 2, 152, 154.