The First World War Part 10

16 Gerd Hardach, Gerd Hardach, The First World War 1914-1918 The First World War 1914-1918 (London, 1977), pp. 32-3. (London, 1977), pp. 32-3.

17 Avner Offer, Avner Offer, The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation (Oxford, 1989), pp. 33, 45-53. (Oxford, 1989), pp. 33, 45-53.

18 Belinda J. Davis, Home Belinda J. Davis, Home Fires Burning: Fires Burning: Food, Politics, Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000), pp. 205-6. (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000), pp. 205-6.

19 Roerkohl, Roerkohl, Hungersblockade und Heimatfront, Hungersblockade und Heimatfront, pp. 95, 211-27. pp. 95, 211-27.

20 Caroline Ethel Cooper, Caroline Ethel Cooper, Behind the Lines: One Woman's War 1914-1918, Behind the Lines: One Woman's War 1914-1918, ed. Decie Denholm (London, 1982), p. 165. ed. Decie Denholm (London, 1982), p. 165.

21 Joe Lee, 'Administrators and Agriculture: Aspects of German Agricultural Policy in the First World War', in J. M. Winter (ed.), War Joe Lee, 'Administrators and Agriculture: Aspects of German Agricultural Policy in the First World War', in J. M. Winter (ed.), War and Economic Policy and Economic Policy (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 231-4. (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 231-4.

22 Davis, Davis, Home Fires Burning, Home Fires Burning, p. 162. p. 162.

23 Roerkohl, Roerkohl, Hungersblockade and Heimatfront, Hungersblockade and Heimatfront, p. 33. p. 33.

24 Cooper, Cooper, Behind the Lines, Behind the Lines, p. 233. p. 233.

25 Ibid., p. 270. Ibid., p. 270.

26 Paul Halpern, Paul Halpern, A Naval History A Naval History of World of World War War (London, 1994), p. 296. (London, 1994), p. 296.

27 Charles Seymour, The Intimate Papers of Colonel Charles Seymour, The Intimate Papers of Colonel House House (2 vols, London, 1926), vol. 1, p. 437. (2 vols, London, 1926), vol. 1, p. 437.

28 Thomas J. Knock, Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (New York, 1992), p. 60. (New York, 1992), p. 60.

29 Walter Gorlitz (ed.), Walter Gorlitz (ed.), The Kaiser and His Court: the diaries of Admiral Georg von Muller The Kaiser and His Court: the diaries of Admiral Georg von Muller (London, 1961), p. 229. (London, 1961), p. 229.

30 Hans Peter Hanssen, Hans Peter Hanssen, Diary of a Dying Empire Diary of a Dying Empire (Port Washington, NY, 1973), p. 161. (Port Washington, NY, 1973), p. 161.

31 John Whiteclay Chambers (ed.), John Whiteclay Chambers (ed.), The Eagle and the Dove: The American Peace Movement and United States Foreign Policy 1900-1922 The Eagle and the Dove: The American Peace Movement and United States Foreign Policy 1900-1922 (Syracuse, NY, 1991), pp. 113-4. (Syracuse, NY, 1991), pp. 113-4.

32 Kathleen Burk, Kathleen Burk, Britain, America and the Sinews of War 1914-1918 Britain, America and the Sinews of War 1914-1918 (Boston, 1985), pp. 80-95. (Boston, 1985), pp. 80-95.

33 William S. Sims, William S. Sims, The Victory at Sea The Victory at Sea (London, 1920), p. 39. (London, 1920), p. 39.

CHAPTER 8: REVOLUTION.

1 Brock Millman, Brock Millman, Pessimism and British War Policy 1916-1918 Pessimism and British War Policy 1916-1918 (London, 2001), p. 30. (London, 2001), p. 30.

2 David Woodward (ed.), The David Woodward (ed.), The Military Correspondence of Field-Marshal Sir William Robertson Military Correspondence of Field-Marshal Sir William Robertson (London, 1989), p. 320. (London, 1989), p. 320.

3 Lord Riddell's War Diary 1914-1918 Lord Riddell's War Diary 1914-1918 (London, 1933), p. 220. (London, 1933), p. 220.

4 Bentley Brinkerhoff Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff Gilbert, David Lloyd George: A Political Life: The Organizer of Victory 1912-16 David Lloyd George: A Political Life: The Organizer of Victory 1912-16 (London, 1992), p. 369. (London, 1992), p. 369.

5 Ibid., pp. 375-6. Ibid., pp. 375-6.

6 Daniel Halevy, Daniel Halevy, L'Europe brisee L'Europe brisee (Paris, 1998), pp. 233-8. (Paris, 1998), pp. 233-8.

7 Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, La Grande Guerre des francais La Grande Guerre des francais (Paris, 1994), p. 157. (Paris, 1994), p. 157.

8 Gaetan Gallieni (ed.), Gaetan Gallieni (ed.), Les Carnets de Gallieni Les Carnets de Gallieni (Paris, 1932), p. 205. (Paris, 1932), p. 205.

9 Jere Clemens King, Jere Clemens King, Generals and Politicians Generals and Politicians (Berkeley, CA, 1951), p. 108. (Berkeley, CA, 1951), p. 108.

10 Richard Lambert, The Richard Lambert, The Parliamentary Parliamentary History History of Conscription in Great Britain of Conscription in Great Britain (London, 1917), p. iv. (London, 1917), p. iv.

11 William Robert Scott, William Robert Scott, Economic Problems of Peace after War Economic Problems of Peace after War (Cambridge, 1917), pp. 12-13. (Cambridge, 1917), pp. 12-13.

12 Gilbert, David Gilbert, David Lloyd George, Lloyd George, pp. 419, 424. pp. 419, 424.

13 Raymond Pearson, Raymond Pearson, The Russian Moderates and The Russian Moderates and the the Crisis of Tsarism 1914-1917 Crisis of Tsarism 1914-1917 (London, 1977), p. 51. (London, 1977), p. 51.

14 Dominic Lieven, Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II Nicholas II (London, 1993), p. 211. (London, 1993), p. 211.

15 Joseph Furmann (ed.), Joseph Furmann (ed.), The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra (Westport, CT, 1999), p. 181. (Westport, CT, 1999), p. 181.

16 George Buchanan, George Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, London, 1923), vol. 2, pp. 4, 31. (2 vols, London, 1923), vol. 2, pp. 4, 31.

17 Robert McKean, Robert McKean, St Petersburg between the Revolutions St Petersburg between the Revolutions (New Haven, CT, 1990), pp. 327, 336-45. (New Haven, CT, 1990), pp. 327, 336-45.

18 W. Bruce Lincoln, W. Bruce Lincoln, Pa.s.sage through Armageddon: The Russians in War- and Revolution 1914-1918 Pa.s.sage through Armageddon: The Russians in War- and Revolution 1914-1918 (New York, 1986), pp. 315, 318. (New York, 1986), pp. 315, 318.

19 Furmann, Furmann, The Complete Wartime Correspondence, The Complete Wartime Correspondence, p. 692. p. 692.

20 Buchanan, Buchanan, My Mission to Russia, My Mission to Russia, vol. 2, p. 48. vol. 2, p. 48.

21 Keith Neilson, Keith Neilson, Strategy and Supply: The Anglo-Russian Alliance 1914-17 Strategy and Supply: The Anglo-Russian Alliance 1914-17 (London, 1984), pp. 251-2. (London, 1984), pp. 251-2.

22 Maurice Paleologue, An Maurice Paleologue, An Amba.s.sadors Memoirs, Amba.s.sadors Memoirs, trans. F. A. Holt (3 vols, London, 1925), vol. 3, p. 228. trans. F. A. Holt (3 vols, London, 1925), vol. 3, p. 228.

23 Guy Pedroncini, 'Les Rapports du gouvernement et du haut commandement en France en 1917', Guy Pedroncini, 'Les Rapports du gouvernement et du haut commandement en France en 1917', Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, vol. 15 (1968), p. 128. vol. 15 (1968), p. 128.

24 Trevor Wilson, Trevor Wilson, The Myriad The Myriad Faces of War (Cambridge, 1986), p. 453. Faces of War (Cambridge, 1986), p. 453.

25 Reginald H. Roy (ed.), Reginald H. Roy (ed.), The Journal The Journal of Private Fraser (Victoria, BC, 1985), pp. 261, 263. of Private Fraser (Victoria, BC, 1985), pp. 261, 263.

26 R. G. n.o.becourt, R. G. n.o.becourt, Les Fanta.s.sins du Chemin des Dames Les Fanta.s.sins du Chemin des Dames (Paris, 1965), p. 220. (Paris, 1965), p. 220.

27 Jean-Jacques Becker, Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People, The Great War and the French People, trans. Arnold Pomerans (Leamington Spa, 1985), pp. 226-35. trans. Arnold Pomerans (Leamington Spa, 1985), pp. 226-35.

28 Lionel Lemarchand, Lionel Lemarchand, Lettres censurees des tranchees 1917 Lettres censurees des tranchees 1917 (Paris, 2001), p. 144. (Paris, 2001), p. 144.

29 Guy Pedroncini, Guy Pedroncini, Les Mutineries de 1917 Les Mutineries de 1917 (Paris, 1967), pp. 194, 211-2. (Paris, 1967), pp. 194, 211-2.

30 A. Temple Patterson, A. Temple Patterson, The Jellicoe Papers The Jellicoe Papers (2 vols, London 1966-8), vol. 2, p. 161; italics in the original. (2 vols, London 1966-8), vol. 2, p. 161; italics in the original.

31 Woodward, Correspondence of Robertson, p. 179. Woodward, Correspondence of Robertson, p. 179.

32 General Palat [Pierre Lehautcourt], General Palat [Pierre Lehautcourt], La Grande Guerre sur le front occidental, La Grande Guerre sur le front occidental, (14 vols, Paris, 1917-29), vol. 12, pp. 400-1. (14 vols, Paris, 1917-29), vol. 12, pp. 400-1.

33 David Woodward, David Woodward, Lloyd George and the Generals Lloyd George and the Generals (Newark, NJ, 1983), pp. 163-4. (Newark, NJ, 1983), pp. 163-4.

34 John Terraine, John Terraine, The Road to Pa.s.schendaele The Road to Pa.s.schendaele (London, 1977), p. 119. (London, 1977), p. 119.

35 Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, Pa.s.schendaele : The Untold Story Pa.s.schendaele : The Untold Story (New Haven, CT, 1996), p. 160. (New Haven, CT, 1996), p. 160.

36 Ibid., p. 196. Ibid., p. 196.

37 John R. Schindler, John R. Schindler, Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War (Westport, CT, 2001), p. 242. (Westport, CT, 2001), p. 242.

38 John Gooch, 'Morale and Discipline in the Italian Army', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), John Gooch, 'Morale and Discipline in the Italian Army', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon Facing Armageddon (London, 1996), p. 441. (London, 1996), p. 441.

39 Erwin Rommel, Erwin Rommel, Attacks, Attacks, trans. J. R. Driscoll (Vienna, VA, 1979), p. 214. trans. J. R. Driscoll (Vienna, VA, 1979), p. 214.

40 Luigi Toma.s.sini, 'The Home Front in Italy', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Luigi Toma.s.sini, 'The Home Front in Italy', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon Facing Armageddon (London, 1996), p. 586. For what follows, see also Giovanna Procacci, 'Popular Protest and Labour Conflict in Italy, 1915-18', (London, 1996), p. 586. For what follows, see also Giovanna Procacci, 'Popular Protest and Labour Conflict in Italy, 1915-18', Social History, Social History, vol. 14 (1989), pp. 31-58. vol. 14 (1989), pp. 31-58.

41 Georges Clemenceau, Georges Clemenceau, Discours de guerre Discours de guerre (Paris, 1968), pp. 166-7; see also p. 131. (Paris, 1968), pp. 166-7; see also p. 131.

42 Jean Nicot, Jean Nicot, Les Poilus ont la parole: lettres du front: 1917-1918 Les Poilus ont la parole: lettres du front: 1917-1918 (Brussels, 1998), p. 261. (Brussels, 1998), p. 261.

43 Irina Davidian, 'The Russian Soldier's Morale from the Evidence of Tsarist Military Censorship', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon (London, 1996), p. 432. Irina Davidian, 'The Russian Soldier's Morale from the Evidence of Tsarist Military Censorship', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon (London, 1996), p. 432.

44 Allan K. Wildman, The End of the Allan K. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army: Russian Imperial Army: The The Old Army and Old Army and the Soldiers' Revolt the Soldiers' Revolt (March-April 1917) (March-April 1917) (Princeton, NJ, 1980), p. 245. (Princeton, NJ, 1980), p. 245.

45 Elie Halevy, Elie Halevy, The World Crisis of 1914-1918 The World Crisis of 1914-1918 (Oxford, 1930), p. 5. (Oxford, 1930), p. 5.

CHAPTER 9: GERMANY'S LAST GAMBLE.

1 W. Bruce Lincoln, W. Bruce Lincoln, Pa.s.sage through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution 1914-1918 Pa.s.sage through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution 1914-1918 (New York 1986), pp. 502-3. (New York 1986), pp. 502-3.

2 Jean-Noel Grandhomme, Michel Roucaud and Thierry Sarmant (eds), Jean-Noel Grandhomme, Michel Roucaud and Thierry Sarmant (eds), La Roumanie dans la Grande Guerre et l'effondrement de l'armee russe La Roumanie dans la Grande Guerre et l'effondrement de l'armee russe (Paris, 2000), pp. 415, 423. (Paris, 2000), pp. 415, 423.

3 Jean Nicot, Jean Nicot, Les Poilus ont la parole: lettres du front: 1917-1918 Les Poilus ont la parole: lettres du front: 1917-1918 (Brussels, 1998), p. 333. (Brussels, 1998), p. 333.

4 Jurgen k.o.c.ka, Jurgen k.o.c.ka, Facing Total War: German Society 1914-1918, Facing Total War: German Society 1914-1918, trans. Barbara Weinberger (Leamington Spa, 1984), pp. 19, 85-6. trans. Barbara Weinberger (Leamington Spa, 1984), pp. 19, 85-6.

5 Caroline Ethel Cooper, Caroline Ethel Cooper, Behind the Lines: One Woman's War 1914-1918, Behind the Lines: One Woman's War 1914-1918, ed. Decie Denholm (London, 1982), p. 182. ed. Decie Denholm (London, 1982), p. 182.

6 J. P. Nettl, J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg Rosa Luxemburg (Oxford, 1969), p. 387. (Oxford, 1969), p. 387.

7 Gerald Feldman, Gerald Feldman, Army, Industry and Labor in Germany 1914-1918 Army, Industry and Labor in Germany 1914-1918 (Princeton, NJ, 1966), p. 360. (Princeton, NJ, 1966), p. 360.

8 R. H. Lutz (ed.), R. H. Lutz (ed.), Doc.u.ments of the German Revolution : Fall of the German Empire Doc.u.ments of the German Revolution : Fall of the German Empire (2 vols, Stanford, CA, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 262-6. (2 vols, Stanford, CA, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 262-6.

9 Hans Peter Hanssen, Hans Peter Hanssen, Diary of a Dying Empire Diary of a Dying Empire (Port Washington, NY, 1973), p. 225. (Port Washington, NY, 1973), p. 225.

10 Holger Afflerbach, 'Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord in the First World War', Holger Afflerbach, 'Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord in the First World War', War in History, War in History, vol. 5 (1998), p. 445. vol. 5 (1998), p. 445.

11 Hanssen, Hanssen, Diary of a Dying Empire, Diary of a Dying Empire, p. 231. p. 231.

12 Daniel Horn (ed.), Daniel Horn (ed.), The Private War of Seaman Stumpf The Private War of Seaman Stumpf (London, 1969), p. 345. (London, 1969), p. 345.

13 Martin Kitchen, Martin Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff 1916-1918 The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff 1916-1918 (London, 1976), pp. 170-1. (London, 1976), pp. 170-1.

14 Bernard P. Bellon, Bernard P. Bellon, Mercedes in Peace and War: German Automobile Workers Mercedes in Peace and War: German Automobile Workers (New York, 1990), pp. 89-92,102-12. (New York, 1990), pp. 89-92,102-12.

15 Walter Gorlitz (ed.), Walter Gorlitz (ed.), The Kaiser and His Court: the diaries of Admiral Georg von Muller The Kaiser and His Court: the diaries of Admiral Georg von Muller (London, 1961), p. 190. (London, 1961), p. 190.

16 Bernd Ulrich and Benjamin Ziemann, Bernd Ulrich and Benjamin Ziemann, Frontalltag im Ersten Weltkrieg Frontalltag im Ersten Weltkrieg (Frankfurt, 1994), pp. 184, 131. (Frankfurt, 1994), pp. 184, 131.

17 Paul Christophe (ed.), Paul Christophe (ed.), Les Carnets du Cardinal Alfred Baudrillart Les Carnets du Cardinal Alfred Baudrillart (Paris, 1994), p. 94. (Paris, 1994), p. 94.

18 Christoph Jahr, Christoph Jahr, Gewohnliche Soldaten Gewohnliche Soldaten (Gottingen, 1998), p. 283. (Gottingen, 1998), p. 283.

19 Dominique Richert, Dominique Richert, Cahiers d'un survivant Cahiers d'un survivant (Strasbourg, 1994), p. 156. (Strasbourg, 1994), p. 156.

20 Octavian Tsluanu, Octavian Tsluanu, With the Austrian Army in Galicia With the Austrian Army in Galicia (London, 1918), p. 193. (London, 1918), p. 193.

21 Eduard Marz, Eduard Marz, Austrian Banking and Financial Policy Austrian Banking and Financial Policy (London, 1984), pp. 16, 113, 121-2, 164, 177-8. (London, 1984), pp. 16, 113, 121-2, 164, 177-8.

22 Wilhelm Winkler, Wilhelm Winkler, Die Einkommensverschiehungen in osterreich wahrend des Weltkrieges Die Einkommensverschiehungen in osterreich wahrend des Weltkrieges (Vienna, 1930), pp. 47-8. (Vienna, 1930), pp. 47-8.

23 August von Cramon, August von Cramon, Unser osterreich-Ungarischer Bundesgenosse im Weltkriege Unser osterreich-Ungarischer Bundesgenosse im Weltkriege (Berlin, 1920), p. 89. (Berlin, 1920), p. 89.

24 Arthur May, Arthur May, The Pa.s.sing of the Hapsburg Monarcby The Pa.s.sing of the Hapsburg Monarcby (Philadelphia, PA, 1966), p. 642. (Philadelphia, PA, 1966), p. 642.

25 Ibid., p. 687. Ibid., p. 687.

26 Gorlitz, Gorlitz, The Kaiser and His Court, The Kaiser and His Court, p. 252. p. 252.

27 Felix Guse, Die Felix Guse, Die Kaukasusfront im Weltkrieg Kaukasusfront im Weltkrieg (Leipzig, 1940), p. 93. (Leipzig, 1940), p. 93.

28 Carl Mhlmann, Carl Mhlmann, Das deutsch-turkische Waffenbndnis im Weltkrieg Das deutsch-turkische Waffenbndnis im Weltkrieg (Leipzig, 1940), p. 120. (Leipzig, 1940), p. 120.

29 Kress von Kressenstein, quoted in Jehuda Wallach, Kress von Kressenstein, quoted in Jehuda Wallach, Anatomie einer Miltarhilfe Anatomie einer Miltarhilfe (Dusseldorf, 1976), p. 220. (Dusseldorf, 1976), p. 220.