Latin for Beginners Part 48

--43.)

<437.>> RULE. > _The dative is used to denote the

>, often with another dative denoting the

>._

<438.>> IDIOMS

>, _to give up a plan_ >, _to choose a place for a camp_

<439.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. Rogavit cur illae copiae relictae essent. Responderunt illas copias esse praesidio castris. 2. Caesar misit exploratores ad loc.u.m deligendum castris. 3. Quisque existimavit ipsum nomen Caesaris magno terrori barbaris futurum esse. 4. Prima luce idem exercitus proelium acre commisit, sed gravia suorum vulnera magnae curae imperatori erant.

5. Rex respondit amicitiam populi Romani sibi ornamento et praesidio debere esse. 6. Quis praeerat equitatui quem auxilio Caesari socii miserant? 7. Aliquibus res secundae sunt summae calamitati et res adversae sunt miro usui. 8. Gallis magno ad pugnam erat impedimento quod equitatus a dextro cornu premebat. 9. Memoria pristinae virtutis non minus quam metus hostium erat nostris magno usui. 10. Tam densa erat silva ut progredi non possent.

II. 1. I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the brave Gauls. 2. Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for a camp? 3. The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you.

4. Caesar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage. 5. In winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great hindrance to ships. 6. Caesar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those who burned the public buildings.

[Footnote 1: Subjunctive of purpose. (Cf. --366.)]

[Footnote 2: Express by the genitive of the gerundive.]

[Footnote 3: Indirect question.]

[Footnote 4: A clause of result.]

[Footnote 5: >]

LESSON LXXVI

VOCABULARY REVIEW THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION

<440.>> Review the word lists in ----524, 525.

<441.>> Observe the English sentences

(1) _A man > great courage_, or (2) _A man > great courage_

(3) _A forest > tall trees_, or (4) _A forest > tall trees_

Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description.

In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions _of_ and _with_.

In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar.

The prepositions _of_ and _with_ suggest the genitive and the ablative respectively, and we translate the sentences above

(1) >, or (2) > (3) >, or (4) >

There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the English. In English we may say, for example, _a man of courage_, using the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. _In Latin, however, an adjective modifier must always be used_, as above.

_a._ Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in that _numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive_ and _descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative._ Other descriptive phrases may be in either case.

<442.>> EXAMPLES

1. >, _a ditch of twelve feet_.

2. >, _a man with big feet and a small head_.

3. > or >, _the king was a man of the greatest boldness_.

<443.>> RULE. > _Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective._

<444.>> RULE.

<445.>> RULE. > _Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective._

<446.>> IDIOMS

>, _the Helvetii intend_, (lit. _it is in mind to the Helvetians_) >, _to give in marriage_ >, _to have no power_ >, _to construct a ditch_ (lit. _to lead a ditch through_)

<447.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. Milites fossam decem pedum per eorum finis perduxerunt.

2. Princeps Helvetiorum, vir summae audaciae, principibus gentium finitimarum sorores in matrimonium dedit. 3. Eorum amicitiam confirmare voluit quo facilius Romanis bellum inferret. 4. Germani et Galli non erant eiusdem gentis. 5. Omnes fere Germani erant magnis corporum viribus.[1] 6. Galli qui oppidum fort.i.ter defendebant saxa ingentis magnitudinis de muro iaciebant. 7. c.u.m Caesar ab exploratoribus quaereret qui illud oppidum incolerent, exploratores responderunt eos esse homines summa virtute et magno consilio. 8. Moenia viginti pedum a sinistra parte, et a dextra parte flumen magnae alt.i.tudinis oppidum defendebant. 9. c.u.m Caesar in Galliam pervenisset, erat rumor Helvetiis in animo esse iter per provinciam Romanam facere. 10. Caesar, ut eos ab finibus Romanis prohiberet, munitionem [2]multa milia pa.s.suum longam fecit.

II. 1. Caesar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, and very skillful in the art of war. 2. The Germans were of great size, and thought that the Romans had no power. 3. Men of the highest courage were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. 4. The king's daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a neighboring state, was a woman of very beautiful appearance. 5. The soldiers will construct a ditch of nine feet around the camp. 6. A river of great width was between us and the enemy.

[Footnote 1: From >. (Cf. --468.)]

[Footnote 2: Genitives and ablatives of description are adjective phrases. When we use an _adverbial_ phrase to tell _how long_ or _how high_ or _how deep_ anything is, we must use the accusative of extent. (Cf. --336.) For example, in the sentence above > is an adverbial phrase (accusative of extent) modifying >. If we should omit > and say _a fortification of many miles_, the genitive of description (an adjective phrase) modifying > would be used, as >.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: GLADII]

LESSON LXXVII

REVIEW OF AGREEMENT, AND OF THE GENITIVE, DATIVE, AND ACCUSATIVE

<448.>> There are four agreements:

1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to which it belongs (----76, 81).

2. That of the adjective, adjective p.r.o.noun, or participle with its noun (--65).

3. That of a verb with its subject (--28).

4. That of a relative p.r.o.noun with its antecedent (--224).

<449.>> The relation expressed by the > is, in general, denoted in English by the preposition _of_. It is used to express