Latin for Beginners Part 49

{ _a._ As attributive (--38).

1. Possession { { _b._ In the predicate (--409).

2. The whole of which a part is taken (part.i.tive genitive) (--331).

3. Quality or description (----443, 445).

<450.>> The relation expressed by the > is, in general, denoted in English by the prepositions _to_ or _for_ when they do not imply motion through s.p.a.ce. It is used to express

{ _a._ With intransitive verbs and with { transitive verbs in connection with a { direct object in the accusative (--45).

1. The indirect object { _b_. With special intransitive verbs (--154).

{ _c_. With verbs compounded with >, >, >, >, >,

>, {

>,

>, _{>, > (--426).}

2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (--143).

3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting the person or thing affected (--437).

<451.>> The

1. The direct object of a transitive verb (--37).

2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after verbs of _making, choosing, falling, showing_, and the like (--392).

3. The subject of the infinitive (--214).

4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (--340).

5. The duration of time and the extent of s.p.a.ce (--336).

6. The place to which (----263, 266).

<452.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. Milites quos vidimus dixerunt imperium belli esse Caesaris imperatoris. 2. Helvetii statuerunt quam[1] maximum numerum equorum et carrorum cogere. 3. Totius Galliae Helvetii plurimum valuerunt.

4. Multas horas acriter pugnatum est neque quisquam poterat videre hostem fugientem. 5. Viri summae virtutis hostis decem milia pa.s.suum insecuti sunt. 6. Caesar populo Romano persuasit ut se consulem crearet.

7. Victoria exercitus erat semper imperatori gratissima. 8. Triduum iter fecerunt et Genavam, in oppidum[2] hostium, pervenerunt. 9. Caesar audivit Germanos bellum Gallis intulisse. 10. Magno usui militibus Caesaris erat quod prioribus proeliis sese exercuerant.

II. 1. One[3] of the king's sons and many of his men were captured.

2. There was no one who wished[4] to appoint her queen. 3. The grain supply was always a care (for a care) to Caesar, the general. 4. I think that the camp is ten miles distant. 5. We marched for three hours through a very dense forest. 6. The plan [5]of making war upon the allies was not pleasing to the king. 7. When he came to the hill he fortified it [6]by a twelve-foot wall.

[Footnote 1: What is the force of > with superlatives?]

[Footnote 2: > or >, appositive to a name of a town, takes a preposition.]

[Footnote 3: What construction is used with numerals in preference to the part.i.tive genitive?]

[Footnote 4: What mood? (Cf. --390.)]

[Footnote 5: Use the gerund or gerundive.]

[Footnote 6: Latin, _by a wall of twelve feet._]

LESSON LXXVIII

REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE

<453.>> The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in English by the prepositions _with_ (or _by_), _from_ (or _by_), and _in_ (or _at_). The constructions growing out of these meanings are

I. Ablative rendered _with_ (or _by_): 1. Cause (--102) 2. Means (--103) 3. Accompaniment (--104) 4. Manner (--105) 5. Measure of difference (--317) 6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (--381) 7. Description or quality (----444, 445) 8. Specification (--398)

II. Ablative rendered _from_ (or _by_): 1. Place from which (----179, 264) 2. Ablative of separation (--180) 3. Personal agent with a pa.s.sive verb (--181) 4. Comparison without > (--309)

III. Ablative rendered _in_ (or _at_): 1. Place at or in which (----265, 266) 2. Time when or within which (--275)

<454.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. Galli locis superioribus occupatis itinere exercitum prohibere conantur. 2. Omnes oppidani ex oppido egressi salutem fuga petere inceperunt. 3. Caesar docet se militum vitam sua salute habere multo cariorem. 4. c.u.m celerius omnium opinione pervenisset, hostes ad eum obsides miserunt 5. Vicus in valle positus montibus altissimis undique continetur. 6. Plurimum inter Gallos haec gens et virtute et hominum numero valebat. 7. Secunda vigilia nullo certo ordine neque imperio e castris egressi sunt. 8. Duabus legionibus Genavae relictis, proximo die c.u.m reliquis domum profectus est. 9. Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus Helvetii domo exire possent. 10. Rex erat summa audacia et magna apud populum potentia. 11. Galli timore servitutis commoti bellum parabant.

12. Caesar monet legatos ut contineant milites, ne studio pugnandi aut spe praedae longius[1] progrediantur. 13. Bellum acerrimum a Caesare in Gallos gestum est.

II. 1. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his (men) from battle. 2. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws.

3. This tribe is much braver than the rest. 4. This road is [2]ten miles shorter than that. 5. In summer Caesar carried on war in Gaul, in winter he returned to Italy. 6. At midnight the general set out from the camp with three legions. 7. I fear that you cannot protect[3] yourself from these enemies. 8. [4]After this battle was finished peace was made by all the Gauls.

[Footnote 1: >, _too far_. (Cf. --305.)]

[Footnote 2: Latin, _by ten thousands of paces_.]

[Footnote 3: >.]

[Footnote 4: Ablative absolute.]

LESSON LXXIX

REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE, THE INFINITIVE, AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE

<455.>> The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (----402, 406.1).

<456.>> The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual (--406.2).

<457.>> The infinitive is used:

I. As in English.

_a._ As subject or predicate nominative (--216).

_b._ To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication (complementary infinitive) (--215).

_c._ As object with subject accusative after verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_, and the like (--213).