The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 64

The _Sabaibos_ 'habitaban en el partido de San Ignacio Otat.i.tlan y pueblos de Piaba, Alaya y Quejupa.' _Ib._

The _Cacaris_ dwell in Cacaria. _Id._, p. 319.

The _Papudos_ and _Tecayas_ were settled in the district of San Andres.

_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 379-80.

The _Xiximes_ inhabited 'en el coracon desta sierra' de San Andres.

_Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 531. 'Ocupan el partido de San Dimas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, pp. 315-17.

The _Hinas_ 'Habitan la mayor parte en profundisimas quebradas del centro de la sierra, y muchos a las margenes del rio de Humace, que en su embocadura llaman de Piaxtla, muy cerca de su nacimiento, como a cinco leguas de Yamoriba.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 195. 'Habitantes de las margenes del rio de Piaztla.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 316.

The _Humes_ are in the Sierra de San Andres. 'Como nueue leguas del pueblo de Quilitlan, y en lo mas alto de toda esta sierra, caminando al Oriente.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 562. 'Nueve leguas mas adelante del lugar de Queibos o de Santiago.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 199; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, pp. 316, 325.

The _Zacatecos_ inhabit the like-named State, and particularly near the rio Nazas. 'Bax la Sierra, que oy llaman del calabazal, y par a las orillas de un rio, que oy llaman de Suchil.' _Arlegui_, _Chron. de Zacatecas_, p. 26. 'Los que habitan en el rio de las Nasas son indios zacatecos.' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 33. 'Se extendian hasta el rio Nazas. Cuencame, Cerro Gordo, S. Juan del Rio, Nombre de Dios, quedaban comprendidos en esta demarcacion.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 319.

The _Guachichiles_, Cuachichiles, or Huachichiles 'corrian por Zacatecas hasta San Potosi y Coahuila.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 285. 'La villa del Saltillo esta fundada sobre el terreno que en lo antiguo ocuparon los indios cuachichiles.' _Id._, pp. 301, 287; _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 281.

FOOTNOTES:

[636] The Comanches 'are divided into three princ.i.p.al bands, to wit: the Comanche, the Yamparack and the Tenawa.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 230; 'Ietans, termed by the Spaniards Comanches, and in their own language Na-uni, signifying "life people."' _Prichard's Nat. Hist._, vol. ii., p. 549. 'The Comanches and the numerous tribes of Chichimecas ... are comprehended by the Spaniards under the vague name of Mecos.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 422. 'The tribe called themselves Niyuna.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 575-6; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 231; _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 175; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _French's Hist. La._, p.

155. 'Se divide en cuatro ramas considerables bajo los nombres de Cuchanticas, Jupes, Yamparicas y Orientales.' _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc.

Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 318; see also _Cortez_, in _Pac. R.

R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 121. The Jetans or Camanches, as the Spaniards term them, or Padoucas, as they are called by the p.a.w.nees. _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 214.

[637] _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 76. 'Los Indios yutas, ... son los mismos que los comanches o c.u.manches, pues yuta eso quiere decir en la lengua de los lipanes. Por consiguente no se pueden distinguir esos nombres, que aunque de dos lenguas diferentes espresan una misma nacion.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 251. 'The Comanches are a branch of the Shoshones or Snakes.' _Ruxton's Adven._, p. 244. 'The p.a.w.nees are descended from a cousin-germanship of the same stock.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, pp. 108-9. 'Si le sang des Azteques existe encore sans melange en Amerique, il doit couler dans les veines des Comanches.' _Domenech's Jour._, p. 16; see also _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 24; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Azt. Spr._, p. 391.

[638] 'Probably because their winter quarters are always located amid the forests which grow upon the Sierras.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 243.

[639] Cordero gives the following tribal names, which he says are used among themselves: Vinni ettinenne, Tontos; Segatajenne, Chiricaguis; Tjuiccujenne, Gilenos; Iccujenne, Mimbrenos; Yutajenne, Faraones; Sejenne, Mescaleros; Cuelcajenne, Llaneros; Lipajenne and Yutajenne, Lipans and Navajos. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, pp. 369, 379-385.

'Los pimas gilenos llaman a los yavipais taros o nifores; los jamajabs les llaman yavipais y nosotros apaches.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc.

Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., pp. 265, 352-3. 'Yavipais Tejua que son los indomitos Apaches.' _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, p. 471.

'Yavapais, or Apache Mohaves, as they are more generally called.'

_Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 217. 'Pueden dividirse en nueve tribus princ.i.p.ales ... Tontos, Chirocahues, Gilenos, Mimbrenos, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes y Navajoes. Todos hablan un mismo idioma.... No componen una nacion uniforme en sus usos y costumbres, pero coinciden en la major parte de sus inclinaciones, variando en otras con proporcion a los terrenos de su residencia, a las necesidades que padecen.' _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 314. Apaches, 'their name is said to signify 'men.'' Mescaleros, 'the meaning of the name, probably, is drinkers of mescal.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 118-9.

_Froebel's Central Amer._, pp. 309, 353, 491; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 161, 223, 425; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.

i., p. 285; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Thummel_, _Mexiko_, p. 351; _Ruxton's Adven._, p. 194; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

iv., p. 216; _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 212-13; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 298; _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 108, and _Id._, 1864, p. 182, 1858, p. 197; _Bailey_, in _Id._, 1858, p. 206; _Clum_, in _Id._, 1871, p. 42; _Bartlett's Pers.

Nar._, vol. i., p. 325. Called Coyoteros, because it is believed that 'they feed upon the flesh of the coyote.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430.

'Les Gilenos ... avec les Axuas et les Apaches qui viennent de la Sierra Madre sont confondus sous le nom de Papagos.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 213; _Bustamante_, in _Cavo_, _Tres Siglos_, tom. iii., pp. 79-80. 'Tonto, in Spanish means stupid.' 'Tonto is a Spanish corruption of the original Indian name.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 5-8; _Ayers_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 175; _Collins_, in _Id._, 1860, p. 161; _Id._, 1861, p. 122; _Maxwell_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 116; _Parker_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 23; _Walker_, in _Id._, 1872, p.

53; _Clum_, in _Id._, 1871, p. 368; _Wappaus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p.

214; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 275; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cx.x.xv., p. 308.

[640] 'The Apaches and their congeners belong to the Athapascan family.'

_Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 84, and in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cx.x.xv., p. 311; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.

ii., p. 10.

[641] 'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yutahkah. The Navajoes call themselves, as a tribe, Tenuai (man). The appellation Navajo was unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 217, 218. 'The Navajoes and Apaches are identically one people.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 306; _Ruxton's Adven._, p. 194; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 229; _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1863, p. 389. 'Navajoes and Apaches have descended from the same stock.' _Carleton_, in _Ind. Aff., Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 134. 'The Navajoes are a Pueblo Indian.' _Griner_, in _Id._, p. 329. 'Allied to the Crow Indians.' _Fitzpatrick_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 133; _Thummel_, _Mexiko_, p. 348. 'Most civilized of all the wild Indians of North America.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 372. The Navajoes 'are a division of the ancient Mexicans.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180.

[642] '"Yumah," signifies "Son of the River," and is only applied to the Indians born on the banks of the Colorado. This nation is composed of five tribes ... among which ... the Yabipas (Yampas or Yampaos).'

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 65. 'The Cajuenches and Cuchans ...

belong to two different divisions of one tribe, which forms part of the great nation of the Yumas.' _Id._, p. 10.

[643] Cosninos, 'Es ist mehrfach die Ansicht ausgesprochen worden, da.s.s die meisten derselben zu dem Stamme der Apaches geh.o.r.en, oder vielmehr mit ihnen verwandt sind.' _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 330-1; _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 482.

[644] 'The Yampais form a connecting link between the Gila, Colorado, and Pueblo Indians.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98.

Yampais are related to the Yumas. _Mollhausen_, _Reisen_, tom. i., p.

431. Yampais: 'Unable to separate them from the Tonto-Apaches.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302.

[645] 'Llaman a estos indios los cruzados, por unas cruces que todos, chicos y grandes se atan del copete, que les viene a caer en la frente; y esto hacen cuando ven a los espanoles.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iii., p. 31.

[646] 'Unos dicen que a un lado de estas naciones (Yutas) para hacia al Poniente esta la nacion de los nijoras, y otros afirman que no hay tal nacion Nijora, sino que esta palabra nijor quiere decir cautivo, y que los cocomaricopas les dan de noche a las naciones mas inmediatas y les quitan sus hijos, los que cautivan y venden a los pimas y estos a los espanoles; si es asi que hay tal nacion, esta en esta inmediacion del rio Colorado para el rio Salado o rio Verde.' _Noticias de la Pimeria_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 838. 'Todos estos cautivos llaman por aca fuera Nijores, aunque hay otra nacion Hijeras a parte.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom.

iv., p. 852.

[647] For further particulars as to location of tribes, see notes on TRIBAL BOUNDARIES, at the end of this chapter.

[648] 'Besonders fiel uns der Unterschied zwischen den im Gebirge, ahnlich den Wolfen lebenden Yampays und Tontos ... und den von vegetabilischen Stoffen sich nahrenden Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales auf, indem erstere nur kleine ha.s.sliche Gestalten mit widrigem tuckischem Ausdruck der Physiognomie waren, die anderen dagegen wie lauter Meisterwerke der schopferischen Natur erschienen.' _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384.

[649] The Navajos are 'of good size, nearly six feet in height, and well proportioned; cheek-bones high and prominent, nose straight and well shaped; hair long and black; eyes black; ... feet small; lips of moderate size; head of medium size and well shaped; forehead not small but retreating.' _Lethermann_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 288.

'Fine looking, physically.' 'Most symmetrical figure, combining ease, grace and power, and activity.' And the Comanches 'about five feet ten inches in height, with well proportioned shoulders, very deep chest, and long, thin, but muscular arms.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 49, 305, 15.

The Mojave 'men are tall, erect, and finely proportioned. Their features are inclined to European regularity; their eyes large, shaded by long lashes.' The Cuchans are 'a n.o.ble race, well formed, active and intelligent.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 110, 114.

The Navajos are distinguished 'by the fullness and roundness of their eyes.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. iii., p. 31. 'The Camanches are small of stature ... wear moustaches and heads of long hair.' _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

ii., p. 15. The Comanches 'que da un aspecto bien particular a estas naciones, es la falta completa de cejas, pues ellos se las arrancan; algunos tienen una poca barba.' _Berlandier and Thovel_, _Diario_, p.

253. The Yumas 'if left to their natural state, would be fine looking,'

but the Hualpais 'were squalid, wretched-looking creatures, with splay feet, large joints and diminutive figures ... features like a toad's....

They present a remarkable contrast to our tall and athletic Mojaves.'

The Navajos are 'a fine looking race with bold features.' 'The Mojaves are perhaps as fine a race of men physically, as there is in existence.'

_Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 44, 54, 97-8, 108, 73, 128, 19, 39, 59, 66, plate p. 66. The Comanches are 'de buena estatura.' _Beaumont_, _Cronica de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 527. The people between the Colorado and Gila rivers. 'Es gente bien agestada y corpulenta, triguenos de color.'

_Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p.

851. The Cruzados are described as 'bien agestados y n.o.bles y ellas hermosas de lindos ojos y amorosas.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc.

Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31; see also _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. x., p. 446. In New Mexico Allegre describes them as 'corpulentos y briosos, pero mal agestados, las orejas largas ... tienen poco barba.' _Allegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; and of the same people Alcedo writes 'son de mejor aspecto, color y proporcion que los demas.' _Diccionario_, tom.

iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Mollhausen, who frequently goes into ecstasies over the splendid figures of the lower Colorado people, whom he calls the personification of the ancient G.o.ds of the Romans and Greeks, says further that they are 'grosse, schon gewachsene Leute,' and describes their color as 'dunkelkupferfarbig.' Of the women he adds 'Ganz im Gegensatze zu den Mannern sind die Weiber der Indianer am Colorado durchgangig klein, untersetzt und so d.i.c.k, da.s.s ihr Aussehen mitunter an's komische granzt.' Comparing the Hualapais with the Mojaves he writes 'auf der einen Seite die unbekleideten, riesenhaften und wohlgebildeten Gestalten der Mohaves ... auf der andern Seite dagegen die im Vergleich mit erstern, zwergahnlichen, hagern.... Figuren der Wallpays, mit ihren verwirrten, struppigen Haaren, den kleinen, geschlitzten Augen und dem falschen, geha.s.sigen Ausdruck in ihren Zugen.' The Cosninos he calls 'ha.s.slich und verk.u.mmert.' _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 331, 382-8; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen_, tom. i., pp. 123-4, 199, 215, 274, 293, 318, tom. ii., pp. 43, 37, and plate frontispiece.

_Mollhausen_, _Mormonenmadchen_, tom. ii., p. 140. The Comanche 'men are about the medium stature, with bright copper-coloured complexions ...

the women are short with crooked legs ... far from being as good looking as the men.' In the Colorado Valley 'are the largest and best-formed men I ever saw, their average height being an inch over six feet.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 279. 'Les Comanches ont la taille haute et elancee, et sont presque aussi blancs que les Europeens.' _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 192. And of the Comanches see further.

_Dragoon Camp._, p. 153. 'Robust, almost Herculean race.' _Foote's Texas_, vol. i., p. 298. 'Exceedingly handsome.' _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. ii., p. 308; _Hartmann and Millard's Texas_, p. 109.

'Women are ugly, crooklegged, stoop-shouldered.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 189, 232, 194; _Mexikanische Zustande_, tom. i., p. 373; _Froebel's Cent. Am._, p. 267; see also _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom.

ii., p. 101; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 37-8; _Domenech_, _Journ._, p. 132. The Yuma 'women are generally fat.' 'The men are large, muscular, and well formed.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 180, 178. Navajo women are 'much handsomer and have lighter complexions than the men.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 218-19; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 52; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 7, 10, 24, 65, plate 8. The Navajos have 'light flaxen hair, light blue eyes ... their skin is of the most delicate whiteness.' _Brownell's Ind.

Races_, p. 545; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203. On the Mojaves see further, _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 138; _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, p. 18; _Cal. Mercantile Jour._, vol. i., p. 227, plate; _Clum_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 363. And on the Yumas. _Poston_, in _Ind.

Rept. Aff._, 1863, p. 387; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 61; _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Feb. 22, 1860_. Women's 'feet are naturally small.'

_Emory's Rept._, in _U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 109.

The Yampais are broad-faced, and have 'aquiline noses and small eyes.'

_Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460. _Indian Traits_, in _Hayes Col._

[650] 'Their average height is about five feet four or five inches. They are but slimly built, and possess but little muscular development ...

light brownish red color.' Some have 'a Chinese cast of countenance ...

rusty black hair.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. Their 'features were flat, negro-like ... small legged, big-bellied and broad-shouldered.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 52. 'More miserable looking objects I never beheld;' legs, 'large and muscular.' _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 139. 'Widerliche Physiognomien und Gestalten ... unter mittlerer Grosse ... grosse Kopfe, vorstehende Stirn und Backenknochen, d.i.c.ke Nasen, aufgeworfene Lippen und kleine geschlitzte Augen.... Ihr Gesicht war dunkler als ich es jemals bei Indianern gefunden.' _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360. 'Von zottigen weit abstehenden Haupthaaren bedeckt.' _Mollhausen_, _Fluchtling_, tom.

iii., p. 49. 'Ill-formed, emaciated, and miserable looking race ... had all a treacherous-fiendish look.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p.

327. 'Physically of a slighter build than any Indians I have seen.'