The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 32

_Kane's Wand._, pp. 237-9; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, pp. 327-8.

[331] _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 92; _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., pp. 242-3; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 214-15. The Nooksaks 'have no slaves.'

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, pp. 327-8; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p.

601. It is said 'that the descendants of slaves obtain freedom at the expiration of three centuries.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 28.

[332] The Makahs have some marriage ceremonies, 'such as going through the performance of taking the whale, manning a canoe, and throwing the harpoon into the bride's house.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, p. 242. The Nooksak women 'are very industrious, and do most of the work, and procure the princ.i.p.al part of their sustenance.' _Id._, 1857, p. 327. 'The women have not the slightest pretension to virtue.' _Id._, 1858, p. 225; _Siwash Nuptials_, in _Olympia Washington Standard, July 30, 1870_. In matters of trade the opinion of the women is always called in, and their decision decides the bargain. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 108.

'The whole burden of domestic occupation is thrown upon them.' Cut of the native baby-jumper. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 319-20, 361. At Gray Harbor they were not jealous. At Port Discovery they offered their children for sale. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p.

231; vol. ii., pp. 83-4. 'Rarely having more than three or four'

children. _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 266; _Clark's Lights and Shadows_, pp. 224-6.

[333] _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 320, 444; _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 298-9; _San Francis...o...b..lletin_, _May 24, 1859._

[334] _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 263, 270. The Lummi 'are a very superst.i.tious tribe, and pretend to have traditions--legends handed down to them by their ancestors.' 'No persuasion or pay will induce them to kill an owl or eat a pheasant.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, pp. 327-8; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 216-17, 229. No forms of salutation. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 23-4; _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, pp. 21-2.

[335] Among the Skagits 'Dr. Holmes saw an old man in the last stage of consumption, shivering from the effects of a cold bath at the temperature of 40 Fahrenheit. A favourite remedy in pulmonary consumption is to tie a rope tightly around the thorax, so as to force the diaphram to perform respiration without the aid of the thoracic muscles.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 512. Among the Clallams, to cure a girl of a disease of the side, after stripping the patient naked, the medicine-man, throwing off his blanket, 'commenced singing and gesticulating in the most violent manner, whilst the others kept time by beating with little sticks on hollow wooden bowls and drums, singing continually. After exercising himself in this manner for about half an hour, until the perspiration ran down his body, he darted suddenly upon the young woman, catching hold of her side with his teeth and shaking her for a few minutes, while the patient seemed to suffer great agony. He then relinquished his hold, and cried out that he had got it, at the same time holding his hands to his mouth; after which he plunged them in the water and pretended to hold down with great difficulty the disease which he had extracted.' _Kane's Wand._, pp.

225-6. Small-pox seemed very prevalent by which many had lost the sight of one eye. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 242. To cure a cold in the face the Queniults burned certain herbs to a cinder and mixing them with grease, anointed the face. _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 265. Among the Nooksaks mortality has not increased with civilization. 'As yet the only causes of any amount are consumption and the old diseases.' _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1857, p. 327. At Neah Bay, 'a scrofulous affection pervades the whole tribe.' The old, sick and maimed are abandoned by their friends to die. _Id._, 1872, p. 350.

[336] Slaves have no right to burial. _Kane's Wand._, p. 215. At a Queniult burial place 'the different colored blankets and calicoes hung round gave the place an appearance of clothes hung out to dry on a washing day.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 267. At Port Orchard bodies were 'wrapped firmly in matting, beneath which was a white blanket, closely fastened round the body, and under this a covering of blue cotton.' At Port Discovery bodies 'are wrapped in mats and placed upon the ground in a sitting posture, and surrounded with stakes and pieces of plank to protect them.' On the Cowlitz the burial canoes are painted with figures, and gifts are not deposited till several months after the funeral. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 323, 347-8, 509-10. Among the Nisquallies bodies of relatives are sometimes disinterred at different places, washed, re-wrapped and buried again in one grave. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 238-9. 'Ornes de rubans de diverses couleurs, de dents de poissons, de chapelets et d'autres brimborions du gout des sauvages.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 74-5. On Penn Cove, in a deserted village, were found 'several sepulchres formed exactly like a centry box. Some of them were open, and contained the skeletons of many young children tied up in baskets.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 254-6, 287; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 242; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 429. A correspondent describes a flathead mummy from Puget Sound preserved in San Francisco.

'The eye-b.a.l.l.s are still round under the lid; the teeth, the muscles, and tendons perfect, the veins injected with some preserving liquid, the bowels, stomach and liver dried up, but not decayed, all perfectly preserved. The very blanket that entwines him, made of some threads of bark and saturated with a pitchy substance, is entire.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 693; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol.

ix., p. 32.

[337] 'Their native bashfulness renders all squaws peculiarly sensitive to any public notice or ridicule.' Probably the laziest people in the world. The mails are intrusted with safety to Indian carriers, who are perfectly safe from interference on the part of any Indian they may meet. _Kane's Wand._, p. 209-16, 227-8, 234, 247-8. 'La memoire locale et personelle du sauvage est admirable; il n'oublie jamais un endroit ni une personne.' Nature seems to have given him memory to supply the want of intelligence. 'Much inclined to vengeance. Those having means may avert vengeance by payments.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 113, 295-9.

'Perfectly indifferent to exposure; decency has no meaning in their language.' Although always begging, they refuse to accept any article not in good condition, calling it _Peeshaaak_, a term of contempt.

_Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 108-9. Murder of a Spanish boat's crew in lat.i.tude 47 20'. _Maurelle's Jour._, pp. 29, 31. 'Cheerful and well disposed' at Port Orchard. At Strait of Fuca 'little more elevated in their moral qualities than the Fuegians.' At Nisqually, 'addicted to stealing.' 'Vicious and exceedingly lazy, sleeping all day.' The Skagits are catholics, and are more advanced than others in civilization.

_Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 317, 444, 510-11, 517.

Both at Gray Harbor and Puget Sound they were uniformly civil and friendly, fair and honest in trade. Each tribe claimed that 'the others were bad people and that the party questioned were the only good Indians in the harbor.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 256; vol. ii., pp. 83-4.

'The Clallam tribe has always had a bad character, which their intercourse with shipping, and the introduction of whiskey, has by no means improved.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 243. 'The superior courage of the Makahs, as well as their treachery, will make them more difficult of management than most other tribes.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 429. The Lummis and other tribes at Bellingham Bay have already abandoned their ancient barbarous habits, and have adopted those of civilization. _Coleman_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. x.x.xix., pp. 795-7; _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., pp. 240-2. 'The instincts of these people are of a very degraded character. They are filthy, cowardly, lazy, treacherous, drunken, avaricious, and much given to thieving. The women have not the slightest pretension to virtue.' The Makahs 'are the most independent Indians in my district--they and the Quilleyutes, their near neighbors.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, pp. 225, 231; _Id._, 1862, p.

390; _Id._, 1870, p. 20; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 601; _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 58; _Cram's Top. Mem._, p. 65.

[338] Perhaps the Cascades might more properly be named as the boundary, since the region of the Dalles, from the earliest records, has been the rendezvous for fishing, trading, and gambling purposes, of tribes from every part of the surrounding country, rather than the home of any particular nation.

[339] For details see TRIBAL BOUNDARIES at the end of this chapter. The Chinooks, Clatsops, Wakiak.u.ms and Cathlamets, 'resembling each other in person, dress, language, and manners.' The Chinooks and Wakiak.u.ms were originally one tribe, and Wakiak.u.m was the name of the chief who seceded with his adherents. _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 335-6. 'They may be regarded as the distinctive type of the tribes to the north of the Oregon, for it is in them that the peculiarities of the population of these regions are seen in the most striking manner.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp.

15-6, 36. All the tribes about the mouth of the Columbia 'appear to be descended from the same stock ... and resemble one another in language, dress, and habits.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 87-8. The Cathleyacheyachs at the Cascades differ but little from the Chinooks. _Id._, p. 111. Scouler calls the Columbia tribes _Cathlascons_, and considers them 'intimately related to the Kalapooiah Family.' _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. The Willamette tribes 'differ very little in their habits and modes of life, from those on the Columbia River.' _Hunter's Cap._, p.

72. Mofras makes _Killimous_ a general name for all Indians south of the Columbia. _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 357; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 114-18; _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 133. The Nechecolees on the Willamette claimed an affinity with the Eloots at the Narrows of the Columbia. The Killamucks 'resemble in almost every particular the Clatsops and Chinnooks. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 427, 504. 'Of the Coast Indians that I have seen there seems to be so little difference in their style of living that a description of one family will answer for the whole.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 153-4. 'All the natives inhabiting the southern sh.o.r.e of the Straits, and the deeply indented territory as far and including the tide-waters of the Columbia, may be comprehended under the general term of Chinooks.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 25.

[340] 'The race of the Chenooks is nearly run. From a large and powerful tribe ... they have dwindled down to about a hundred individuals, ...

and these are a depraved, licentious, drunken set.' _Swan's N. W.

Coast_, pp. 108-10. The Willopahs 'may be considered as extinct, a few women only remaining.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p.

428; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 351; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp.

239-40; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 354; vol. ii., p. 217; _De Smet_, _Missions de l'Oregon_, pp. 163-4; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 173-6, 196-7; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 335-6; _Fitzgerald's Hud. B. Co._, pp. 170-2; _Hines' Oregon_, pp. 103-19, 236; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., pp. 52-3; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 36; _Palmer's Jour._, pp.

84, 87; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 191-2. 'In the Wallamette valley, their favorite country, ... there are but few remnants left, and they are dispirited and broken-hearted.' _Robertson's Oregon_, p. 130.

[341] 'The personal appearance of the Chinooks differs so much from that of the aboriginal tribes of the United States, that it was difficult at first to recognize the affinity.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex.

Ex._, vol. ix., p. 27. 'There are no two nations in Europe so dissimilar as the tribes to the north and those to the south of the Columbia.'

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88; vol. ii., p. 36. 'Thick set limbs,'

north; 'slight,' south. _Id._, vol. i., p. 88; vol. ii., p. 16. 'Very inferior in muscular power.' _Id._, vol. ii., pp. 15-16. 'Among the ugliest of their race. They are below the middle size, with squat, clumsy forms.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 198, 216. The men from five feet to five feet six inches high, with well-shaped limbs; the women six to eight inches shorter, with bandy legs, thick ankles, broad, flat feet, loose hanging b.r.e.a.s.t.s. _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 303-4. 'A diminutive race, generally below five feet five inches, with crooked legs and thick ankles.' 'Broad, flat feet.' _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 87, 336. 'But not deficient in strength or activity.' _Nicolay's Oregon_, p. 145. Men 'stout, muscular and strong, but not tall;' women 'of the middle size, but very stout and flabby, with short necks and shapeless limbs.' _Ross' Adven._, pp.

89-93. At Cape Orford none exceed five feet six inches; 'tolerably well limbed, though slender in their persons.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 204. The Willamette tribes were somewhat larger and better shaped than those of the Columbia and the coast. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 425, 436-7, 504, 508. _Hunter's Cap._, pp. 70-73; _Hines' Voy._, pp.

88, 91. 'Persons of the men generally are rather symmetrical; their stature is low, with light sinewy limbs, and remarkably small, delicate hands. The women are usually more rotund, and, in some instances, even approach obesity.' _Townsend's Nar._, p. 178. 'Many not even five feet.'

_Franchere's Nar._, pp. 240-1. Can endure cold, but not fatigue; sharp sight and hearing, but obtuse smell and taste. 'The women are uncouth, and from a combination of causes appear old at an early age. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 244-5. 'The Indians north of the Columbia are, for the most part good-looking, robust men, some of them having fine, symmetrical, forms. They have been represented as diminutive, with crooked legs and uncouth features. This is not correct; but, as a general rule, the direct reverse is the truth.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p.

154; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 122-3.

[342] The following terms applied to Chinook complexion are taken from the authors quoted in the preceding note: 'Copper-colored brown;' 'light copper color;' 'light olive;' 'fair complexion.' 'Not dark' when young.

'Rough tanned skins.' 'Dingy copper.' 'Fairer' than eastern Indians.

Fairer on the coast than on the Columbia. Half-breeds partake of the swarthy hue of their mothers.

[343] 'The Cheenook cranium, even when not flattened, is long and narrow, compressed laterally, keel-shaped, like the skull of the Esquimaux.' Broad and high cheek-bones, with a receding forehead.'

_Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 220. 'Skulls ...

totally devoid of any peculiar development.' Nose flat, nostrils distended, short irregular teeth; eyes black, piercing and treacherous.

_c.o.x's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 115, 303. 'Broad faces, low foreheads, lank black hair, wide mouths.' 'Flat noses, and eyes turned obliquely upward at the outer corner.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 198, 216. 'Faces are round, with small, but animated eyes. Their noses are broad and flat at the top, and fleshy at the end, with large nostrils.' _Irving's Astoria_, p. 336. Portraits of two Calapooya Indians. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 14. South of the Columbia they have 'long faces, thin lips,' but the Calapooyas in Willamette Valley have 'broad faces, low foreheads,' and the Chinooks have 'a wide face, flat nose, and eyes turned obliquely outwards.'

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88; vol. ii., pp. 15-16. 'Dull phlegmatic want of expression' common to all adults. _Nicolay's Ogn.

Ter._, p. 145. Women 'well-featured,' with 'light hair, and prominent eyes.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 89-93. 'Their features rather partook of the general European character.' Hair long and black, clean and neatly combed. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 204. 'Women have, in general, handsome faces.' 'There are rare instances of high aquiline noses; the eyes are generally black,' but sometimes 'of a dark yellowish brown, with a black pupil.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 425, 436-7. The men carefully eradicate every vestige of a beard. _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 124.

'The features of many are regular, though often devoid of expression.'

_Townsend's Nar._, p. 178. 'Pluck out the beard at its first appearance.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 181. Portrait of chief, p. 174. 'A few of the old men only suffer a tuft to grow upon their chins.'

_Franchere's Nar._, p. 240. One of the Clatsops 'had the reddest hair I ever saw, and a fair skin, much freckled.' _Ga.s.s' Jour._, p. 244; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 75. For descriptions and plates of Chinook skulls see _Morton's Crania_, pp. 202-13; pl. 42-7, 49, 50, and _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 318-34.

[344] 'Practiced by at least ten or twelve distinct tribes of the lower country.' _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 175-6. 'On the coast it is limited to a s.p.a.ce of about one hundred and seventy miles, extending between Cape Flattery and Cape Look-out. Inland, it extends up the Columbia to the first rapids, or one hundred and forty miles, and is checked at the falls on the Wallamette.' _Belcher's Voy._, vol. i., p. 307. The custom 'prevails among all the nations we have seen west of the Rocky Mountains,' but 'diminishes in receding eastward.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 437. 'The Indians at the Dalles do not distort the head.'

_Kane's Wand._, pp. 263, 180-2. 'The Chinooks are the most distinguished for their attachment to this singular usage.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 198. The tribes from the Columbia River to Millbank Sound flatten the forehead, also the Yakimas and Klikitats of the interior. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 231-2, 249. 'The practice prevails, generally, from the mouth of the Columbia to the Dalles, about one hundred and eighty miles, and from the Straits of Fuca on the north, to Coos Bay.... Northward of the Straits it diminishes gradually to a mere slight compression, finally confined to women, and abandoned entirely north of Milbank Sound. So east of the Cascade Mountains, it dies out in like manner.' _Gibbs_, in _Nott and Gliddon's Indig. Races_, p. 337. 'None but such as are of n.o.ble birth are allowed to flatten their skulls.' _Gray's Hist. Ogn._, p. 197.

[345] All authors who mention the Chinooks have something to say of this custom; the following give some description of the process and its effects, containing, however, no points not included in that given above. _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 122-3, 128-30; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 99-100; _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 167-8, with cut; _Chamber's Jour._, vol. x., pp. 111-2; _Belcher's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 307-11, with cuts; _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 175-6; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p.

216; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 150; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p.

294; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 89; _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. i., p. 302; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., pp. 110-11, with plate. Females remain longer than the boys. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 476, 437. 'Not so great a deformity as is generally supposed.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 142-3, 251-2. 'Looking with contempt even upon the white for having round heads.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 181, 204, cut. 'As a general thing the tribes that have followed the practice of flattening the skull are inferior in intellect, less stirring and enterprising in their habits, and far more degraded in their morals than other tribes.' _Gray's Hist.

Ogn._, p. 197. Mr. Gray is the only authority I have seen for this injurious effect, except Domenech, who p.r.o.nounces the flat-heads more subject to apoplexy than others. _Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 87; _Ga.s.s'

Jour._, pp. 224-5; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 335-7; _Morton's Crania Am._, pp. 203-13, cut of cradle and of skulls; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 349-50, _Atlas_, pl. 26; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, pp.

294-5, 328, with cut; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_ p. 124; _Wilson_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1862, p. 287.

[346] The Multnomah women's hair 'is most commonly braided into two tresses falling over each ear in front of the body.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 508-9, 416, 425-6, 437-8. The Clackamas 'tattoo themselves below the mouth, which gives a light blue appearance to the countenance.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 241, 184-5, 256. At Cape Orford 'they seemed to prefer the comforts of cleanliness to the painting of their bodies.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 204. On the Columbia 'in the decoration of their persons they surpa.s.sed all the other tribes with paints of different colours, feathers and other ornaments.' _Id._, vol.

ii., p. 77. 'Ils mettent toute leur vanite dans leurs colliers et leurs pendants d'oreilles.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Oregon_, p. 45. 'Some of these girls I have seen with the whole rim of their ears bored full of holes, into each of which would be inserted a string of these sh.e.l.ls that reached to the floor, and the whole weighing so heavy that to save their ears from being pulled off they were obliged to wear a band across the top of the head.' 'I never have seen either men or women put oil or grease of any kind on their bodies.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 112, 158-9. See _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 115, 123-4; _c.o.x's Adven._, pp. 111-12; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 25; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 336-8; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 354; _Franchere's Nar._, p. 244.

[347] 'These robes are in general, composed of the skins of a small animal, which we have supposed to be the brown mungo.' 'Sometimes they have a blanket woven with the fingers, from the wool of their native sheep.' Every part of the body but the back and shoulders is exposed to view. The Nechecolies had 'larger and longer robes, which are generally of deer skin dressed in the hair.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 392, 425-6, 438, 504-9, 522. 'I have often seen them going about, half naked, when the thermometer ranged between 30 and 40, and their children barefooted and barelegged in the snow.' 'The lower Indians do not dress as well, nor with as good taste, as the upper.' _Parker's Explor.

Tour_, pp. 244-5. The fringed skirt 'is still used by old women, and by all the females when they are at work in the water, and is called by them their _siwash coat_.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 154-5. _Ross'

Adven._, pp. 89-93; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 123-4; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 15-16, 281-2, 288; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 178; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 184-5; _Franchere's Nar._, pp. 242-4. The conical cap reminded Pickering of the Siberian tribes. _Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 25, 39; _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 111-12, 126-7; _Hines' Voy._, p. 107. Collars of bears' claws, for the men, and elks'

tusks for the women and children. _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 336-8; _Ga.s.s'

Jour._, pp. 232, 239-40, 242-4, 267, 274, 278, 282.

[348] 'Their houses seemed to be more comfortable than those at Nootka, the roof having a greater inclination, and the planking being thatched over with the bark of trees. The entrance is through a hole, in a broad plank, covered in such a manner as to resemble the face of a man, the mouth serving the purpose of a door-way. The fire-place is sunk into the earth, and confined from spreading above by a wooden frame.'

_Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77. Emmons, in _Schoolcraft's Archives_, vol. iii., p. 206, speaks of a palisade enclosure ten or fifteen feet high, with a covered way to the river. 'The Indian huts on the banks of the Columbia are, for the most part, constructed of the bark of trees, pine branches, and brambles, which are sometimes covered with skins or rags.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 260. But 'the Chinooks build their houses of thick and broad planks,' etc. _Id._ Lewis and Clarke saw a house in the Willamette Valley two hundred and twenty-six feet long, divided into two ranges of large apartments separated by a narrow alley four feet wide. _Travels_, pp. 502-4, 509, 431-2, 415-16, 409, 392. The door is a piece of board 'which hangs loose by a string, like a sort of pendulum,' and is self-closing. _Swan's N.

W. Coast_, pp. 110-11. 'The tribes near the coast remove less frequently than those of the interior.' _California, Past, Present and Future_, p.

136. 'I never saw more than four fires, or above eighty persons--slaves and all--in the largest house.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 98-9; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 86, 108; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 322; _Nicolay's Ogn._, pp.

144, 148-9; _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. i., p. 327, from _Lewis and Clarke_; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 135-7, from _Lewis and Clarke_; _Parker's Explor.

Tour_, pp. 144-5, 178-9, 245; _Franchere's Nar._, pp. 247-8; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 65; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 181; _Kane's Wand._, pp.

187-8; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 204, 216-17; _Strickland's Hist. Missions_, pp. 136-9.

[349] 'In the summer they resort to the princ.i.p.al rivers and the sea coast, ... retiring to the smaller rivers of the interior during the cold season.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. Bay_, p. 83. All small fish are driven into the small coves or shallow waters, 'when a number of Indians in canoes continue splashing the water; while others sink branches of pine. The fish are then taken easily out with scoops or wicker baskets.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., pp. 389, 288-9, 384-6, 390-1. Fish 'are not eaten till they become soft from keeping, when they are mashed with water.' In the Willamette Valley they raised corn, beans, and squashes. _Hunter's Cap._, pp. 70-2. A 'sturgeon, though weighing upwards of three hundred pounds, is, by the single effort of one Indian, jerked into the boat'! _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 135, 114-15, 134, 137-9. The Umpquas, to cook salmon, 'all provided themselves with sticks about three feet long, pointed at one end and split at the other. They then apportioned the salmon, each one taking a large piece, and filling it with splinters to prevent its falling to pieces when cooking, which they fastened with great care, into the forked end of the stick; ... then placing themselves around the fire so as to describe a circle, they stuck the pointed end of the stick into the ground, a short distance from the fire, inclining the top towards the flames, so as to bring the salmon in contact with the heat, thus forming a kind of pyramid of salmon over the whole fire.' _Hines' Voy._, p. 102; _Id. Ogn._, p. 305. 'There are some articles of food which are mashed by the teeth before being boiled or roasted; this mastication is performed by the women.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 314, 316, 240-2. 'The salmon in this country are never caught with a (baited) hook.' _Wilkes' Hist. Ogn._, p. 107. 'Turbot and flounders are caught (at Shoalwater Bay) while wading in the water, by means of the feet.'

_Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 38, 83, 103-8, 140, 163-6, with cuts. On food, see _Ross' Adven._, vol. i., pp. 94-5, 97, 112-3; _Lord's Nat._, vol.

i., pp. 68-9, 181-3; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 409-15, 422, 425, 430-1, 445, 506; _Wells_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xiii., pp. 605-7, with cuts; _Nicolay's Ogn._, pp. 144, 147-8; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 84, 105; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 244; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 86, 335; _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. i., p. 329-32; vol. ii., pp. 128-31; _Catlin's N.

Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113; _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 89; _Ind. Life_, p. 165; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 26; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 185-9; _Franchere's Nar._, pp.

235-7; _Ga.s.s' Jour._, pp. 224, 230-1, 282-3; _Fedix_, _L'Oregon_, pp.

44-5; _Stanley's Portraits_, pp. 59-62.