The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 31

165-75. A chief, offered a piece of tobacco for allowing his portrait to be made, said it was a small reward for risking his life. _Kane's Wand._, p. 240. Shrewd individuals impose on their neighbors by pretending to receive a revelation, telling them where fish or berries are most abundant. Description of initiatory ceremonies of the sorcerers. _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 446, 433-7, 451. _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 98-9. A brave prince goes to a distant lake, jumps from a high rock into the water, and rubs all the skin off his face with pieces of rough bark, amid the applause of his attendants. Description of king's prayers, and ceremonies to bring rain. _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp.

145-6, 37. Candidates are thrown into a state of _mesmerism_ before their initiation. _'Medicus'_, in _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. v., pp.

227-8; _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, pp. 51-3; _Californias, Noticias_, pp.

61-85.

[315] They brought for sale 'human skulls, and hands not yet quite stripped of the flesh, which they made our people plainly understand they had eaten; and, indeed, some of them had evident marks that they had been upon the fire.' _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., p. 271. Slaves are occasionally sacrificed and feasted upon. _Meares' Voy._, p. 255.

'No todos habian comido la carne humana, ni en todo tiempo, sino solamente los guerreros mas animosos quando se preparaban para salir a campana.' 'Parece indudable que estos salvages han sido antropof.a.gos.'

_Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 130. 'At Nootka Sound, and at the Sandwich Islands, Ledyard witnessed instances of cannibalism. In both places he saw human flesh prepared for food.' _Spark's Life of Ledyard_, p. 74; _Cornwallis' New El Dorado_, pp. 104-6. 'Cannibalism, all-though unknown among the Indians of the Columbia, is practised by the savages on the coast to the northward.' _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 310-11. The cannibal ceremonies quoted by Macfie and referred to Vancouver Island, probably were intended for the Haidahs farther north. _Vanc. Isl._, p.

434. A slave as late as 1850 was drawn up and down a pole by a hook through the skin and tendons of the back, and afterwards devoured.

_Medicus_, in _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. v., p. 223. 'L'anthropophagie a ete longtemps en usage ... et peut-etre y existe-t-elle encore.... Le chef Maquina ... tuait un prisonnier a chaque lune nouvelle. Tous les chefs etaient invites a cette horrible fete.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom.

ii., p. 345. 'It is not improbable that the suspicion that the Nootkans are cannibals may be traced to the practice of some custom a.n.a.lagous to the _Tzeet-tzaiak_ of the Haeel tzuk.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 223-4. 'The horrid practice of sacrificing a victim is not annual, but only occurs either once in three years or else at uncertain intervals.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 156.

[316] 'Rheumatism and paralysis are rare maladies.' Syphilis is probably indigenous. Amputation, blood-letting, and metallic medicine not employed. Medicines to produce love are numerous. 'Young and old of both s.e.xes are exposed when afflicted with lingering disease.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 251-7, 282, 213-4. 'Headache is cured by striking the part affected with small branches of the spruce tree.' Doctors are generally chosen from men who have themselves suffered serious maladies. _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 438-40. 'Their cure for rheumatism or similar pains ...

is by cutting or scarifying the part affected.' _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 142.

They are sea sick on European vessels. _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, p. 81.

Description of ceremonies. _Swan_, in _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 261-3, 304.

'The patient is put to bed, and for the most part starved, lest the food should be consumed by his internal enemy.' 'The warm and steam bath is very frequently employed.' _Medicus_, in _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol.

v., pp. 226-8.

[317] The custom of burning or burying property is wholly confined to chiefs. 'Night is their time for interring the dead.' Buffoon tricks, with a feast and dance, formed part of the ceremony. _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 105, 111-2, 136. At Valdes Island, 'we saw two sepulchres built with plank about five feet in height, seven in length, and four in breadth.

These boards were curiously perforated at the ends and sides, and the tops covered with loose pieces of plank;' inclosed evidently the relics of many different bodies. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 338-9. 'The coffin is usually an old canoe, lashed round and round, like an Egyptian mummy-case.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 170. 'There is generally some grotesque figure painted on the outside of the box, or roughly sculptured out of wood and placed by the side of it. For some days after death the relatives burn salmon or venison before the tomb.' 'They will never mention the name of a dead man.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., pp. 301-3. 'As a rule, the Indians burn their dead, and then bury the ashes.' 'It was at one time not uncommon for Indians to desert forever a lodge in which one of their family had died.'

_Mayne's B. C._, pp. 271-2, with cut of graves. For thirty days after the funeral, dirges are chanted at sunrise and sunset. _Macfie's Vanc.

Isl._, pp. 447-8. Children frequently, but grown persons never, were found hanging in trees. _Meares' Voy._, p. 268; _Sproat's Scenes_, pp.

258-63. The bodies of chiefs are hung in trees on high mountains, while those of the commons are buried, that their souls may have a shorter journey to their residence in a future life. _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 139-40. 'The Indians never inter their dead,' and rarely burn them. _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 51.

[318] 'As light-fingered as any of the Sandwich Islanders. Of a quiet, phlegmatic, and inactive disposition.' 'A docile, courteous, good-natured people ... but quick in resenting what they look upon as an injury; and, like most other pa.s.sionate people, as soon forgetting it.'

Not curious; indolent; generally fair in trade, and would steal only such articles as they wanted for some purpose. _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 272, 308-12, etc. 'Exceedingly hospitable in their own homes, ... lack neither courage nor intelligence.' _Pemberton's Vanc.

Isl._, p. 131. The Kla-iz-zarts 'appear to be more civilized than any of the others.' The Cayuquets are thought to be deficient in courage; and the Kla-os-quates 'are a fierce, bold, and enterprizing people.'

_Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 75-7. 'Civil and inoffensive' at Horse Sound.

_Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 307. 'Their moral deformities are as great as their physical ones.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88. The Nittinahts given to aggressive war, and consequently 'bear a bad reputation.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 74. Not brave, and a slight repulse daunts them. 'Sincere in his friendship, kind to his wife and children, and devotedly loyal to his own tribe,' p. 51. 'In sickness and approaching death, the savage always becomes melancholy,' p. 162.

_Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 30, 36, 52, 91, 119-24, 150-66, 187, 216. 'Comux and Yucletah fellows very savage and uncivilized dogs,' and the Nootkas not to be trusted. 'Cruel, bloodthirsty, treacherous and cowardly.'

_Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., pp. 294, 296, 298, 305, 307. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 246; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 190, 460-1, 472, 477, 484; _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 294-6. The Spaniards gave the Nootkas a much better character than voyagers of other nations.

_Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 25, 31-2, 57-9, 63, 99, 107, 133, 149-51, 154-6; _Forbes' Vanc. Isl._, p. 25; _Rattray's Vanc. Isl._, pp.

172-3. The Ucultas 'are a band of lawless pirates and robbers, levying black-mail on all the surrounding tribes.' _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p.

43. 'Bold and ferocious, sly and reserved, not easily provoked, but revengeful.' _Spark's Life of Ledyard_, p. 72. The t.e.e.t.s have 'all the vices of the coast tribes' with 'none of the redeeming qualities of the interior nations.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 78.

[319] 'Those who came within our notice so nearly resembled the people of Nootka, that the best delineation I can offer is a reference to the description of those people' (by Cook), p. 252. At Cape Flattery they closely resembled those of Nootka and spoke the same language, p. 218.

At Gray Harbor they seemed to vary in little or no respect 'from those on the sound, and understood the Nootka tongue', p. 83. 'The character and appearance of their several tribes here did not seem to differ in any material respect from each other,' p. 288. Evidence that the country was once much more thickly peopled, p. 254. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 218, 252, 254, 288; vol. ii., p. 83. The Chehalis come down as far as Shoal-water Bay. A band of Klikatats (Sahaptins) is spoken of near the head of the Cowlitz. 'The Makahs resemble the northwestern Indians far more than their neighbors.' The Lummi are a branch of the Clallams.

_Rept. Ind. Aff._, 1854, pp. 240-4. The Lummi 'traditions lead them to believe that they are descendants of a better race than common savages.'

The Semianmas 'are intermarried with the north band of the Lummis, and Cowegans, and Quantlums.' The Neuk-wers and Siamanas are called Stick Indians, and in 1852 had never seen a white. 'The Neuk-sacks (Mountain Men) trace from the salt water Indians,' and 'are entirely different from the others.' 'The Loomis appear to be more of a wandering cla.s.s than the others about Bellingham Bay.' _Id._, 1857, pp. 327-9. 'They can be divided into two cla.s.ses--the salt-water and the Stick Indians.'

_Id._, 1857, p. 224. Of the Nisquallies 'some live in the plains, and others on the banks of the Sound.' The Cla.s.sets have been less affected than the Chinooks by fever and ague. _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 231-5. The Clallams speak a kindred language to that of the Ahts. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 270. 'El gobierno de estos naturales de la entrada y ca.n.a.les de Fuca, la disposicion interior de las habitaciones las manufacturas y vestidos que usan son muy parecidos a los de los habitantes de Nutka.'

_Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 111. The Sound Indians live in great dread of the Northern tribes. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol.

iv., p. 513. The Makahs deem themselves much superior to the tribes of the interior, because they go out on the ocean. _Scammon_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. vii., pp. 277-8. The Nooksaks are entirely distinct from the Lummi, and some suppose them to have come from the Clallam country.

_Coleman_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. x.x.xix., p. 799. _Stevens_, in _Pac.

R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 428.

[320] At Port Discovery they 'seemed capable of enduring great fatigue.'

'Their cheek-bones were high.' 'The oblique eye of the Chinese was not uncommon.' 'Their countenances wore an expression of wildness, and they had, in the opinion of some of us, a melancholy cast of features.' Some of women would with difficulty be distinguished in colour from those of European race. The Cla.s.set women 'were much better looking than those of other tribes.' Portrait of a Tatouche chief. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S.

Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 317-8, 320, 517-8. 'All are bow-legged.' 'All of a sad-colored, Caravaggio brown.' 'All have coa.r.s.e, black hair, and are beardless.' _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 32. 'Tall and stout.'

_Maurelle's Jour._, p. 28. Sproat mentions a Clallam slave who 'could see in the dark like a rac.o.o.n.' _Scenes_, p. 52. The Cla.s.set 'cast of countenance is very different from that of the Nootkians ... their complexion in also much fairer and their stature shorter.' _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 75. The Nisqually Indians 'are of very large stature; indeed, the largest I have met with on the continent. The women are particularly large and stout.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 207, 228, 234. The Nisquallies are by no means a large race, being from five feet five inches to five feet nine inches in height, and weighing from one hundred and thirty to one hundred and eighty pounds. _Anderson_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p.

227. 'De rostro hermoso y da gallarda figura.' _Navarrete_, in _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. xciv. The Queniults, 'the finest-looking Indians I had ever seen.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 78-9. Neuksacks stronger and more athletic than other tribes. Many of the Lummi 'very fair and have light hair.' _Rept. Ind. Aff._, 1857, p. 328; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 23; _Morton's Crania_, p. 215, with plate of Cowlitz skull; _Cornwallis' New El Dorado_, p. 97; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 252; _Murphy and Harned_, _Puget Sound Directory_, pp. 64-71; _Clark's Lights and Shadows_, pp. 214-15, 224-6.

[321] 'Less bedaubed with paint and less filthy' than the Nootkas. At Port Discovery 'they wore ornaments, though none were observed in their noses.' At Cape Flattery the nose ornament was straight, instead of crescent-shaped, as among the Nootkas. Vancouver supposed their garments to be composed of dog's hair mixed with the wool of some wild animal, which he did not see. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 218, 230, 266. At Port Discovery some had small bra.s.s bells hung in the rim of the ears, p. 318. Some of the Skagits were tattooed with lines on the arms and face, and fond of bra.s.s rings, pp. 511-12. The Cla.s.sets 'wore small pieces of an iridescent mussel-sh.e.l.l, attached to the cartilage of their nose, which was in some, of the size of a ten cents piece, and triangular in shape. It is generally kept in motion by their breathing,'

p. 517. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 317-20, 334, 404, 444, 511-2, 517-8. The conical hats and stout bodies 'brought to mind representations of Siberian tribes.' _Pickering's Races_, in _Idem._, vol. ix., p. 23. The Clallams 'wear no clothing in summer.'

Faces daubed with red and white mud. Ill.u.s.tration of head-flattening.

_Kane's Wand._, pp. 180, 207, 210-11, 224. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol.

i., pp. 108-9; _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, p. 299; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 232-3; _San Francis...o...b..lletin_, _May 24, 1859_; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p.

243; _Id._, 1857, p. 329; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p.

430. Above Gray Harbor they were dressed with red deer skins.

_Navarrete_, in _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. xciv: _Cornwallis' New El Dorado_, p. 97; _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 32-3; _Murphy and Harned_, in _Puget Sd. Direct._, pp. 64-71.

[322] The Skagit tribe being exposed to attacks from the north, combine dwellings and fort, and build themselves 'enclosures, four hundred feet long, and capable of containing many families, which are constructed of pickets made of thick planks, about thirty feet high. The pickets are firmly fixed into the ground, the s.p.a.ces between them being only sufficient to point a musket through.... The interior of the enclosure is divided into lodges,' p. 511. At Port Discovery the lodges were 'no more than a few rudely-cut slabs, covered in part by coa.r.s.e mats,' p.

319. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 319-20, 511, 517.

The Clallams also have a fort of pickets one hundred and fifty feet square, roofed over and divided into compartments for families. 'There were about two hundred of the tribe in the fort at the time of my arrival.' 'The lodges are built of cedar like the Chinook lodges, but much larger, some of them being sixty or seventy feet long.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 210, 219, 227-9. 'Their houses are of considerable size, often fifty to one hundred feet in length, and strongly built.' _Rept.

Ind. Aff._, 1854, pp. 242-3. 'The planks forming the roof run the whole length of the building, being guttered to carry off the water, and sloping slightly to one end.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 429-30. Well built lodges of timber and plank on Whidbey Island.

_Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 300. At New Dungeness, 'composed of nothing more than a few mats thrown over cross sticks;' and on Puget Sound 'constructed something after the fashion of a soldier's tent, by two cross sticks about five feet high, connected at each end by a ridge-pole from one to the other, over some of which was thrown a coa.r.s.e kind of mat; over others a few loose branches of trees, shrubs or gra.s.s.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 225, 262. The Queniults sometimes, but not always, whitewash the interior of their lodges with pipe-clay, and then paint figures of fishes and animals in red and black on the white surface. See description and cuts of exterior and interior of Indian lodge in _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 266-7, 330, 338; _Crane's Top. Mem._, p. 65; _Cornwallis' New El Dorado_, p. 98; _Clark's Lights and Shadows_, p. 225.

[323] The Nootsaks, 'like all inland tribes, they subsist princ.i.p.ally by the chase.' _Coleman_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. x.x.xix., pp. 795, 799, 815; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 328. Sturgeon abound weighing 400 to 600 pounds, and are taken by the Clallams by means of a spear with a handle seventy to eighty feet long, while lying on the bottom of the river in sp.a.w.ning time. Fish-hooks are made of cedar root with bone barbs. Their only vegetables are the camas, wappatoo, and fern roots.

_Kane's Wand._, pp. 213-14, 230-4, 289. At Puget Sound, 'men, women and children were busily engaged like swine, rooting up this beautiful verdant meadow in quest of a species of wild onion, and two other roots, which in appearance and taste greatly resembled the saranne.'

_Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 225, 234, 262. In fishing for salmon at Port Discovery 'they have two nets, the drawing and casting net, made of a silky gra.s.s,' 'or of the fibres of the roots of trees, or of the inner bark of the white cedar.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 147. 'The line is made either of kelp or the fibre of the cypress, and to it is attached an inflated bladder.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 109. At Port Townsend, 'leurs provisions, consistaient en poisson seche au soleil ou boucane; ... tout rempli de sable.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 182-3, 299. The Clallams 'live by fishing and hunting around their homes, and never pursue the whale and seal as do the sea-coast tribes.' _Scammon_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. vii., p. 278. The Uthlecan or candle-fish is used on Fuca Strait for food as well as candles. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 241. Lamprey eels are dried for food and light by the Nisquallies and Chehalis. 'Camma.s.s root, ... stored in baskets. It is a kind of sweet squills, and about the size of a small onion. It is extremely abundant on the open prairies, and particularly on those which are overflowed by the small streams.' Cut of salmon fishery, p. 335.

'Hooks are made in an ingenious manner of the yew tree.' 'They are chiefly employed in trailing for fish.' Cut of hooks, pp. 444-5. The Cla.s.sets make a cut in the nose when a whale is taken. Each seal-skin float has a different pattern painted on it, p. 517. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 318-19, 335, 444-5, 517-18. The Chehalis live chiefly on salmon. _Id._, vol. v., p. 140. According to Swan the Puget Sound Indians sometimes wander as far as Shoalwater Bay in Chinook territory, in the spring. The Queniult Indians are fond of large barnacles, not eaten by the Chinooks of Shoalwater Bay. Cut of a sea-otter hunt. The Indians never catch salmon with a _baited_ hook, but always use the hook as a _gaff_. _N. W. Coast_, pp. 59, 87, 92, 163, 264, 271; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., pp. 293-4, 301, 388-9; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 241; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 732-5; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 429. 'They all depend upon fish, berries, and roots for a subsistence, and get their living with great ease.' _Starling_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 600-2. The Makahs live 'by catching cod and halibut on the banks north and east of Cape Flattery.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._ 1858, p. 231. 'When in a state of semi-starvation the beast shows very plainly in them (Stick Indians): they are generally foul feeders, but at such a time they eat anything, and are disgusting in the extreme.' _Id._, 1858, p. 225; _Id._, 1860, p.

195; _Cornwallis' New El Dorado_, p. 97; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., pp.

102-5; _Hittell_, in _Hesperian_, vol. iii., p. 408; _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, pp. 33-7; _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 28.

[324] _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 253. At Gray Harbor the bows were somewhat more circular than elsewhere. _Id._, vol. ii., p. 84; _Wilkes'

Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 319; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 209-10.

[325] _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 321; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 231-2; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 234. 'They have been nearly annihilated by the hordes of northern savages that have infested, and do now, even at the present day, infest our own sh.o.r.es' for slaves.

They had fire-arms before our tribes, thus gaining an advantage.' _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 327; _Clark's Lights and Shadows_, p. 224.

[326] _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 287.

[327] 'A single thread is wound over rollers at the top and bottom of a square frame, so as to form a continuous woof through which an alternate thread is carried by the hand, and pressed closely together by a sort of wooden comb; by turning the rollers every part of the woof is brought within reach of the weaver; by this means a bag formed, open at each end, which being cut down makes a square blanket.' _Kane's Wand._, pp.

210-11. Cuts showing the loom and process of weaving among the Nootsaks, also house, canoes, and willow baskets. _Coleman_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. x.x.xix., pp. 799-800. The Clallams 'have a kind of cur with soft and long white hair, which they shear and mix with a little wool or the ravelings of old blankets.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 431. The Makahs have 'blankets and capes made of the inner bark of the cedar, and edged with fur.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 241-2; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 32. The candle-fish 'furnishes the natives with their best oil, which is extracted by the very simple process of hanging it up, exposed to the sun, which in a few days seems to melt it away.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p.

388. They 'manufacture some of their blankets from the wool of the wild goat.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 231. The Queniults showed 'a blanket manufactured from the wool of mountain sheep, which are to be found on the precipitous slopes of the Olympian Mountains.' _Alta California_, _Feb. 9, 1861_, quoted in _California Farmer_, _July 25, 1862_; _Cornwallis' New El Dorado_, p. 97; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex.

Ex._, vol. ix., p. 26.

[328] 'They present a model of which a white mechanic might well be proud.' Description of method of making, and cuts of Queniult, Clallam, and Cowlitz canoes, and a Queniult paddle. _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp.

79-82. At Port Orchard they 'exactly corresponded with the canoes of Nootka,' while those of some visitors were 'cut off square at each end,'

and like those seen below Cape Orford. At Gray Harbor the war canoes 'had a piece of wood rudely carved, perforated, and placed at each end, three feet above the gunwale; through these holes they are able to discharge their arrows.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 264; vol. ii., p. 84. The Clallam boats were 'low and straight, and only adapted to the smoother interior waters.' _Scammon_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. vii., p. 278. Cut showing Nootsak canoes in _Harper's Mag._, vol. x.x.xix., p.

799. 'The sides are exceedingly thin, seldom exceeding three-fourths of an inch.' To mend the canoe when cracks occur, 'holes are made in the sides, through which withes are pa.s.sed, and pegged in such a way that the strain will draw it tighter; the withe is then crossed, and the end secured in the same manner. When the tying is finished, the whole is pitched with the gum of the pine.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 320-1. The Clallams have 'a very large canoe of ruder shape and workmanship, being wide and shovel-nosed,' used for the transportation of baggage. _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 243; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 430-1; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol.

i., p. 108; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 25-6; _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 20; _Clark's Lights and Shadows_, pp.

224-6.

[329] _Kane's Wand._, pp. 237-9; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 409; _Starling_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 601; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 26.

[330] 'Ils obeissent a un chef, qui n'exerce son pouvoir qu'en temps de guerre.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, p. 299. At Gray Harbor 'they appeared to be divided into three different tribes, or parties, each having one or two chiefs.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 84. Wilkes met a squaw chief at Nisqually, who 'seemed to exercise more authority than any that had been met with.' 'Little or no distinction of rank seems to exist among them; the authority of the chiefs is no longer recognized.'

_Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 444; vol. v., p. 131.

Yellow-c.u.m had become chief of the Makahs from his own personal prowess.