The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 27

Rept._, vol. i., p. 402. 'Are on a small stream which falls into the Columbia near Fort Nez-perces.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'Inhabit the country about the river of the same name, and range some distance below along the Columbia.' _Parker's Explor.

Tour_, p. 310. 'Upon the banks of the Columbia, below the mouth of the Lewis Fork are found the Walla-wallas.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 535.

'Oualla-Oualla, au-dessus du fort des Nez Perces.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Under this term are embraced a number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river, to a little east of the Pelouse; as also the Klikatats and Yakamas, north of the former.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 223. 'On both sides of the Columbia river between Snake river and Hudson Bay fort, Walla-Walla.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 374. Walla Wallapum. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-7. 'Les Walla-walla habitent, sur la riviere du meme nom, l'un des tributaires de la Colombie, et leur pays s'etend aussi le long de ce fleuve.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. Wollaw Wollah. South side of the Snake, at junction with the Columbia. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Wollaolla and Wollawalla, 'on both sides of Col., as low as the Musclesh.e.l.l rapid, and in winter pa.s.s over to the Taptul river.' _Morse's Rept._, pp. 369-70.

'Country south of the Columbia and about the river of that name.'

_Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. Walawaltz nation about the junction of the Snake and Columbia. On Walla Walle River. _Ga.s.s' Jour._, pp. 294-8. 'On both banks of the Columbia, from the Blue Mountains to the Dalles.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 151. Wallah Wallah. _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 142. 'About the river of that name.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, pp. 143, 151. Wallawallahs, 'reside along the lower part of the Walla Walla, the low bottom of the Umatilla and the Columbia, from the mouth of Lewis River for one hundred miles south.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 58, 124. 'On the borders of the Wallahwallah and Columbia.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 64; _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 35.

The Sciatogas and Toustchipas live on Canoe River (Tukanon?), and the Euotalla (Touchet?), the Akatchis 'sur le Big-river,' (Columbia).

_Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., pp. 74-8. The Sciatogas 'possede le pays borne au sud-est par la Grande-Plaine; au nord, par le Lewis-River; a l'ouest par la Columbia; au sud par l'Oualamat.' _Id._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 42.

[Sidenote: THE CAYUSES AND WASCOS.]

The _Cayuses_ extend from John Day River eastward to Grande Ronde Valley. The Cayuse, Cailloux, Waiilatpu, 'country south of the Sahaptin and Wallawalla. Their head-quarters are on the upper part of Wallawalla River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 214, map, p.

197. 'The country belonging to the Cayuse is to the south of and between the Nez Perces and Walla-Wallas, extending from the Des Chutes, or Wanwanwi, to the eastern side of the Blue mountains.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 218; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

i., p. 416. 'On the west side of the Blue mountains and south of the Columbia river.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 282. 'Occupy a portion of the Walla-Walla valley.' _Dennison_, in _Id._, 1857, p.

374; _Cain_, in _Id._, 1859, pp. 413-14. 'a l'ouest des Nez-perces sont les Kayuses.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. The Kayouse dwell upon the Utalla or Emnutilly River. _Townsend's Nar._, p. 122. 'West of the Nez Perces.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 309, and map. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. 'Kayouses.

Pres du grand detour de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p.

335. Waiilatpu, Molele, called also Willetpoos, Cayuse, 'western Oregon, south of the Columbia river.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 199; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. Caaguas 'inhabit the country bordering on Wallawalla river and its tributaries, the Blue mountains and Grand round.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 54-6. Wyeilat or Kyoose, country to the south of Walla Walla. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp.

244-5. The Skyuses 'dwell about the waters of the Wayleeway and the adjacent country.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 388.

The Willewah 'reside on the Willewah river, which falls into the Lewis river on the S.W. side, below the forks.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 369. In Grande Ronde Valley. _Lewis and Clarke's Map_; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The Umatillas 'live near the junction of the Umatilla and Columbia rivers.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 97. Umatallow River and country extending thence westward to Dalles. _Tolmie_, in _Id._, p. 245. 'The Utillas occupy the country along the river bearing that name.'

_Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 374.

The Wahowpum live 'on the N. branch of the Columbia, in different bands from the Pishquitpahs; as low as the river Lapage; the different bands of this nation winter on the waters of Taptul and Cataract rivers.'

_Morse's Rept._, p. 370; _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ On John Day's River.

_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The _Wascos_ include all the tribes between the Cascade Range and John Day River, south of the Columbia. 'They are known by the name of Wasco Indians, and they call their country around the Dallas, Wascopam. They claim the country extending from the cascades up to the falls of the Columbia, the distance of about fifty miles.' _Hines' Voy._, p. 159.

'The Wascos occupy a small tract of country near to and adjoining the Dalles.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 372. On both sides of the Columbia about the Dalles are the Wascopams. _Map_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200. Eneshur, Echeloots, Chillukkitequaw and Sinacshop occupy the territory, on _Lewis and Clarke's Map_; _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. The Tchipantchicktchick, Cathla.s.sis, Ilttekamamits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 26; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

'The residence of the Molele is (or was) in the broken and wooded country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S.

Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 214. The Mollales have their home in the Willamette Valley. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 492.

'The Tairtla, usually called Taigh, belong ... to the environs of the Des-Chutes River.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii.

'The Des Chutes ... formerly occupied that section of country between the Dalles and the Tyich river.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 373.

'The Tyichs ... formerly occupied the Tyich valley and the country in its vicinity, which lies about 30 miles south of Fort Dalles.' _Ib._

'The John Day Rivers occupy the country in the immediate vicinity of the river bearing that name.' _Ib._

'The Dog River, or Cascade Indians reside on a small stream called Dog river, which empties into the Columbia river, about half way between the Cascades and Dalles.' _Id._, p. 371. The Cascades dwell 'on the river of that name.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143.

The _Yakimas_ occupy the valley of the Yakima River and its branches.

'The upper Yakimas occupy the country upon the Wena.s.s and main branch of the Yakima, above the forks; the Lower upon the Yakima and its tributaries, below the forks and along the Columbia from the mouth of the Yakima to a point three miles below the Dalles.' _Robie_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 350. Three bands, Wishhams, Clickahut, and Skien, along the Columbia. _Id._, p. 352. 'The Pshwanwappam bands, usually called Yakamas, inhabit the Yakama River.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. Lewis and Clarke's Chanwappan, Shaltattos, Squamaross, Skaddals, and Chimnahpum, on the Yakima River. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. The Yakimas 'are divided into two princ.i.p.al bands, each made up of a number of villages, and very closely connected; one owning the country on the Nahchess and Lower Yakima, the other are upon the Wena.s.s and main branch above the forks.' _Id._, p. 407.

Yackamans, northern banks of the Columbia and on the Yackamans river.

_c.o.x's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 143. On the Yakima. _Hale's Ethnog._, _U.

S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'South of the Long Rapids, to the confluence of Lewis' river with the Columbia, are the Yookoomans.'

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313. Pishwanwapum (Yakima), in Yakimaw or Eyakema Valley. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-7. Called Stobshaddat by the Sound Indians. _Id._, p. 245.

The Chimnapums are 'on the N.W. side of Col. river, both above and below the entrance of Lewis' r. and the Taptul r.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370; _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ The 'Chunnapuns and Chanwappans are between the Cascade Range and the north branch of the Columbia.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143.

The Pisquitpahs, 'on the Musclesh.e.l.l rapids, and on the N. side of the Columbia, to the commencement of the high country; this nation winter on the waters of the Taptul and Cataract rivers.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370.

The Sokulks dwell north of the confluence of the Snake and Columbia.

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 351, and map; _Morse's Rept._, p. 369. At Priest Rapids. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

[Sidenote: THE KLIKETATS.]

The _Kliketats_ live in the mountainous country north of the Cascades, on both sides of the Cascade Range, and south of the Yakimas. Klikatats 'inhabit, properly, the valleys lying between Mounts St. Helens and Adams, but they have spread over districts belonging to other tribes, and a band of them is now located as far south as the Umpqua.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 403. 'Roilroilpam is the Klikatat country, situated in the Cascade mountains north of the Columbia and west of the Yakamas.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'Wander in the wooded country about Mount St. Helens.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S.

Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. Klikatats.

'Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Perces.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p.

335. 'The Kliketat, a scion from the Sahaptans, who now dwell near Mount Rainier and have advanced towards the falls of the Columbia.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. On _Lewis and Clarke's Map_ the Kliketat territory is occupied by the Chanwappan, Shallatos, Squamaros, Skaddals, Shahalas. Also in _Morse's Rept._, p. 372.

Whulwhypum, or Kliketat, 'in the wooded and prairie country between Vancouver and the Dalles.' _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 245.

The Weyehhoo live on the north side of the Columbia, near Chusattes River. (Kliketat.) _Ga.s.s' Jour._, p. 288.

FOOTNOTES:

[228] The _Nootka-Columbians_ comprehend 'the tribes inhabiting Quadra and Vancouver's Island, and the adjacent inlets of the mainland, down to the Columbia River, and perhaps as far S. as Umpqua River and the northern part of New California.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 221.

[229] Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, a close observer and clear writer, thinks 'this word Nootkah--no word at all--together with an imaginary word, Columbian, denoting a supposed original North American race--is absurdly used to denote all the tribes which inhabit the Rocky Mountains and the western coast of North America, from California inclusively to the regions inhabited by the Esquimaux. In this great tract there are more tribes, differing totally in language and customs, than in any other portion of the American continent; and surely a better general name for them could be found than this meaningless and misapplied term _Nootkah Columbian_.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 315. Yet Mr Sproat suggests no other name. It is quite possible that Cook, _Voy. to the Pacific_, vol. ii., p. 288, misunderstood the native name of Nootka Sound. It is easy to criticise any name which might be adopted, and even if it were practicable or desirable to change all meaningless and misapplied geographical names, the same or greater objections might be raised against others, which necessity would require a writer to invent.

[230] _Kane's Wand._, p. 173; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 441; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108; the name being given to the people between the region of the Columbia and 53 30'.

[231] The name _Nez Perces_, 'pierced noses,' is usually p.r.o.nounced as if English, _Nez Per-ces_.

[232] For particulars and authorities see TRIBAL BOUNDARIES at end of this chapter.

[233] 'The Indian tribes of the North-western Coast may be divided into two groups, the Insular and the Inland, or those who inhabit the islands and adjacent sh.o.r.es of the mainland, and subsist almost entirely by fishing; and those who live in the interior and are partly hunters. This division is perhaps arbitrary, or at least imperfect, as there are several tribes whose affinities with either group are obscure.'

_Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 217. See _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 147-8, and _Mayne's B. C._, p. 242.

'The best division is into coast and inland tribes.' _Lord's Nat._, vol.

ii., p. 226.

[234] 'By far the best looking, most intelligent and energetic people on the N. W. Coast.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p.

218. Also ranked by Prichard as the finest specimens physically on the coast. _Researches_, vol. v., p. 433. The Na.s.s people 'were peculiarly comely, strong, and well grown.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 207. 'Would be handsome, or at least comely,' were it not for the paint. 'Some of the women have exceedingly handsome faces, and very symmetrical figures.' 'Impressed by the manly beauty and bodily proportions of my islanders.' _Poole's Queen Charlotte Isl._, pp. 310, 314. Mackenzie found the coast people 'more corpulent and of better appearance than the inhabitants of the interior.' _Voy._, pp. 322-3; see pp. 370-1. 'The stature (at Burke's Ca.n.a.l) ... was much more stout and robust than that of the Indians further south. The prominence of their countenances and the regularity of their features, resembled the northern Europeans.' _Vancouver's Voy._ vol. ii., p. 262. A chief of 'gigantic person, a stately air, a n.o.ble mien, a manly port, and all the characteristics of external dignity, with a symmetrical figure, and a perfect order of European contour.' _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 279, 251, 283, 285. Mayne says, 'their countenances are decidedly plainer' than the southern Indians. _B. C._, p. 250. 'A tall, well-formed people.'

_Bendel's Alex. Arch._, p. 29. 'No finer men ... can be found on the American Continent.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 23. In 55, 'Son bien corpulentos.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646.

'The best looking Indians we had ever met.' 'Much taller, and in every way superior to the Puget Sound tribes. The women are stouter than the men, but not so good-looking.' _Reed's Nar._

[235] The Seba.s.sas are 'more active and enterprising than the Millbank tribes.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 273. The Haeeltzuk are 'comparatively effeminate in their appearance.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 223. The Kyganies 'consider themselves more civilised than the other tribes, whom they regard with feelings of contempt.' _Id._, p.

219. The Chimsyans 'are much more active and cleanly than the tribes to the south.' _Id._, p. 220. 'I have, as a rule, remarked that the physical attributes of those tribes coming from the north, are superior to those of the dwellers in the south.' _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p.

40.

[236] _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 370-1, 322-3; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol.

ii., pp. 262, 320; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p.