The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 26

_Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 99. 'Columbia Valley.'

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 490. North-east and west of the Shoopshaps. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 51. Junction of the Okanagan and Columbia. _Parker's Map._ 'Upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225.

Princ.i.p.al family called Conconulps about 9 miles up stream of the same name. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 289-90. The Similkameen live on S. river, and 'are a portion of the Okanagan tribe.' _Palmer_, in _B. Col. Papers_, vol. iii., p. 85. The Okanagans, called Catsanim by Lewis and Clarke.

_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. Cutsahnim, on the Columbia above the Sokulks, and on the northern branches of the Taptul.

_Morse's Rept._, p. 372.

[Sidenote: THE SALISH FAMILY.]

THE SALISH FAMILY includes all the inland tribes between 49 and 47.

The Salish, Saalis, Selish, or Flatheads, 'inhabit the country about the upper part of the Columbia and its tributary streams, the Flathead, Spokan, and Okanagan Rivers. The name includes several independent tribes or bands, of which the most important are the Salish proper, the Kullespelm, the Soayalpi, the Tsakaitsitlin, and the Okinakan.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 205. 'The Saeliss or Shewhapmuch race, whose limits may be defined by the Rocky Mountains eastward; on the west the line of Frazer's river from below Alexandria to Kequeloose, near the Falls, in about lat.i.tude 49 50'; northward by the Carrier offset of the Chippewyans; and south by the Sahaptins or Nez Perces of Oregon.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 73. 'From Thompson's River other septs of this race--the Shuswaps, Skowtous, Okanagans, Spokans, Skoielpoi (of Colville), Pend'oreilles, and Coeurs d'Aleines--occupy the country as far as the Flathead Pa.s.ses of the Rocky Mountains, where the Saelies or Flatheads form the eastern portion of the race.' _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 296-7. 'About the northern branches of the Columbia.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 55. Tribes mentioned in _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, and map: Tushepaw (Kootenai), Hopilpo (Flathead), Micksucksealtom (Pend d'Oreilles), Wheelpo, (Chualpays), Sarlisto and Sketsomish (Spokanes), Hehighenimmo (Sans Poils), according to _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. See _Morse's Rept._, p. 372; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.

ii., p. 55. 'Between the two great branches of the Columbia and the Rocky Mountains are only five petty tribes: the Kootanais and Selish, or Flatheads, at the foot of the mountains, and the Pointed Hearts, Pend d'Oreilles, and Spokanes lower down.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p.

190. 'Divided into several tribes, the most important of which are the Selishes, the Kullespelms, the Soayalpis, the Tsakatsitlins, and the Okinakans.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 55-6.

The _Flatheads_, or Salish proper, reside on the river, valley, and lake of the same name. 'Inhabit St. Mary's or the Flathead Valley and the neighborhood of the lake of the same name.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. i., p. 415, and in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 207.

'Occupying the valleys between the Bitter Root and Rocky mountains.'

_Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 282. 'South of the Flathead Valley on the Bitter Root.' _Sully_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 192. St. Mary's River. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 490. 'East and south-east (of the Coeurs d'Alene) and extends to the Rocky Mountains.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 311, and map. _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Oregon_, p. 31.

Saalis ou faux Tetes-Plates. Sur la riviere de ce nom au pied des Montagnes Rocheuses. _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Along the foot of the mountains.' _Ross' Adven._, p. 213. 'In New Caledonia, W. of the Rocky Mountains.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Bitter Root valley.

_Hutchins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 455, 1865, p. 246; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 153. Hopilpo, of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R.

R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. 'Ils occupent le pays compris entre le Lewis River et la branche nord-ouest ou la Columbia, et borne en arriere par les Monts-Rocailleux.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 43.

The _Pend d'Oreilles_ occupy the vicinity of the lake of the same name.

'On the Flathead or Clarke River.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82. 'At Clark's Fork.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.

490. Lower Pend d'Oreilles, 'in the vicinity of the St. Ignatius Mission.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 98. 'The Kalispelms or Pend d'Oreilles of the Lower Lake, inhabit the country north of the Coeur d'Alenes and around the Kalispelm lake.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. i., p. 415. Calispels, or Calispellum, 'on Fool's Prairie at the head of Colville Valley, and on both sides of the Pend d'Oreille River, from its mouth to the Idaho line, but princ.i.p.ally at the Camas Prairie.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, pp. 22, 25, 192.

Situated to the east of Fort Colville, adjoining the Kootonais on their eastern border. _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 146.

'Pend'oreilles ou Kellespem. Au-dessous du fort Colville.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Skatkmlschi, or Pend d'Oreilles of the upper lake. A tribe who, by the consent of the Selish, occupy jointly with them the country of the latter. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 415. Kullas-Palus, 'on the Flathead or Clarke River.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82. Ponderas, 'north of Clarke's river and on a lake which takes its name from the tribe.'

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 312 and map; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 32. The Pend'oreilles were probably the Micksucksealtom of Lewis and Clarke.

_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

Tribes baptized by De Smet: Thlishatkmuche, Stietshoi, Zingomenes, Shaistche, Shuyelpi, Tschilsolomi, Siur Poils, Tinabsoti, Yinkaceous, Yejak-oun, all of same stock.

Tribes mentioned by Morse as living in the vicinity of Clarke River: Coopspellar, Lahama, Lartielo, Hihighenimmo, Wheelpo, Skeetsomish.

_Rept._, p. 372.

The _Coeurs d'Alene_ 'live about the lake which takes its name from them.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 209. East of the Spokanes, at headwaters of the Spokane River. _Parker's Explor.

Tour_, p. 310, and map. 'The Skitswish or Coeur d'Alenes, live upon the upper part of the Coeur d'Alene river, above the Spokanes, and around the lake of the same name.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p.

415. Their mission is on the river ten miles above the lake and thirty miles from the mountains. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 216.

Stietshoi, or Coeur d'Alenes on the river, and about the lake.

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map, vol. v., p. 490. Pointed Hearts, 'sh.o.r.es of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of Spokan House.' _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 150; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143; _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Oregon_, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.' _Mullan's Rept._, p. 49.

The _Colvilles_ include the tribes about Kettle Falls, and the banks of the Columbia up to the Arrow Lakes. 'Colville valley and that of the Columbia river from Kettle Falls to a point thirty miles below.'

_Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 98. 'The Colvilles, whose tribal name is Swielpree, are located in the Colville Valley, on the Kettle River, and on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls down to the mouth of the Spokane.' _Winans_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 22. Colvilles and Spokanes, 'near Fort Colville.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82.

The Lakes, 'whose tribal name is Senijextee, are located on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls north to British Columbia.'

_Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 22. 'So named from their place of residence, which is about the Arrow Lakes.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 312. 'Les sauvages des Lacs ... resident sur le Lac-aux-fleches.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50.

The Chaudieres, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313. The village of Les Chaudieres 'is situated on the north side just below the fall.' _c.o.x's Advent._, vol. i., p. 358.

Chaudieres 'live south of the Lake Indians.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50.

'Fort Colville is the princ.i.p.al ground of the Schwoyelpi or Kettle Falls tribe.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 413. 'The tribe in the vicinity (of Fort Colville) is known as the Chaudiere, whose territory reaches as far up as the Columbia Lakes.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 151. 'Gens des Chaudieres. Pres du lac Schouchouap au-dessous des Dalles.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Called in their own language, Chualpays.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 308-9. 'Called Quiarlpi (Basket People).' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 472. The Chualpays called Wheelpo by Lewis and Clarke, and by Morse.

_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

[Sidenote: THE SPOKANE NATION.]

The _Spokanes_ live on the Spokane river and plateau, along the banks of the Columbia from below Kettle Falls, nearly to the Okanagan. 'The Spokihnish, or Spokanes, lie south of the Schrooyelpi, and chiefly upon or near the Spokane river. The name applied by the whites to a number of small bands, is that given by the Coeur d'Alene to the one living at the forks. They are also called Sinkoman, by the Kootonies. These bands are eight in number: the Sinslihhooish, on the great plain above the crossings of the Coeur d'Alene river; the Sintootoolish, on the river above the forks; the Smahoomenaish (Spokehnish), at the forks; the Skaischilt'nish, at the old Chemakane mission; the Skecheramouse, above them on the Colville trail; the Scheeetstish, the Sinpoilschne, and Sinspeelish, on the Columbia river; the last-named band is nearly extinct. The Sinpoilschne (N'pochle, or Sans Puelles) have always been included among the Okinakanes, though, as well as the Sinspeelish below them, they are claimed by the Spokanes. The three bands on the Columbia all speak a different language from the rest.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1854, pp. 220, 236; and _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 414-15. 'This tribe claim as their territory the country commencing on the large plain at the head of the Slawntehus--the stream entering the Columbia at Fort Colville; thence down the Spokane to the Columbia, down the Columbia half way to Fort Okinakane, and up the Spokane and Coeur d'Alene, to some point between the falls and the lake, on the latter.' _Id._, p. 414. 'Inhabit the country on the Spokane river, from its mouth to the boundary of Idaho.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 99. 'At times on the Spokane, at times on the Spokane plains.'

_Mullan's Rept._, pp. 18, 49. 'Princ.i.p.ally on the plains.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 157. 'North-east of the Palooses are the Spokein nation.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310, and map. 'Au-dessous du fort Okanagam a l'Est.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Au nord-ouest des Palooses se trouve la nation des Spokanes.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p.

31. 'Have a small village at the entrance of their river, but their chief and permanent place of residence is about forty miles higher up ... where the Pointed-heart River joins the Spokan from the south-east.'

_c.o.x's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 147. 'The Spokanes, whose tribal names are Sineequomenach, or Upper, Sintootoo, or Middle Spokamish, and Cheka.s.schee, or Lower Spokanes, living on the Spokane River, from the Idaho line to its mouth.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 23.

Spokane, the Sarlilso and Sketsomish of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The _Sans Poils_ (Hairless), or 'Sanpoils, which includes the Nespeelum Indians, are located on the Columbia, from the mouth of the Spokane down to Grand Coulee (on the south of the Columbia), and from a point opposite the mouth of the Spokane down to the mouth of the Okanagan on the north side of the Columbia, including the country drained by the Sanpoil, and Nespeelum Creeks.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 22. Sinpoilish, west of the Columbia between Priest Rapids and Okanagan. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map. Sinpauelish, west of the Kettle Falls Indians. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313.

'Sinipouals. Pres des grands rapides du Rio Colombia.' _Mofras_, _Explor_., tom. ii., p. 335. Sinpavelist, west of the Chaudieres. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50. Sinapoils, 'occupy a district on the northern banks of the Columbia, between the Spokan and Oakinagan rivers.' _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 145. Hehighenimmo of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The _Pisquouse_ inhabit the west bank of the Columbia between the Okanagan and Priest Rapids. Piskwaus, or Piscous; 'name properly belongs to the tribe who live on the small river which falls into the Columbia on the west side, about forty miles below Fort Okanagan. But it is here extended to all the tribes as far down as Priest's Rapids.' The map extends their territory across the Columbia. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S.

Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 210, and map, p. 197. Pisquouse, 'immediately north of that of the Yakamas.' 'On the Columbia between the Priest's and Ross Rapids.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 236; and _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 412. 'Piscaous. Sur la pet.i.te riviere de ce nom a l'Ouest de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335.

The Skamoynumacks live on the banks of the Columbia, at Priest Rapids, near the mouth of the Umatilla. Thirty miles distant up the river are the Kewaughtohenemachs. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 134, 137.

'The Mithouies are located on the west side of the Columbia River, from the mouth of the Okanagan down to the Wonatchee, and includes the country drained by the Mithouie, Lake Chelan, and Enteeatook Rivers.'

_Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 23.

'The Isle de Pierres, whose tribal name is Linkinse, are located on the east and south side of the Col. Riv. from Grand Coulee down to Priests'

Rapids, which includes the peninsula made by the great bend of the Col.'

_Ib._

[Sidenote: SAHAPTIN FAMILY.]

THE SAHAPTIN FAMILY is situated immediately south of the Salish. Only six of the eight nations mentioned below have been included in the Family by other authors. 'The country occupied by them extends from the Dalles of the Columbia to the Bitter-Root mountains, lying on both sides of the Columbia and upon the Kooskooskie and Salmon Forks of Lewis' and Snake River, between that of the Selish family on the north, and of the Snakes on the south.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'The first and more northern Indians of the interior may be denominated the Shahaptan Family, and comprehends three tribes; the Shahaptan, or Nez Perces of the Canadians; the Kliketat, a scion from the Shahaptans who now dwell near Mount Rainier, and have advanced toward the falls of the Columbia; and the Okanagan, who inhabit the upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. Hale's map, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197, divides the territory among the Nez Perces, Walla-Wallas, Waiilaptu, and Molele.

'The Indians in this district (of the Dalles) are Dog River, Wascos, Tyicks, Des Chutes, John Day, Utilla, Cayuses, Walla-Walla, Nez Perces, Mountain Snakes and Bannacks.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 435. 'The different tribes attached to Fort Nez Perces, and who formerly went by that cognomen, are the Shamooinaugh, Skamnaminaugh, E'yackimah, Ispipewhumaugh, and Inaspetsum. These tribes inhabit the main north branch above the Forks. On the south branch are the Palletto Pallas, Shawhaapten or Nez Perces proper, Pawluch, and Cosispa tribes.

On the main Columbia, beginning at the Dallas, are the Necootimeigh, Wisscopam, Wisswhams, Wayyampas, Lowhim, Sawpaw, and Youmatalla bands.'

_Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 185-6. Cathlakahikits, at the rapids of Columbia river, N. side; Chippanchickchicks, 'N. side of Columbia river, in the long narrows, a little below the falls.' h.e.l.lwits, 'at the falls of Columbia river;' Ithkyemamits, 'on Columbia river, N. side near Chippanchickchicks'; Yehah, 'above the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, pp.

368-70.

The _Nez Perces_ 'possess the country on each side of the Lewis or Snake River, from the Peloose to the Wapticacoes, about a hundred miles--together with the tributary streams, extending, on the east, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 212; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 551. 'On both sides of the Kooskooskia and north fork of Snake river.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 416; and _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1854, p. 217. 'A few bands of the Nez Perces Indians occupy the Salmon river and the Clearwater.' _Thompson_, in _Id._, p. 282. 'The Nez Perces country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucannon; on the north by the range of mountains between Clear Water and the Coeur d'Alene; east by the Bitter Root mountains; on the south they are bounded near the line dividing the two Territories.' _Craig_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 353. The Buffalo, a tribe of the Nez Perces, winter in the Bitter Root Valley. _Owen_, in _Id._, 1859, p. 424. 'Upper waters and mountainous parts of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p.

108. 'Country lying along Lewis river and its tributaries from the eastern base of the Blue Mountains to the Columbia.' _Palmer's Jour._, p. 55. Nez Perces or Sahaptins, 'on the banks of the Lewis Fork or Serpent River.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 54. 'Chohoptins, or Nez-Perces, ... on the banks of Lewis River.' _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 143. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. 'The Lower Nez Perces range upon the Wayleeway, Immahah, Yenghies, and other of the streams west of the mountains.'

_Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301. Some Flatheads live along the Clearwater River down to below its junction with the Snake. _Ga.s.s'

Jour._, p. 212. Country 'drained by the Kooskooskie, westward from the Blackfoot country, and across the Rocky Mountains.' _Brownell's Ind.

Races_, p. 533. 'Pres du fort de ce nom, a la junction des deux branches du fleuve.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Junction of Snake and Clearwater. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, _Map_. Chopunnish. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 331, and map. Copunnish. _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p.

144. 'The Nez-Perces are divided into two cla.s.ses, the Nez-Perces proper, who inhabit the mountains, and the Polonches, who inhabit the plain country about the mouth of the Snake River.' _Gairdner_, in _Lond.

Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 256. Chopunnish, 'on Lewis river below the entrance of the Kooskooskee, on both sides.' 'On the Kooskooskee river below the forks, and on Cotter's creek.' Bands of the Chopunnish; Pelloatpallah, Kimmooenim, Yeletpoo, Willewah, Soyennom. _Morse's Rept._, p. 369.

The _Palouse_, or 'the Palus, usually written Paloose, live between the Columbia and the Snake.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vi. 'The Peloose tribe has a stream called after it which empties into Lewis River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. Upon the Peloose River. 'Entrance of Great Snake River and surrounding country.'

_Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 105, 245. 'Properly a part of the Nez Perces. Their residence is along the Nez Perce river and up the Pavilion.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310. In three bands; at the mouth of the Pelouse River; on the north bank of Snake River, thirty miles below the Pelouse; and at the mouth of the Snake River. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 222-3, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 150-1. Palouse, or Pelouse, 'reside on the banks of the Palouse and Snake rivers.' _Mullan's Rept._, pp. 18, 49. 'La tribu Paloose appartient a la nation des Nez-Perces ... elle habite les bords des deux rivieres des Nez-perces et du Pavilion.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31.

Selloatpallah, north of the Snake, near its confluence with the Columbia. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Same as the Sewatpalla. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.

The _Walla-Wallas_ 'occupy the country south of the Columbia and about the river of that name.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'A number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river to a little east of the Peluse.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R.