The Island at the Center of the World Part 13

Lady Deborah Moody: John Winthrop, Journal of John Winthrop, Journal of John Winthrop, Richard Dunn, James Savage, and Laet.i.tia Yaendle, eds., 46263. Richard Dunn, James Savage, and Laet.i.tia Yaendle, eds., 46263.

Anne Hutchinson: For Hutchinson's story, I am relying on Ibid., 47346, and on Selma R. Williams, Divine Rebel: The Life of Anne Marbury Hutchinson, Divine Rebel: The Life of Anne Marbury Hutchinson, chapters 1, 9, and 14. chapters 1, 9, and 14.

"that Abraham's children": E. B. O'Callaghan, The The History of New Netherland, History of New Netherland, 1:257. 1:257.

Doughty turns out: Information on the Doughty-Kieft conflict comes from Adriaen van der Donck's Remonstrance of New Netherland, Remonstrance of New Netherland, Docs. Rel., 1:305, and from the pamphlet "Broad Advice," 159. Docs. Rel., 1:305, and from the pamphlet "Broad Advice," 159.

it appears Van der Donck: The dates Doughty and Van der Donck were both at court in New Amsterdam are in NYHM NYHM 4, 266274. It's possible that only Van der Donck's opponent, Simon Pos, appeared in person on the dates mentioned in the records, in which case Van der Donck and Mary Doughty could have met later in July, when Van der Donck returned from the north. 4, 266274. It's possible that only Van der Donck's opponent, Simon Pos, appeared in person on the dates mentioned in the records, in which case Van der Donck and Mary Doughty could have met later in July, when Van der Donck returned from the north.

"Every thing is, by G.o.d's": Docs. Rel., 1:157.

He came downstairs that morning: The scene between Agheroense, Van der Donck, and Kieft comes from Adriaen van der Donck, A Description of New Netherland, A Description of New Netherland, trans. Diederik Willem Goedhuys, 4849. trans. Diederik Willem Goedhuys, 4849.

The gift was to be: Ibid., 129.

twenty-four thousand acres: Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Jeremias Johnson, ed. Thomas F. O'Donnell, xxvii. trans. Jeremias Johnson, ed. Thomas F. O'Donnell, xxvii.

On August 30, 1645: Details on the Fort Amsterdam peace treaty come from NYHM NYHM 4, 23234. 4, 23234.

The civil war in England: For my lightning account of the Battle of Naseby, I consulted Joshua Sprigge, Anglia rediviva; Anglia rediviva; Mark Kishlansky, Mark Kishlansky, A Monarchy Transformed, A Monarchy Transformed, 16566; 16566; After the Battle of Naseby After the Battle of Naseby (painting by Sir John Gilbert); and the village of Naseby Website ( (painting by Sir John Gilbert); and the village of Naseby Website ( www.hillyer.demon.co.uk).

The day of deliverance: Information on Stuyvesant's arrival comes from the pamphlet "Broad Advice," 16264, and Van der Donck, Remonstrance, Remonstrance, Docs. Rel., 1:30910. Docs. Rel., 1:30910.

CHAPTER 9 9.

"Peac.o.c.k like": Docs. Rel., 1:310.

"like a father": Docs. Rel., 1:446.

A drunken knife fight: NYHM NYHM 4, 36567. 4, 36567.

"to be chained": Ibid., 369.

green stubbled-gla.s.s goblets: Pieces of such gla.s.ses, which were common in the Dutch Republic at the time, were excavated from New Amsterdam homes dating to precisely this period. Backgammon and cribbage pieces have also been unearthed. Sources: Joyce Goodfriend, "The Sabbath Keeper"; Anne-Marie Cantwell and Diana diZerega Wall, Unearthing Gotham: The Archaeology of New York City, Unearthing Gotham: The Archaeology of New York City, Introduction; Nan Rothschild et al., "The Archaeological Investigation of the Stadt Huys Block." Introduction; Nan Rothschild et al., "The Archaeological Investigation of the Stadt Huys Block."

"Is he not well aware": Docs. Rel., 1:19596.

"Can he, the Secretary": Docs. Rel., 1:19899.

"Was it ever heard": NYHM NYHM 4, 37071. 4, 37071.

"with false and bitter": Docs. Rel., 1:203204.

magnanimously offered: NYHM NYHM 2, 407. The contract is for 450 2, 407. The contract is for 450 schepels; schepels; a a schepel schepel equals 0.764 bushels. equals 0.764 bushels.

Van der Donck was involving: For this insight into Van der Donck as budding politician, I am grateful to Dr. Ada Louise Van Gastel, who sketches it in chapter 4 of her dissertation, "Adriaen van der Donck, New Netherland, and America."

"Honorable Gentlemen!": The letter is in Docs. Rel., 1:205209. I am grateful to Dr. Willem Frijhoff for sharing with me his arguments in support of Van der Donck as the letter's author.

"Thou shalt not revile": NYHM NYHM 4, 406407. 4, 406407.

"People may think": "Remonstrance," Docs. Rel., 1:310.

Stuyvesant amended the sentences: NYHM NYHM 4, 41722. 4, 41722.

the ship Princess: Princess: Details regarding the cargo of the Details regarding the cargo of the Princess Princess come from Charles Gehring, "Wringing Information from a Drowned Princess," and Simon Groenveld, "New Light on a Drowned Princess-Information from London." come from Charles Gehring, "Wringing Information from a Drowned Princess," and Simon Groenveld, "New Light on a Drowned Princess-Information from London."

It was largely: Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma, The Puritan Dilemma, 5961, 103104. 5961, 103104.

Stuyvesant-to-Winthrop letter: Charles Gehring, trans. and ed., Correspondence, 16471653, Correspondence, 16471653, 67; Baxter: Ibid., 8. 67; Baxter: Ibid., 8.

"Crazines of my head": Ibid., 8.

"hoping all the English": Ibid., 9.

He commissioned a detailed: Charles Gehring, trans. and ed., Delaware Papers: Dutch Period, 16481664, Delaware Papers: Dutch Period, 16481664, 112, and endnote 1. 112, and endnote 1.

"is the greatest insult": Ibid., 18.

"My lord": Ibid., 12.

"inquire diligently": Ibid., 22.

"the most notable": NYHM NYHM 4, 33841. 4, 33841.

a Scotsman named: The Forrester affair is detailed in Ibid., 44245.

Sir Edmund Plowden: The Plowden affair is told in Van der Donck's "Remonstrance," Docs. Rel. 1:289, and the broader story is given in Murphy, "Representation of New Netherland," in Coll. New-York Historical Society, 2nd series, vol. 11, 1849, 32226. Plowden's original 1632 pet.i.tion to King Charles-stating that he and his compatriots are "willing at their own cost" to plant a colony "at a remote place, called Manati or Long Isle"-is logged in Public Records Office, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 15741660, 6:154. I'm also relying here on John Pennington, "An Examination of Beauchamp Plantagenet's Description of the Province of New Albion."

There was one other: Details of Van den Bogaert's end are found in NYHM NYHM 4, 48081, and A. F. A. van Laer, 4, 48081, and A. F. A. van Laer, Minutes of the Court of Rensselaerswyck, 16481652, Minutes of the Court of Rensselaerswyck, 16481652, 105. I have also relied on Charles Gehring et al., trans. and eds. of Harmen Meyndertz van den Bogaert's 105. I have also relied on Charles Gehring et al., trans. and eds. of Harmen Meyndertz van den Bogaert's A Journey into Mohawk Country and Oneida Country, 16341635, A Journey into Mohawk Country and Oneida Country, 16341635, xxi. xxi.

Meanwhile, Nicolaes Coorn: NYHM NYHM 4, 255 and Van Laer, 4, 255 and Van Laer, Minutes of the Court, Minutes of the Court, 11. 11.

As he ran across: Charles Gehring, "Totidem Verbis," in De Nieu Nederlanse Marcurius, De Nieu Nederlanse Marcurius, 4, 1988. 4, 1988.

"Your complaints are": E. B. O'Callaghan, The The History of New Netherland, History of New Netherland, 2:7178. 2:7178.

Van der Donck in Rensselaerswyck: Van Laer, Minutes of the Court Minutes of the Court (July 23, 1648 entry). (July 23, 1648 entry).

CHAPTER 10 10.

When the Princess: Princess: Information on the wreck of the Information on the wreck of the Princess Princess and survival of Melyn and Kuyter comes from Charles Gehring, "Wringing Information from a Drowned Princess"; Simon Groenveld, "New Light on a Drowned Princess-Information from London"; and the contemporaneous pamphlet "Broad Advice." and survival of Melyn and Kuyter comes from Charles Gehring, "Wringing Information from a Drowned Princess"; Simon Groenveld, "New Light on a Drowned Princess-Information from London"; and the contemporaneous pamphlet "Broad Advice."

delivered a letter: The pet.i.tion is not extant, but Stuyvesant refers to it in NYHM NYHM 4:580. 4:580.

"more closely into": Ibid., 489.

He . . . calculated: Adriaen van der Donck, A Description of New Netherland, A Description of New Netherland, trans. Diederik Willem Goedhuys, 142. trans. Diederik Willem Goedhuys, 142.

"None of these": Ibid., 141.

"the means for": Ibid., 140.

led English tobacco: Jan Kupp, "Dutch Notarial Acts Relating to the Tobacco Trade of Virginia, 16081653."

They created a variety: Simon Schama, The Embarra.s.sment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, The Embarra.s.sment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, 19697. 19697.

The year before: Maika, "Commerce and Community: Manhattan Merchants in the Seventeenth Century," 3136; Kupp, "Dutch Notarial Acts."

in fact it was: Oliver Rink's Holland on the Hudson Holland on the Hudson first made this case in 1986, and since then historians have begun to revise the Anglocentric view of Manhattan as a muddle. For example, Wayne Bodle, in "Themes and Directions in Middle Colonies Historiography, 19801994" (July 1994), notes the new view that the Dutch colony "rather than languishing in the decade before 1664, had a long-term developmental trajectory broadly parallel to those of many contemporary English colonies" and that this was "characterized by private enterprise." first made this case in 1986, and since then historians have begun to revise the Anglocentric view of Manhattan as a muddle. For example, Wayne Bodle, in "Themes and Directions in Middle Colonies Historiography, 19801994" (July 1994), notes the new view that the Dutch colony "rather than languishing in the decade before 1664, had a long-term developmental trajectory broadly parallel to those of many contemporary English colonies" and that this was "characterized by private enterprise."

Taken together with: Archaeological evidence for the location of the Van der Donck house comes from Nan A. Rothschild and Christopher N. Matthews, "Phase 1A1B Archaeological Investigation of the Proposed Area for the Construction of Six Tennis Courts on the Parade Grounds of Van Cortlandt Park," 1314; William Tieck, Riverdale, Kingsbridge, Spuyten Duyvil: New York City; a Historical Epitome of the Northwest Bronx, Riverdale, Kingsbridge, Spuyten Duyvil: New York City; a Historical Epitome of the Northwest Bronx, 4, 9; Christopher Ricciardi, "From Private to Public: The Changing Landscape of Van Cortlandt Park; Bronx, New York, in the Nineteenth Century," 16; and Anne-Marie Cantwell and Diana diZerega Wall, 4, 9; Christopher Ricciardi, "From Private to Public: The Changing Landscape of Van Cortlandt Park; Bronx, New York, in the Nineteenth Century," 16; and Anne-Marie Cantwell and Diana diZerega Wall, Unearthing Gotham, Unearthing Gotham, 264. 264.

a mandamus: Docs. Rel., 1:25052.

"To Petrus Stuyvesant": Ibid., 35152.

They would ask: "Remonstrance" in J. F. Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland, 16091664, Narratives of New Netherland, 16091664, 34951. 34951.

"burned with rage": Ibid., 350.

"these persons had": Ibid.

"grossly slandered": The arrest of Van der Donck and subsequent council session are detailed in Van der Donck's "Remonstrance" in ibid., 35052, and Van Laer, NYHM NYHM 4:58084. 4:58084.

gathered in the church: Docs. Rel., 1:32122, 35253.

Shortly before this: 4:584.

"so shaped that": Docs. Rel., NYHM NYHM 1:322. 1:322.

had gotten off the ship: Ibid., 3:8586; Docs. Rel., 1:32122.

At this moment: "Remonstrance" in Jameson, Narratives; Narratives; Docs. Rel., 1:311; Docs. Rel., 1:311; NYHM NYHM 4:59597. 4:59597.

banned from serving: NYHM NYHM 4:587. 4:587.

He delivered these: Docs. Rel., 1:35558.

"Whereas it is": NYHM NYHM 4:60001. 4:60001.

"Among all the enterprising": Docs. Rel., 1:275.

he was in the midst: Charles Gehring, Correspondence, 16471653, Correspondence, 16471653, 4453. 4453.

and with chiefs: NYHM NYHM 4:607 4:607609.

"Whereas the said": Ibid., 601.

But Captain Blauvelt: Ibid., 219, 603, 605; Ibid. 3:114, 121, 151.

Van der Donck handed her: Docs. Rel., 1:35455.

CHAPTER 11 11.

the above-described painting: My account of Adriaen Pauw riding into Munster is based on the Gerard ter Borch painting Entry of Adriaen Pauw and Anna van Ruytenburgh into Munster, Entry of Adriaen Pauw and Anna van Ruytenburgh into Munster, as well as on Alison McNeil Kettering's a.n.a.lysis of the painting in as well as on Alison McNeil Kettering's a.n.a.lysis of the painting in Gerard ter Borch and the Treaty of Munster, Gerard ter Borch and the Treaty of Munster, and on Jonathan Israel's "Art and Diplomacy: Gerard Ter Borch and the Munster Peace Negotiations, 16468." Pauw arrived in January, but the painting depicts his ceremonial arrival in verdant spring, a liberty Ter Borch took, according to Kettering, because it made for a better painting. and on Jonathan Israel's "Art and Diplomacy: Gerard Ter Borch and the Munster Peace Negotiations, 16468." Pauw arrived in January, but the painting depicts his ceremonial arrival in verdant spring, a liberty Ter Borch took, according to Kettering, because it made for a better painting.

In the early 1640s: My account of the Peace of Westphalia and its significance relies on Heinz Schilling, "War and Peace at the Emergence of Modernity"; John Elliott, "War and Peace in Europe: 16181648"; Anja Stiglic, "Ceremonial and Status Hierarchy on the European Diplomatic Stage: The Diplomats' Solemn Entries into the Congressional City of Munster"; and Volker Gerhardt, "On the Historical Significance of the Peace of Westphalia: Twelve Theses"-all in Klaus Bussman and Heinz Schilling, 1648: War and Peace in Europe. 1648: War and Peace in Europe.

King Gustavus Adolphus: Volker Gerhardt, "On the Historical Significance of the Peace of Westphalia: Twelve Theses," footnote 6.

the French delegation: Israel, "Art and Diplomacy," 94.

he lived in a castle: J. G. N. Renaud, Het Huis en de Heren van Heemstede Tijdens de Middeleeuwen; Het Huis en de Heren van Heemstede Tijdens de Middeleeuwen; tulips: Simon Schama, tulips: Simon Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, Embarra.s.sment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, 354. 354.

"It appears at first": The quote is from French priest Francois Fenelon, in Christopher White, Rembrandt, Rembrandt, 27. 27.

"I can walk": Stephen Gaukroger, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography, 188. 188.

he left for the court: Ibid., 41213.

"to sell someone eyegla.s.ses": Peter van der Coelen, Everyday Life in Holland's Golden Age: The Complete Etchings of Adriaen van Ostade, Everyday Life in Holland's Golden Age: The Complete Etchings of Adriaen van Ostade, 130. 130.

red-light districts: Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches, Embarra.s.sment of Riches, 47278. 47278.

"largest village": K. H. D. Haley, The The Dutch in the Seventeenth Century, Dutch in the Seventeenth Century, 64. 64.

"Remonstrance": Docs. Rel., 1:259.

a letter from the Board: Ibid., 1:258.