The Island at the Center of the World Part 12

took on a partner: Ibid., 9394.

"fumbled at the front": Ibid., 55.

"black wench": Ibid., 5758.

Willem van Ruytenburch, in The Night Watch: The Night Watch: This family tie was pointed out to me by Willem Frijhoff, who detailed it in his paper "Neglected Networks: New Netherlanders and Their Old Fatherland-The Kieft Case." This family tie was pointed out to me by Willem Frijhoff, who detailed it in his paper "Neglected Networks: New Netherlanders and Their Old Fatherland-The Kieft Case."

pamphlet published: "Broad Advice," in H. C. Murphy, trans., Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, [by A. van der Donck] and, Braeden raedt aende Vereenichde Nederlandsche provintien, [by I. A. G. W. C., pseud. Of C. Melyn], Two rare tracts, printed in 164950, Relating to the administration of affairs in New Netherland, Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, [by A. van der Donck] and, Braeden raedt aende Vereenichde Nederlandsche provintien, [by I. A. G. W. C., pseud. Of C. Melyn], Two rare tracts, printed in 164950, Relating to the administration of affairs in New Netherland, 139. 139.

It was unique: I am obliged to Jaap Jacobs for this insight, which is developed in his book Een zegenrijk gewest: Nieuw-Nederland in de zeventiende eeuw. Een zegenrijk gewest: Nieuw-Nederland in de zeventiende eeuw.

By some estimates: Ernst van den Boogaart, "The Servant Migration to New Netherland, 16241664," 55.

"I, Willem Kieft": Docs. Rel., 12:19.

a new society: The insight into Minuit's desire to found a new society comes from Weslager, A Man and His Ship, A Man and His Ship, chapters 46. chapters 46.

"Whereas at present": NYHM NYHM 4:107. 4:107.

"Whereas the Company": Ibid., 60.

"their womenfolk": Adriaen van der Donck, A Description of New Netherland, A Description of New Netherland, trans. Goedhuys, 92. trans. Goedhuys, 92.

"These savages resemble": J. F. Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland, 16091664, Narratives of New Netherland, 16091664, 213. 213.

"Whereas the Indians": NYHM NYHM 4:11516. 4:11516.

an Indian named Pacham: Jameson, Narratives, Narratives, 211. 211.

"Whether it is not": NYHM NYHM 4:124. 4:124.

"being himself protected": Jameson, Narratives, Narratives, 214. 214.

"whereas we acknowledge": NYHM NYHM 4:125. 4:125.

"it will be best": Ibid., 126.

the council of twelve: Docs. Rel., 1:202203.

"And whereas the Commonality": Ibid., 203.

The ugliest a.s.sault: Jameson, Narratives, Narratives, 22629. 22629.

"Did the Duke of Alva": Ibid., 228; "Broad Advice," in Murphy, trans., Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, 149. 149.

It also reinforced: For specifics on the development of tolerance in the Dutch psyche, I am relying on Jaap Jacobs, "Between Repression and Approval."

In its very seeding: For this insight I am indebted to Willem Frijhoff, "New Views on the Dutch Period of New York."

the settlers tried to maintain: Events in this paragraph come from NYHM NYHM 2:32, 33, 3435, 3940, 70, 87, 88, 96; 4:119, 197. 2:32, 33, 3435, 3940, 70, 87, 88, 96; 4:119, 197.

CHAPTER 7 7.

"so much so": Adriaen van der Donck, A Description of New Netherland, A Description of New Netherland, trans. Hanny Veenendaal and the author, 15. trans. Hanny Veenendaal and the author, 15.

"The trees are then": Ibid., 48.

"Above the highlands": Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Johnson, 6364. trans. Johnson, 6364.

bears: Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Goedhuys, 59. trans. Goedhuys, 59.

eagles: Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Johnson, 49. trans. Johnson, 49.

birds: Ibid., 51.

winds: Ibid., 58.

"several kinds of plums": Ibid., 23.

watermelon: Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Goedhuys, 3738. trans. Goedhuys, 3738.

"The plants which are": Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Johnson, 28. trans. Johnson, 28.

"know of no limits": Ibid., 5.

"We, Adriaen van der Donck": A. J. F. van Laer, Van Rensselaer Bowier Ma.n.u.scripts, Van Rensselaer Bowier Ma.n.u.scripts, 57374. 57374.

searching for a young woman: NYHM NYHM 4:173. 4:173.

"It is your duty": Van Laer, Van Rensselaer Bowier Ma.n.u.scripts, Van Rensselaer Bowier Ma.n.u.scripts, 636. 636.

"What pleases me": Ibid., 631.

"Your princ.i.p.al fault": Ibid., 636.

"outrageous": Ibid., 640.

"pursued each other": E. B. O'Callaghan, The The History of New Netherland, History of New Netherland, 1:460. 1:460.

one of the patroon's prized black stallions: A. J. F. van Laer, trans. and ed., Minutes of the Court of Rensselaerswyck, Minutes of the Court of Rensselaerswyck, 1:61, 6768, 79. 1:61, 6768, 79.

"I take it very ill": Van Laer, Van Rensselaer Bowier Ma.n.u.scripts, Van Rensselaer Bowier Ma.n.u.scripts, 616, 649, 650, 666. 616, 649, 650, 666.

"From the beginning": Ibid., 631.

"Your Honor may": O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland, History of New Netherland, 1:462. 1:462.

"go naked": Benjamin Schmidt, "Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the Representation of the New World, c. 15701670," 18.

"equal to the average": Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Goedhuys, 90. trans. Goedhuys, 90.

"repel rain": Ibid., 101.

"Declensions and conjugations": Ibid., 115.

"fresh wounds and": Ibid., 119.

"devil-hunting": Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Johnson, 95. trans. Johnson, 95.

"Public authority": Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Goedhuys, 133. trans. Goedhuys, 133.

"Had he written": Thomas O'Donnell, Introduction, in Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Johnson, x. trans. Johnson, x.

did not appear in print: Ada Van Gastel, "Van der Donck's Description of the Indians: Additions and Corrections," William and Mary Quarterly, William and Mary Quarterly, July 1990. July 1990.

"wind, stream, bush": Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Goedhuys, 127. trans. Goedhuys, 127.

"The offering is hung up": Ibid., 129.

"one of the younger": Ibid., 130.

"dishonestly designed": O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland, History of New Netherland, 1:33839. 1:33839.

a million acres: Shirley Dunn, "Enlarging Rensselaerswijck." Dunn says at its height Rensselaerswyck extended "700,000 or more acres." I am also figuring in the Van Rensselaer tract called Claverack.

June 18 meeting described: Docs. Rel., 1:21214.

he had recently arrived in New Amsterdam: The New Netherland council minutes for 1644 (NYHM 4:190) show that on June 6 Van der Donck was in court at Fort Amsterdam. 4:190) show that on June 6 Van der Donck was in court at Fort Amsterdam.

"Almighty G.o.d": Docs. Rel., 1:190191. I am grateful to Dr. Willem Frijhoff of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam for elaborating for me his argument that Van der Donck was the author of much of the correspondence generated by the colonists, and that Bogardus was likely responsible for some of what was written in 1643 and 1644. My theory expands on his. His argument is spelled out in his book Wegen van Evert Willemsz.: Een Hollands weeskind op zoek naar zichzelf, 16071647, Wegen van Evert Willemsz.: Een Hollands weeskind op zoek naar zichzelf, 16071647, 73538. 73538.

expired in August: A. F. A. van Laer, Minutes of the Court of Rensselaerswyck, 16481652, Minutes of the Court of Rensselaerswyck, 16481652, 1:10; Docs. Rel. 1:431, 53233. 1:10; Docs. Rel. 1:431, 53233.

"For the sake of appearances": Docs. Rel., 1:211. The original incorrectly gives the date as November 1642.

CHAPTER 8 8.

The island of St. Martin: Details of the attack on St. Martin are spelled out in Charles T. Gehring and J. A. Schiltkamp, trans. and eds., Curacao Papers, 16401665, Curacao Papers, 16401665, 3235, and in the pamphlet "Broad Advice." 3235, and in the pamphlet "Broad Advice."

"pluck up the skinn": From Peter Lowe's Discourse on the Whole Art of Chyrurgerie Discourse on the Whole Art of Chyrurgerie (1596), as quoted in Richard A. Leonardo, (1596), as quoted in Richard A. Leonardo, History of Surgery, History of Surgery, 153. 153.

"Let him prepare": John Woodall, The Surgeon's Mate The Surgeon's Mate (1617), as quoted in Henry H. Kessler and Eugene Rachlis, (1617), as quoted in Henry H. Kessler and Eugene Rachlis, Peter Stuyvesant and His New York, Peter Stuyvesant and His New York, 48. 48.

Stuyvesant letter: Martha Eerdmans, Pieter Stuyvesant: An Historical Doc.u.mentation, Pieter Stuyvesant: An Historical Doc.u.mentation, 5255. 5255.

ferocious micromanagement: Gehring and Schiltkamp, Curacao Papers, Curacao Papers, 3748. 3748.

abusing his landlord's: "Broad Advice," trans. H. C. Murphy, 160, refers to Stuyvesant as having "formerly stolen the daughter of his own landlord at Franiker, and was caught at it, and let off for the sake of his father, otherwise he would have been disgraced."

Van Brugge: Charles T. Gehring, Council Minutes, 16521654, Council Minutes, 16521654, 223. 223.

Farret: Biographical information comes from J. D. Uhlenbeck, "Genaelogie van het geslacht Farret." He appears in most sources as Johan, but the genealogy gives his name at birth as John.

correspondence in verse: The poetry exchange between Farret and Stuyvesant is in the collection of the Nederlands Scheepvaart Museum, Amsterdam. I worked from a transcription done by J. P. Puype, librarian of the museum, in the collection of Charles Gehring at the New Netherland Project. Hanny Veenendaal of the Netherlands Center gave me a colloquial translation.

which was discovered: I. N. P. Stokes, ed., Iconography of Manhattan Island, 14981909, Iconography of Manhattan Island, 14981909, 4:Supplementary Addenda for 1645. 4:Supplementary Addenda for 1645.

four hundred and fifty Dutch soldiers: Gehring and Schiltkamp, Curacao Papers, Curacao Papers, 3639. 3639.

He thought he had seen: My thanks to Charles Gehring for suggesting I follow these 450 soldiers who would repeatedly cross paths with Stuyvesant.

In one such effort: Joao Capistrano de Abreu, Chapters of Brazil's Colonial History, 15001800, Chapters of Brazil's Colonial History, 15001800, 83. 83.

yaws, dysentery: Medical and battle conditions in Brazil come from F. Guerra, "Medicine in Dutch Brazil."

"leather, dogs, cats, and rats": Duarte de Albuquerque Coelho, Memorias diarias de la guerra del Brasil, Memorias diarias de la guerra del Brasil, quoted in Abreu, quoted in Abreu, Chapters of Brazil's Colonial History, Chapters of Brazil's Colonial History, 82. 82.

"What mad thunder ball": My thanks to Elisabeth Paling Funk for translating this poem for me.

fell in love with: For some of the information on Stuyvesant's return to the Netherlands I am relying on Alma R. VanHoevenberg, "The Stuyvesants in the Netherlands and New Netherland."

"so that the entire": Docs. Rel., 1:213.

Meanwhile, in Scotland: There are many accounts of this scene. I am relying in part on the roundup of the earliest descriptions that appears in chapter 21 of J. Cameron Lees, St. Giles', Edinburgh: Church, College, and Cathedral, From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. St. Giles', Edinburgh: Church, College, and Cathedral, From the Earliest Times to the Present Day.

"making a seat": Charles Carlton, Charles I: The Personal Monarch, Charles I: The Personal Monarch, 166. 166.

"Some more cavalry": Docs. Rel., 1:127.

"News is received," etc.: Docs. Rel., 1:127, 133, 134.

"Thou shalt not": Exodus 22:18, King James Version.

It is easy: I am relying on Barbara Mowat, "Prospero's Book," for an understanding of the mix of theology and sorcery in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England.

"came to New England": Docs. Rel., 1:305.