The Island at the Center of the World Part 14

"These persons are": Ibid., 319.

"Manhathans . . . the Capital": Ibid., 265.

"we may pursue": Ibid., 26061.

"It will lose": Ibid., 264.

"Not that there is": Ibid., 262.

Beaver pelts . . . "fruits": Ibid., 346: ". . . as well as some samples of the fruits and peltries produced there . . ."

"I have seen rye": Adriaen van der Donck, Description of New Netherland, Description of New Netherland, trans. Jeremias Johnson, ed. Thomas F. O'Donnell, 3132. trans. Jeremias Johnson, ed. Thomas F. O'Donnell, 3132.

hand-drawn map: Docs. Rel., 1:346: ". . . a perfect map of the country . . ."

This delicate: Joep de Koning, "From Van der Donck to Visscher"; Robert R. Macdonald, "The City of New Amsterdam Located on the Island of Manhattan in New Netherland."

"for the love of": Docs. Rel., 1:261.

"In our opinion": Ibid., 317.

fired off a responding pamphlet: The pamphlets debating monarchy are in the Koninglijke Bibliotheek in The Hague (Knuttel catalogue numbers 63776383); my source on their importance is Pieter Geyl, Orange and Stuart, Orange and Stuart, 4748. 4748.

Van den Enden: Jonathan Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 16501750, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 16501750, 16880; Plockhoy and Van den Enden: ibid. 16880; Plockhoy and Van den Enden: ibid., 17679; Wim Klever, "Conflicting 'Considerations of State'. Van den Enden's Opposition Against de la Court's Aristocratic Republicanism and Its Follow-Up in Spinoza's Work"; Plockhoy: Bart Plantenga, "The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans." 17679; Wim Klever, "Conflicting 'Considerations of State'. Van den Enden's Opposition Against de la Court's Aristocratic Republicanism and Its Follow-Up in Spinoza's Work"; Plockhoy: Bart Plantenga, "The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans."

Why American history has: Many historians helped me appreciate this change in the way history is done. For conversations on the topic, my thanks in particular to Joyce Goodfriend of the University of Denver and Cynthia van Zandt of the University of New Hampshire; also to Karen Ordahl Kupperman of New York University and James Homer Williams of Middle Tennessee State University for talks they gave on the subject at the 2001 Gotham History Festival at the Gotham Center in New York.

appointed a committee: Docs. Rel., 1:31920.

"a grandeur far beyond": Herbert H. Rowen, Princes of Orange: The Stadtholders in the Dutch Republic, Princes of Orange: The Stadtholders in the Dutch Republic, 82. 82.

Michiel Stael: E. F. Kossmann, De boekhandel te 's-Gravenhage tot het eind van de 18de eeuw, De boekhandel te 's-Gravenhage tot het eind van de 18de eeuw, 36566; Marika Keblusek, 36566; Marika Keblusek, Boeken in de hofstad: Haagse boekcultuur in de Gouden Eeuw; Boeken in de hofstad: Haagse boekcultuur in de Gouden Eeuw; Craig E. Harline, Craig E. Harline, Pamphlets, Printing, and Political Culture in the Early Dutch Republic, Pamphlets, Printing, and Political Culture in the Early Dutch Republic, 126. 126.

Where at the turn: Craig E. Harline, Pamphlets, Printing, and Political Culture in the Early Dutch Republic, Pamphlets, Printing, and Political Culture in the Early Dutch Republic, 73. 73.

pamphlet t.i.tles: Kossmann, De boekhandel te 's-Gravenhage; De boekhandel te 's-Gravenhage; online catalogue of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. online catalogue of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague.

West India Company share prices: Jonathan Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade 15851740, Dutch Primacy in World Trade 15851740, 163. 163.

Stael apparently introduced: Joan Vinckeboons, Gunter Schilder, and Jan van Bracht, The Origins of New York, The Origins of New York, 18. 18.

map of New Netherland: Benjamin Schmidt, "Mapping an Empire: Cartographic and Colonial Rivalry in Seventeenth-Century Dutch and English North America"; Joep de Koning, "From Van der Donck to Visscher"; Vinkeboons, Schilder, and Van Bracht, Origins of New York. Origins of New York.

The so-called Jansson-Visscher map: Robert T. Augustyn and Paul E. Cohen. Manhattan in Maps, Manhattan in Maps, 3233. 3233.

Van der Donck's family: William Hoffman, "Van der Donck-Van Bergen"; Ada Van Gastel, "Adriaen van der Donck als woordvoerder van de Nieuw-Nederlandse bevolking."

And in what is perhaps: Docs. Rel., 1:369.

"Formerly New Netherland": Charles Gehring, Correspondence, 16471653, Correspondence, 16471653, 8384. Vinckeboons, et al., 8384. Vinckeboons, et al., The Origins of New York, The Origins of New York, 1718, while acknowledging that the rush of interest in the colony in February and March 1650 suggests that the 1718, while acknowledging that the rush of interest in the colony in February and March 1650 suggests that the Remonstrance Remonstrance was published then, conclude that it must have been published later in the year, because Stael, who gives his address on the t.i.tle page as "on the Buitenhof," didn't move there until March 10. But the sudden popular interest in the colony can only be explained by the publication of the was published then, conclude that it must have been published later in the year, because Stael, who gives his address on the t.i.tle page as "on the Buitenhof," didn't move there until March 10. But the sudden popular interest in the colony can only be explained by the publication of the Remonstrance, Remonstrance, and there are several possible explanations for the information on the t.i.tle page. For one, we know that Stael would later move to another address on the Buitenhof, so it's possible that, favoring the neighborhood, his earlier address was there as well. Another possibility is that Stael knew he would be moving to the prestigious address, and so set the type for it before he was actually living there, knowing that he would be in at about the time of publication. There is also no reason Stael would have delayed publication for several months. The letter of the West India Company directors to Stuyvesant, in which they say that "now heaven and earth" are interested in the colony, is dated February 16. Craig E. Harline, and there are several possible explanations for the information on the t.i.tle page. For one, we know that Stael would later move to another address on the Buitenhof, so it's possible that, favoring the neighborhood, his earlier address was there as well. Another possibility is that Stael knew he would be moving to the prestigious address, and so set the type for it before he was actually living there, knowing that he would be in at about the time of publication. There is also no reason Stael would have delayed publication for several months. The letter of the West India Company directors to Stuyvesant, in which they say that "now heaven and earth" are interested in the colony, is dated February 16. Craig E. Harline, Pamphlets, Printing, and Political Culture in the Early Dutch Republic, Pamphlets, Printing, and Political Culture in the Early Dutch Republic, 92, gives one month as a typical time it took to produce a published pamphlet, which would gibe with the February date, and suggests that the 92, gives one month as a typical time it took to produce a published pamphlet, which would gibe with the February date, and suggests that the Remonstrance Remonstrance hit the streets at the beginning of 1650. hit the streets at the beginning of 1650.

He composed: Docs. Rel., 1:37677.

addressing in particular: Jaap Jacobs, "A Hitherto Unknown Letter of Adriaen van der Donck," 45.

"on the whole subject": Docs. Rel., 1:37781.

"Provisional Order": Ibid., 38791. That the order was read aloud I infer from the paragraph that seems directed to people in the room at the time, which begins: "We would, therefore, be of opinion that your High Mightinesses do, with the advice and communication of the Directors now summoned from all the Chambers of the West India Company, the major part of whom are in attendance . . ."

"n.o.ble, Mighty Lords": Ibid., 395.

discovered Van der Donck letter: Jacobs, "A Hitherto Unknown Letter." I would like to thank Dr. Jacobs for discussing the letter and its significance with me, and for allowing me to reprint his translation of it.

"this State . . . alone": Docs. Rel., 1:347.

CHAPTER 12 12.

three hundred acres: I. N. P. Stokes, ed., Iconography of Manhattan Island, 14981909, Iconography of Manhattan Island, 14981909, 6:142. 6:142.

"seditious persons": Charles Gehring, Correspondence, 16471653, Correspondence, 16471653, 82. 82.

"We suppose that you": Ibid., 88.

"We live like sheep": Docs. Rel., 1:452.

"He proceeds": Ibid., 453.

"Many free people": Gehring, Correspondence, 16471653, Correspondence, 16471653, 90, 92. 90, 92.

fired off a letter: Ibid., 1314.

"For what have I": Ibid., 1819.

the Dutch regarded: See Eaton's letter to Stuyvesant, Ibid., 21.

"Congratulate and reioyce": Ibid., 4950.

"doe your utmost": Ronald Cohen, "The Hartford Treaty of 1650," 328.

The negotiations: On the Hartford Treaty, I have relied on Jaap Jacobs, "The Hartford Treaty"; Ronald Cohen, "The Hartford Treaty of 1650: Anglo-Dutch Cooperation in the Seventeenth Century"; and Charles Gehring, Correspondence, 16471653. Correspondence, 16471653.

On June 5: Herbert H. Rowen, John de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, John de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 2829. 2829.

put out a pamphlet: E. F. Kossmann, De boekhandel te 's-Gravenhage tot het eind van de 18de eeuw, De boekhandel te 's-Gravenhage tot het eind van de 18de eeuw, 366. 366.

"was heard stamping": Rowen, John de Witt, Grand Pensionary, John de Witt, Grand Pensionary, 36. 36.

Van Tienhoven vanished: The Van Tienhoven s.e.x scandal is found in Docs. Rel., 1:51417.

Pauw and Jan de Witt: Rowen, John de Witt, Grand Pensionary, John de Witt, Grand Pensionary, 5760. 5760.

methodically supporting his case: Van der Donck's "memorial" to the States General and supporting doc.u.ments appear in Docs. Rel., 1:43857.

"nothing of the Director": Ibid., 453.

"The people here": Ibid., 446.

"Whatever you have done": Ibid., 444.

"pulled the wool": Ibid., 458.

"in order that so": Ibid., 46465.

"in order to silence": Gehring, Correspondence, 16471653, Correspondence, 16471653, 149. 149.

To Petrus Stuyvesant: Docs. Rel., 1:472.

"They make light": Adriaen van der Donck, Description of New Netherland, Description of New Netherland, trans. Diederik Willem Goedhuys, 108. trans. Diederik Willem Goedhuys, 108.

resolution granting him: Docs. Rel., 1:470.

It would be modeled: M. E. H. N. Mout, "Limits and Debates: A Comparative View of Dutch Toleration in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries," 4041.

Act of Abjuration: Stephen E. Lucas, "The Plakkaat van Verlatinge: Plakkaat van Verlatinge: A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence," 192. A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence," 192.

He hired several: Rockefeller Archives, Amsterdam Notarial Records Related to New Netherland, No. 2279 V, page 24. Notary Jacob de Winter. 1652 May 15.

"to hold peaceably": Docs. Rel., 1:473.

Oliver Cromwell: My main sources on Cromwell are Christopher Hill, G.o.d's Englishman; G.o.d's Englishman; Maurice Ashley, Maurice Ashley, The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell; The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell; and Antonia Fraser, and Antonia Fraser, Cromwell, the Lord Protector. Cromwell, the Lord Protector.

"Oh, I have": Fraser, Cromwell, the Lord Protector, Cromwell, the Lord Protector, 38. 38.

"no effeminate": Christopher Hill, G.o.d's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, G.o.d's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, 39. 39.

seeded the American idea: Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right, chapter 1. chapter 1.

Accounts of what happened: My account of the action off Dover is based on the pamphlets "A Declaration of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Relating to the Affairs and Proceedings . . ." and "Nootwendige Observatien op het Antwoort van de Republiicke van Engelant op drie schriften overgelevert by d'Amba.s.sadeurs vande H. Staten Generael . . . ," 4143; Roger Hainsworth and Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, chapter 1; and David Howarth, chapter 1; and David Howarth, The Men-of-War, The Men-of-War, 4867. 4867.

suspicions of Pauw and de Witt: Rowen, John de Witt, Grand Pensionary, John de Witt, Grand Pensionary, 65, and the pamphlet "De Rechte Beschryvingh van alle het gene den Heer Adriaen Paau Amba.s.sadeur Extraordinary." Pauw's state of mind is also apparent in his speech before Parliament, June 11, 1652, bound with "A Declaration of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England . . ." 65, and the pamphlet "De Rechte Beschryvingh van alle het gene den Heer Adriaen Paau Amba.s.sadeur Extraordinary." Pauw's state of mind is also apparent in his speech before Parliament, June 11, 1652, bound with "A Declaration of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England . . ."

Milton in the Anglo-Dutch War: Leo Miller, John Milton's Writings in the Anglo-Dutch Negotiations, 16511654, John Milton's Writings in the Anglo-Dutch Negotiations, 16511654, 313. 313.

"The English are about": Hainsworth and Churches, Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 17. 17.

"their masts and tackles": Howarth, The Men-of-War, The Men-of-War, 60. 60.

word had gone out: Docs. Rel., 1:476.

"going fast to ruin": Ibid., 477.

At the end of the book: Van der Donck, Description, Description, trans. Goedhuys, 15662. trans. Goedhuys, 15662.

"The undersigned": Gehring, Correspondence, 16471653, Correspondence, 16471653, 203. 203.

Notarial records: Rockefeller Archives, Amsterdam Notarial Records Related to New Netherland, No. 2280, pages 1865. Notary Jacob de Winter.

CHAPTER 13 13.

"Thou hast received": Berthold Fernow, trans. and ed., The Records of New Amsterdam 16531674. The Records of New Amsterdam 16531674. Hereafter cited as Hereafter cited as RNA RNA.

"herewith [to] inform": Ibid., 49.

Roman-Dutch law: J. W. Wessels, History of the Roman-Dutch Law, History of the Roman-Dutch Law, 2225, 12429. 2225, 12429.

"to this growing": Jerrold Seymann, Colonial Charters, Patents and Grants to the Communities Comprising the City of New York, Colonial Charters, Patents and Grants to the Communities Comprising the City of New York, 1419. 1419.

cuckold case: RNA, RNA, 1:51, 53, 58, 5961. 1:51, 53, 58, 5961.

"blue caps": Charles Gehring, Correspondence, 16471653, Correspondence, 16471653, 232. 232.

to begin gearing up: Ibid., 226.

"5 or 6 ordinary": Docs. Rel., 1:484.

"certainly informed that": Ibid., 487.

the wall and Wall Street: RNA, RNA, 1:6567, 69, 7274, 90. 1:6567, 69, 7274, 90.

bourse: Simon Schama, The Embarra.s.sment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, The Embarra.s.sment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, 348. 348.

second Amboyna: "The Second Part of the Tragedy of Amboyna, or a True Relation . . ."

who had just a.s.sumed: Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: The Lord Protector, Cromwell: The Lord Protector, 45058. 45058.

"utmost a.s.sistance": John Thurloe, A Collection of the State Papers . . . , A Collection of the State Papers . . . , 1:72122. 1:72122.