The Evolution of States Part 38

xx-xxv; Tucker, _Essay on Trade_, 4th ed. pp. 28, 47-57.]

[Footnote 828: Cp. Grattan, p. 75.]

[Footnote 829: "Never any country traded so much and consumed so little; they buy infinitely, but it is to sell again." "They furnish infinite luxury, which they never practise, and traffic in pleasures which they never taste" (Temple, _Observations_, 1814 ed. of _Works_, i, 176). Cp.

Motley, _United Netherlands_, iv, 559. Sometimes the citizens were taxed fifty per cent on their incomes.]

[Footnote 830: M'Culloch's dictum that the low rate of interest in Holland was wholly due to heavy taxation is an evident fallacy, framed in the interest of _laissez-faire_.]

[Footnote 831: It was a common saying at Amsterdam in the seventeenth century that every dish of fish was paid for once to the fisherman and six times to the State. As early as 1619 taxes on goods were nearly equal to their wholesale price (Howell, letter of May 1, 1619, in _Epistolae Ho-elianae_, Bennett's ed. 1891, vol. i, 27). See _La Richesse de Hollande_, 1778, ii, 21-42, for details of the extraordinary multiplication of Dutch taxes from the war-period onwards. In Temple's time a common fish-sauce paid thirty different duties (_Observations_, in _Works_, i, 187). And still taxes increased. Cp. Smith, _Wealth of Nations_, M'Culloch's ed. 1839, pp. 396, 397, 411.]

[Footnote 832: So Seeley, _Expansion of England_, p. 132.]

[Footnote 833: See the Dissertation drawn up on this occasion (1750), Eng. tr. 1751. It is largely quoted from by M'Culloch, _Treatises_, pp.

354-62.]

[Footnote 834: Wenzelburger, _Geschichte der Niederlande_, i, 51.]

[Footnote 835: Laing, _Notes of a Traveller_, 1842, p. 15.]

[Footnote 836: Rogers, _Holland_, pp. 362, 363.]

[Footnote 837: Rogers, p. 365.]

[Footnote 838: See Smith, _Wealth of Nations_, bk. iv, ch. v, as to the British encouragement of fisheries in the eighteenth century.]

[Footnote 839: Crawford, _Eastern Archipelago_, iii, 388; (cited by M'Culloch, p. 365); Temminck, _Possessions Neerlandaises dans l'Inde Archipelagique_, 1847-49, iii, 202-11.]

[Footnote 840: M'Culloch, p. 363.]

[Footnote 841: _Wealth of Nations_, bk. ii, ch. v, _end_.]

[Footnote 842: Keymor, _Observations on the Dutch Fishing_, in _The Phoenix_, as cited, p. 231.]

[Footnote 843: _Epistolae Ho-elianae_, Bennett's ed. 1891, i, 25.]

[Footnote 844: Child, _New Discourses of Trade_, 4th ed. p. 88. Cp.

Menzel, _Gesch. der Deutschen_, cap. 491, _note_, citing Browne's work of 1668.]

[Footnote 845: _Notes of a Traveller_, p. 10.]

[Footnote 846: As to these see Motley, _Rise_, pp. 46-48. He admits that they were set up by French culture-contacts. But cp. Grattan, p. 75.]

[Footnote 847: Hallam, _Literature of Europe_, ed. 1872, iii, 249.]

[Footnote 848: _Id._ iv, 1.]

[Footnote 849: Cp. Biedermann, as cited in the author's _Buckle and his Critics_, pp. 169-73.]

[Footnote 850: Van Kampen, i, 608, 609.]

[Footnote 851: Her works were issued in 1528, 1540, and 1567.]

[Footnote 852: Cp. Mr. Gosse's article on Dutch literature, in _Ency.

Brit._ 10th ed. vol. xii.]

[Footnote 853: As to this see Cerisier, vi, 267.]

[Footnote 854: Van Kampen, i, 607, 608; ii, 106; Motley, _United Netherlands_, iv, 570.]

[Footnote 855: Wenzelburger, i, 54.]

[Footnote 856: Motley, _United Netherlands_, iv, 556.]

[Footnote 857: At 1829 it was only 2,613,487.]

[Footnote 858: Some of course were destroyed by various causes. Rubens's "Descent from the Cross" at Antwerp, though repeatedly retouched, was ruined when Reynolds saw it; but the number of good pictures preserved in the Low Countries is immense.]

[Footnote 859: In 1833 there were 2,270,959 hectares of land = 8,768 square miles. In 1877 there were 3,297,268 hectares = 12,731 square miles--the result of systematic reclamation from sea and river.]

[Footnote 860: Population in 1897 slightly over 5,000,000; at the end of 1910, 5,945,155.]

[Footnote 861: Compare, however, the verdict of Laing, cited above, p.

325.]

[Footnote 862: An increase of some seven millions since 1900.]

[Footnote 863: Chief crops rye, oats, potatoes.]

[Footnote 864: The clear exports are chiefly margarine, b.u.t.ter, cheese, sugar, leather, paper, manufactured woollen and cotton cloths, flax, vegetables, potato-flour, oxen, and sheep. In 1891 Great Britain imported from the Netherlands 3,093,595 worth of margarine and 770,460 worth of b.u.t.ter; in 1909, 2,782,636 worth and 843,318 worth respectively; while sugar stood at 2,043,724. Oil seed rose from 345,210 in 1909 to 721,266 in 1910; and condensed milk in the latter year stood at 795,937.]

[Footnote 865: Increases of 5,000 men and 1,300 boats since 1900.]

[Footnote 866: An increase of 143 since 1900.]

[Footnote 867: An increase of 2,206 (over 100 per cent.) since 1891.]

[Footnote 868: This source of wealth, as we have seen, was much curtailed in the eighteenth century by British compet.i.tion. Laing (_Notes_, pp. 7, 8) shows how small it had become at his time, but is quite mistaken in a.s.suming that it had never been great.]

[Footnote 869: About 60 per cent. of the revenue is from Government produce and monopolies.]

[Footnote 870: The communes make provision only where charity does not; there is no poor-rate.]

CHAPTER V

SWITZERLAND