The Evolution of States Part 37

[Footnote 780: Motley, pp. 462-67, 506, 527, 829.]

[Footnote 781: Van Kampen, i, 512. Camden (_Hist. of Elizabeth_, trans.

3rd ed. 1635, p. 369) states that Parma was unready to sail when called upon, but adds that the Dutch ships of war lay so placed that he "could not put from sh.o.r.e."]

[Footnote 782: While Charles V spoke all the languages of his empire, Philip spoke only Spanish. Motley, p. 74. See the notes for a sample of his cast of mind.]

[Footnote 783: Davies, ii, 199.]

[Footnote 784: M'Culloch (_Treatises_, p. 347) states that even in its prosperous period Antwerp had little shipping of its own. He refers to Guicciardini's _Descrizzione_, but I cannot trace the testimony; and Guicciardini, while speaking of the mult.i.tudes of foreigners always at Antwerp (French tr. ed. 1625, fol. p. 114), mentions that the population included a great number of mariners (p. 95).]

[Footnote 785: Grattan, pp. 232, 233, 237; Davies, ii, 452-65, etc.; Motley, _United Netherlands_, ed. 1867, iv, 537.]

[Footnote 786: Van Kampen, ii, 35.]

[Footnote 787: _Id._ p. 37.]

[Footnote 788: _Id._ p. 36.]

[Footnote 789: Motley, _Rise_, p. 149; Prescott, _Philip II_, ed. cited, p. 659.]

[Footnote 790: Davies, ii, 304; Watson, _Hist. of Reign of Philip II_, ed. 1839, p. 527, citing Grotius, lib. v. In 1600, however, Philip III seems to have either acknowledged the debt to Genoa or borrowed anew to a large amount; and at his death he is said to have doubled the debt (Howell, _Epistolae Ho-elianae_, ed. Bennett, 1891, i, 138).]

[Footnote 791: Davies, ii, 32, 33. Cp. G. Brandt, _History of the Reformation in the Low Countries_, Eng. tr. 1720, folio, bk. xi, i, 310.]

[Footnote 792: Cp. Motley, _Rise_, pp. 581, 646; _United Netherlands_, iv, 558; M'Cullagh, p. 206 (where the chronology is inaccurate).]

[Footnote 793: See Motley, _Rise_, pp. 37, 38, as to the curtailment of clerical wealth in the Netherlands from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries by the feudal superiors, who, unlike their over-lords, did not need to look to the Church for support.]

[Footnote 794: Grattan, p. 69; Davies, i, 294.]

[Footnote 795: Cp. the _Memoires de Jean De Witt_, as cited, p. 101, ptie. ii, ch. 2.]

[Footnote 796: Grattan, p. 71.]

[Footnote 797: Davies, ii, 636. Already at the death of Charles V the debt of the entire Netherlands was five or six million florins. At the armistice of 1609 the debt of the province of Holland alone was twenty-six millions. By 1648 the war was reckoned to have cost Spain in all fifteen hundred millions. M'Cullagh, ii, 330, 331.]

[Footnote 798: Davies, ii, 290.]

[Footnote 799: Of 250 Dutchmen who sailed, however, only 90 returned.]

[Footnote 800: _Description des Pays Bas_, ed. 1625, p. 319.]

[Footnote 801: Davies, ii, 328.]

[Footnote 802: _Memoires de Jean De Witt_, as cited, p. 21.]

[Footnote 803: Davies, ii, 407. The clergy were of the war party.]

[Footnote 804: _Memoires_ cited, p. 194.]

[Footnote 805: M'Culloch, p. 353; Macpherson, _Annals of Commerce_, 1804, ii, 596; Petty, _Essays_, ed. 1699, p. 165; Keymor, _Observations made upon the Dutch Fishing about 1601_, rep. in _The Phoenix_, 1707, i, 223.]

[Footnote 806: _Memoires_ cited, pp. 48, 50.]

[Footnote 807: Davies, iii, 556.]

[Footnote 808: Cp. Tucker, _Essay on Trade_, 4th ed. p. 57.]

[Footnote 809: Latterly the regulations failed to check fraud, and even hampered trade (M'Culloch, _Treatises_, p. 371). But for a long time the effect was to sustain the business credit of the Dutch.]

[Footnote 810: Cp. _Memoires of Jean De Witt_, p. 103, as to exceptions.]

[Footnote 811: Keymor, as cited, p. 224. Hamburg about the same period, as Keymor notes, enacted that foreigners should not be allowed to sell herrings in the port until its own boats had come in and sold theirs.]

[Footnote 812: _Essays in Political Arithmetic_, ed. 1699, p. 170. Cp.

p. 181.]

[Footnote 813: _New Discourse on Trade_, 4th ed. p. 61.]

[Footnote 814: For the years 1605-10, an average of 36 per cent; for 1616, 62-1/2 per cent.]

[Footnote 815: M'Culloch, _Treatises_, pp. 366-67, and refs. It is told in the _Memoires de Jean De Witt_ (as cited, p. 52, _note_, ptie. i, ch.

xi) that cargoes of pepper were wilfully sunk near port.]

[Footnote 816: _Memoires_ cited, pp. 24, 51, 52.]

[Footnote 817: M'Culloch, pp. 368-69. The Dutch ideal being almost necessarily one of small consumption and acc.u.mulation of nominal or money capital, there was no improvement in the popular standard of comfort.]

[Footnote 818: _Memoires_ cited, ptie. i, ch. x, xi, pp. 47, 48, 50.]

[Footnote 819: Motley, _United Netherlands_, iv, 561, 562.]

[Footnote 820: As to the stress of party spirit in Holland about this period, see Davies, ii, 725, 726.]

[Footnote 821: See hereinafter, pt. vi, ch. ii, -- 5.]

[Footnote 822: Davies, ii, 721; Van Kampen, ii, 149. Cp. Temple, _Essay upon the Advancement of Trade in Ireland_, Works, iii, 15, 16.]

[Footnote 823: _Memoires de Jean De Witt_, ptie. ii, ch. ii, iii (iii, iv). It is there noted (ch. ii, p. 113) that when in time of war the States-General gave letters of marque to privateers there were always bitter complaints that the Dutch privateers took Dutch goods as well as the enemy's. Again it is asked (p. 163), "What plunder is there for us to gain at sea when we are almost the only traffickers?"]

[Footnote 824: It is to be noted that De Witt diverged fatally from the doctrine of his friend Delacourt in thus leaning to foreign alliances, which Delacourt altogether opposed. See Lefevre Pontalis, _Jean De Witt_, 1884, i, 317-18, where an interesting account of the _Memoires_ is given.]

[Footnote 825: Davies, iii, 68, 69; Rogers, _Holland_, p. 266. Temple was of course the unconscious instrument of the treachery of Charles.

Cp. Lefevre Pontalis, _Jean De Witt_, i, 451-55.]

[Footnote 826: See the Declaration and the Dutch reply, printed in 1674, reprinted in _The Phoenix_, 1707, i, 271 _sq._]

[Footnote 827: Cp. Child, _New Discourse of Trade_, 4th ed. pref. pp.