Latin for Beginners Part 40

2. Fugiebat ne {caperetur, traderetur, videretur, {necaretur, raperetur, resisteret.

3. Misit nuntios qui {dicerent, audirent, venirent {narrarent, audirentur, in concilio sederent.

4. Castra muniverunt {sese defenderent, impetum sustinerent, quo facilius {hostis vincerent, salutem peterent.

II. 1. Caesar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. 3. The scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans. 4. Caesar inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory.

LESSON LXIV

THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

<361.>> The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows:

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE SINGULAR 1. ama'verim monu'erim re'xerim ce'perim audi'verim 2. ama'veris monu'eris re'xeris ce'peris audi'veris 3. ama'verit monu'erit re'xerit ce'perit audi'verit

PLURAL 1. amave'rimus monue'rimus rexe'rimus cepe'rimus audive'rimus 2. amave'ritis monue'ritis rexe'ritis cepe'ritis audive'ritis 3. ama'verint monu'erint re'xerint ce'perint audi'verint

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE SINGULAR 1. amavis'sem monuis'sem rexis'sem cepis'sem audivis'sem 2. amavis'ses monuis'ses rexis'ses cepis'ses audivis'sem 3. amavis'set monuis'set rexis'set cepis'set audivis'set

PLURAL 1. amavisse'mus monuisse'mus rexisse'mus cep.i.s.se'mus audivisse'mus 2. amavisse'tis monuisse'tis rexisse'tis cep.i.s.se'tis audivisse'tis 3. amavis'sent monuis'sent rexis'sent cepis'sent audivis'sent

_a._ Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.

_b._ Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends in <-m>> and not in <-o>>.

_c._ Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding <-issem, -isses="">>, etc. to the perfect stem.

_d._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active of >, >, >, >, >.

<362.>> The pa.s.sive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect pa.s.sive participle with >, the present subjunctive of >

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE Pa.s.sIVE SINGULAR 1. ama'tus sim mo'nitus sim rec'tus sim cap'tus sim audi'tus sim 2. ama'tus sis mo'nitus sis rec'tus sis cap'tus sis audi'tus sis 3. ama'tus sit mo'nitus sit rec'tus sit cap'tus sit audi'tus sit

PLURAL 1. ama'ti simus mo'niti s. rec'ti s. cap'ti s. audi'ti s.

2. ama'ti sitis mo'niti s. rec'ti s. cap'ti s. audi'ti s.

3. ama'ti sint mo'niti sint rec'ti sint cap'ti sint audi'ti sint

<363.>> The pa.s.sive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect pa.s.sive participle with >, the imperfect subjunctive of >.

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE Pa.s.sIVE SINGULAR 1. amatus essem monitus essem rectus essem captus e. auditus e.

2. amatus esses monitus esses rectus esses captus e. auditus e.

3. amatus esset monitus esset rectus esset captus e. auditus e.

PLURAL 1. amati essemus moniti essemus recti essemus capti e. auditi e.

2. amati essetis moniti essetis recti essetis capti e. auditi e.

3. amati essent moniti essent recti essent capti e. auditi e.

_a._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive pa.s.sive of >, >, >, >, >

<364.>> The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb > are inflected as follows:

PERFECT PLUPERFECT fu'erim fue'rimus fuis'sem fuisse'mus fu'eris fue'ritis fuis'ses fuisse'tis fu'erit fu'erint fuis'set fuis'sent

<365.>> A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,

_That the men are afraid_ is clear enough (clause as subject) He ordered _them to call on him_ (clause as object)

We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. --213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the _subjunctive_ in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages.

<366.>> RULE. > _A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of >, >,

>, or

EXAMPLES

1. _The general ordered the soldiers to run_ > 2. _He urged them to resist bravely_ > 3. _He asked them to give the children food_

> 4. _He will persuade us not to set out_ > 5. _He advises us to remain at home_ >

_a._ The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the princ.i.p.al subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. --348.)

<367.>> The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose.

Learn the list and the princ.i.p.al parts of the new ones.

>, _urge_ >, _order_ (with the _dative_ of the _person_ ordered and a _subjunctive clause_ of the _thing_ ordered done) >, _advise_

>, >, >, _ask, seek_

>, _persuade_ (with the same construction as impero)

>, _demand, require_ >, _advise_ (cf.

>)

N.B. Remember that >, _order_, takes the infinitive as in English.

(Cf. --213.1.) Compare the sentences

>, _I order him to come_ >, _I give orders to him that he is to come_

We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the difference in meaning between iubeo and impero in the Latin requires the _infinitive_ in the one case and the _subjunctive_ in the other.

<368.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. Pet.i.t atque hortatur ut ipse dicat. 2. Caesar Helvetiis imperravit ne per provinciam iter facerent. 3. Caesar non iussit Helvetios per provinciam iter facere. 4. Ille civibus persuasit ut de finibus suis discederent. 5. Caesar principes monebit ne proelium committant.

6. Postulavit ne c.u.m Helvetiis aut c.u.m eorum sociis bellum gererent.

7. Ab iis quaesivi ne proficiscerentur. 8. Iis persuadere non potui ut domi manerent.

II. 1. Who ordered Caesar to make the march? (_Write this sentence both with_ > _and with_ >.) 2. The faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak. 3. They will ask him not to inflict punishment. 4. He demanded that they come to the camp. 5. He advised them to tell everything (>).

NOTE. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review --352.

[Ill.u.s.tration: LEGIO ITER FACIT]

LESSON LXV

THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF _POSSUM_ VERBS OF FEARING

<369.>> Learn the subjunctive of

> (--495), and note especially the position of the accent.