Latin for Beginners Part 31

<267.>> > We saw above that the place-relation expressed by _at_ or _in_ is regularly covered by the locative ablative.

However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the _locative case_. This case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands, >, _at home_, and a few other words.

<268.>> RULE. > _To express the

> with names of towns and small islands, >, use the locative; otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as_,

>, _Galba lives at Rome_ >, _Galba lives at Corinth_ >, _Galba lives at home_

Here >, >, and > are _locatives_, being _singular_ and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in

>, _Galba lives at Athens_, >, _Galba lives at Pompeii_

> are locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the nominatives

> are_plural_ and there is no plural locative case form.

<269.>> The word >, _home, house_, has forms of both the second and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (--468).

<270.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.

I. 1. Corinthi omnia insignia auri a ducibus victoribus rapta erant.

2. Caesar Genavam exercitum magnis itineribus duxit. 3. Quem pontem hostes cremaverant? Pontem in Rheno hostes cremaverant. 4. Pompeiis multas Romanorum domos videre poteritis. 5. Roma consul equo veloci rus properavit. 6. Domi consulis homines multi sedebant. 7. Imperator iusserat legatum Athenas c.u.m multis navibus longis navigare. 8. Ante moenia urbis sunt ordines arborum altarum. 9. Propter arbores altas nec lac.u.m nec portum reperire potuimus. 10. Proeliis crebris Caesar legiones suas quae erant in Gallia exercebat. 11. Cotidie in loco idoneo castra ponebat et muniebat.

II. 1. Caesar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2] 2. He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. 3. After his arrival Caesar called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle. 4. The enemy hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3]

of wounds. 5. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit.[4] 6. Marcus and s.e.xtus are my brothers; the one lives at Rome, the other in the country.

[Footnote 2: Latin says "by a swift horse." What construction?]

[Footnote 3: Distinguish between the English conjunction _because_ (> or >) and the preposition _because of_ (

>).]

[Footnote 4: _used to sit_, express by the imperfect.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: DAEDALUS ET ICARUS]

<271.>> DAED'ALUS AND IC'ARUS

Creta est insula antiqua quae aqua alta magni maris pulsatur. Ibi olim Minos erat rex. Ad eum venit Daedalus qui ex Graecia patria fugiebat.

Eum Minos rex benignis verbis accepit et ei domicilium in Creta dedit.

[5]Quo in loco Daedalus sine cura vivebat et regi multa et clara opera faciebat. Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam caram desiderare incepit. Domum properare studebat, sed regi persuadere non potuit et mare saevum fugam vetabat.

[Footnote 5: _And in this place_; > does not here introduce a subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a _connecting relative_, and is translated by _and_ and a demonstrative or personal p.r.o.noun.]

LESSON XLVIII

THE FIFTH OR E-DECLENSION THE ABLATIVE OF TIME

[Special Vocabulary]

>, m., _day_ (diary) >, no plur., f., _faith, trust; promise, word; protection_; >, _to come under the protection_ >, m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate) >, f., _winter_ >, f., _hour_ >, f., _light_ (lucid);

>, _daybreak_ >, acc. -em, abl. -e, no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian) >, f., _night_ (nocturnal)

>, _first_ (prime) >, f., _thing, matter_ (real); >, _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_); >, _adversity_; >, _prosperity_ >, f., _hope_

<272.>> > Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except >, _day_, and >, _midday_, which are usually masculine.

<273.>> PARADIGMS

[Transcriber's Note: The "Stems" are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]

>, >, f., m., _day_ _thing_ STEMS > > BASES > >

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ dies res -es _Gen._ diei rei -e?i _Dat._ diei rei -e?i _Acc._ diem rem -em _Abl._ die re -e

PLURAL _Nom._ dies res -es _Gen._ dierum rerum -erum _Dat._ diebus rebus -ebus _Acc._ dies res -es _Abl._ diebus rebus -ebus

1. The vowel > which appears in every form is regularly long. It is shortened in the ending <-ei>> after a consonant, as in >; and before <-m>> in the accusative singular, as in >. (Cf. --12.2.)

2. Only > and > are complete in the plural. Most other nouns of this declension lack the plural. >, _hope_, have the nominative and accusative plural.

<274.>> The ablative relation (--50) which is expressed by the prepositions _at, in_, or _on_ may refer not only to place, but also to time, as _at noon, in summer, on the first day_. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called the _ablative of time_.

<275.>> RULE. > _The time > or > anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition._

_a._ Occasionally the preposition <_in_>> is found. Compare the English _Next day we started_ and _> the next day we started_.

<276.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.

I. _Galba the Farmer._ Galba agricola ruri vivit. Cotidie prima luce laborare incipit, nec ante noctem in studio suo cessat. Meridie Iulia filia eum ad cenam vocat. Nocte pedes defessos domum vert.i.t. Aestate filii agricolae auxilium patri dant. Hieme agricola eos in ludum mitt.i.t.

Ibi magister pueris multas fabulas de rebus gestis Caesaris narrat.

Aestate filii agricolae perpetuis laboribus exercentur nec grave agri opus est iis molestum. Galba sine ulla cura vivit nec res adversas timet.

II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Caesar's line of battle. 3. In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows. 4. On the second day the savages were eager to come under Caesar's protection. 5. The king had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory. 6. That year a fire destroyed many birds and other animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild beast's teeth.

<277.>> DAED'ALUS AND IC'ARUS (_Continued_)

Tum Daedalus gravibus curis commotus filio suo Icaro ita dixit: "Animus meus, Icare, est plenus trist.i.tiae nec oculi lacrimis egent. Discedere ex Creta, Athenas properare, maxime studeo; sed rex recusat audire verba mea et omnem reditus spem eripit. Sed numquam rebus adversis vincar.

Terra et mare sunt inimica, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam." Tum in artis ignotas animum dimitt.i.t et mirum capit consilium. Nam pennas in ordine ponit et veras alas facit.

LESSON XLIX

p.r.o.nOUNS CLa.s.sIFIED PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE p.r.o.nOUNS

[Special Vocabulary]

>, conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_ >, f., _a letter_ of the alphabet; plur., _a letter, an epistle_ >, m., _fear_ >, n., _nothing_ (nihilist) >, m., _messenger_. Cf. >

>, f., _peace_ (pacify) >, n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_ >, n., _punishment_; >, with abl., _inflict punishment on_; >, _suffer punishment_. Cf.

>

>, _be pleasing to, please_, with dative. Cf. --154 >, _take up, a.s.sume_ >, _sustain_

<278.>> We have the same kinds of p.r.o.nouns in Latin as in English. They are divided into the following eight cla.s.ses: