Latin for Beginners Part 29

PLURAL _Nom._ vires itinera _Gen._ virium itinerum _Dat._ viribus itineribus _Acc._ viris, or -es itinera _Abl._ viribus itineribus

<247.>> There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of great service, and should be thoroughly mastered:

1. > are nouns in <-or>>, <-os>>, <-er>>, <-es>> (gen. <-itis>>).

_a._ >, _march_, is neuter.

2. > are nouns in <-o>>, <-is>>, <-x>>, and in <-s>> preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel but >.

_a._ Masculine are > (_hill_), >, > (_month_), >,

>, and nouns in <-nis>> and <-guis>>--as >, > (_blood_)--and the four monosyllables

>, _a tooth_; >, _a mountain_

>, _a bridge_; >, _a fountain_

3. > are nouns in <-e>>, <-al>>, <-ar>>, <-n>>, <-ur>>, <-us>>, and >.

[Footnote 1: Review --60. Words denoting males are, of course, masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.]

<248.>> Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is determined:

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

<249.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.

I. _The First Bridge over the Rhine._ Salus sociorum erat semper cara Romanis. Olim Galli, amici Romanorum, multas iniurias ab Germanis qui trans flumen Rhenum vivebant acceperant. Ubi legati ab iis ad Caesarem imperatorem Romanum venerunt et auxilium postulaverunt, Romani magnis itineribus ad hostium finis properaverunt. Mox ad ripas magni fluminis venerunt. Imperator studebat copias suas trans fluvium ducere, sed nulla via[2] poterat. Nullas navis habebat. Alta erat aqua. Imperator autem, vir clarus, numquam adversa fortuna commotus, novum consilium cepit.

Iussit suos[3] in[4] lato flumine facere pontem. Numquam antea pons in Rheno visus erat. Hostes ubi pontem quem Romani fecerant viderunt, summo terrore commoti, sine mora fugam parare inceperunt.

II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain.

2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched our camp near (

[Footnote 2: Abl. of manner.]

[Footnote 3: >, used as a noun, _his men_.]

[Footnote 4: We say _build a bridge over_; the Romans, _make a bridge on_.]

[Footnote 5: Place first.]

>

LESSON XLV

ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION _I_-STEMS

[Special Vocabulary]

>, _short, brief_ >, _difficult_ >, _facile, easy_ >, _brave_ (fort.i.tude) >, _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave) >, _every, all_ (omnibus)

>, gen.

>, _equal_ (par)

>, _few, only a few_ (paucity) >, _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus >, n., _signal, sign, standard_ >, gen. >, _swift_ (velocity)

>, _arrange, station, place_ (collocation) >, _point out, explain_ (demonstrate) >, _commit, intrust_ (mandate)

<250.>> Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like >, >), or they are of the third declension.

<251.>> Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have >-_stems_, and they are declined almost like nouns with >-stems.

<252.>> Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative for each gender, as, >, m.; >, f.; >, n.

Such an adjective is called an _adjective of three endings_. Adjectives of the third declension are of the following cla.s.ses:

I. Adjectives of three endings-- a different form in the nominative for each gender.

II. Adjectives of two endings-- masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different.

III. Adjectives of one ending-- masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike.

<253.>> Adjectives of the third declension in <-er>> have three endings; those in <-is>> have two endings; the others have one ending.

CLa.s.s I

<254.>> Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

_Nom._ acer acris acre acres acres acria _Gen._ acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium _Dat._ acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus _Acc._ acrem acrem acre acris, -es acris, -es acria _Abl._ acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus

CLa.s.s II

<255.>> Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:

>, _every, all_[1]

STEM > BASE >

SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.

_Nom._ omnis omne omnes omnia _Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium _Dat._ omni omni omnibus omnibus _Acc._ omnem omne omnis, -es omnia _Abl._ omni omni omnibus omnibus

[Footnote 1: > is usually translated _every_ in the singular and _all_ in the plural.]

CLa.s.s III

<256.>> Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:

>, _equal_ STEM

> BASE

>

SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.