Latin for Beginners Part 21

<188.>> DIALOGUE

THE BOYS t.i.tUS, MARCUS, AND QUINTUS

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.

M. Ubi fuistis, t.i.te et Quinte?

T. Ego in meo ludo fui et Quintus in suo ludo fuit. Boni pueri fuimus.

Fuitne s.e.xtus in vico hodie?

M. Fuit. Nuper per agros proximos fluvio properabat. Ibi is et Cornelius habent navigium.

T. _Navigium_ dicis? Alii[1] narra eam fabulam!

M. Vero (_Yes, truly_), pulchrum et novum navigium!

Q. Cuius pecunia[2] s.e.xtus et Cornelius id navigium parant? Quis iis pecuniam dat?

M. Amici Corneli multum habent aurum et puer pecunia non eget.

T. Quo pueri navigabunt? Navigabuntne longe a terra?

M. Dubia sunt consilia eorum. Sed hodie, credo, si ventus erit idoneus, ad maximam insulam navigabunt. Iam antea ibi fuerunt.

Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et pueri magno in periculo erant.

Q. Aqua vento commota est inimica nautis semper, et saepe perfidus ventus navigia rapit, agit, deletque. Ii pueri, si non fuerint maxime attenti, irata aqua et valido vento superabuntur et ita interficientur.

[Footnote 1: Dative case. (Cf. --109.)]

[Footnote 2: Ablative of means.]

<189.>> EXERCISE

1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. 2. Where had s.e.xtus been? He had been in a field next to the river. 3. Who has been with s.e.xtus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. 4. Who says so? Marcus.

5. If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat.

6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. 7. There[3] will be no danger, if we are (shall have been) careful.[4]

[Footnote 3: The expletive _there_ is not expressed, but the verb will precede the subject, as in English.]

[Footnote 4: This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to agree with _we_.]

LESSON x.x.xII

THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS

[Special Vocabulary]

NOUNS
>, n., _forearm, arm_

>, f., _gate_ (portal)

ADJECTIVES

>, _full_ (plenty)

PREPOSITION

>, with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_

ADVERB >, _for a long time, long_

<190.>> > The perfect tense has two distinct meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present perfect, or perfect with _have_, and denotes that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, _I have finished my work_. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the

>.

The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened _sometime in the past_; as, _I finished my work._ As no definite time is specified, this is called the

>. It corresponds to the ordinary use of the English past tense.

_a._ Note carefully the difference between the following tenses:

_I {was finishing } my work_ (imperfect, --134) {used to finish} _I finished my work_ (perfect indefinite) _I have finished my work_ (perfect definite)

When telling a story the Latin uses the _perfect indefinite_ to mark the different _forward steps_ of the narrative, and the _imperfect_ to _describe situations and circ.u.mstances_ that attend these steps. If the following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used?

"Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home."

<191.>> > We learned in --186 that any perfect is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem.

The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows:

CONJ. I > _I have advised_, _I advised_ or _did advise_ CONJ. III > _I have ruled_, _I ruled_ or _did rule_ > _I have taken_, _I took_ or _did take_ CONJ. IV

PERFECT STEMS > > >

SINGULAR 1. ama'vi mo'nui re'xi ce'pi audi'vi 2. amavis'ti monuis'ti rexis'ti cepis'ti audivis'ti 3. ama'vit mo'nuit re'xit ce'pit audi'vit

PLURAL 1. ama'vimus monu'imus re'ximus ce'pimus audi'vimus 2. amavis'tis monuis'tis rexis'tis cepis'tis audivis'tis 3. amave'runt monue'runt rexe'runt cepe'runt audive'runt _or_ _or_ _or_ _or_ _or_ amave're monue're rexe're cepe're audive're

1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the princ.i.p.al parts. From this we get the perfect stem. _This shows the absolute necessity of learning the princ.i.p.al parts thoroughly._

2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding <-vi>> to the present stem. Like

>, >, >, >.

3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it.

<192.>> Learn the princ.i.p.al parts and inflect the perfects:

PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.

do dare dedi _give_ deleo delere delevi _destroy_ habeo habere habui _have_ moveo movere movi _move_ pareo parere parui _obey_ prohibeo prohibere prohibui _restrain, keep from_ video videre vidi _see_ dico dicere dixi _say_ discedo discedere discessi _depart_ duco ducere duxi _lead_ facio facere feci _make, do_ mitto mittere misi _send_ munio munire munivi _fortify_ venio venire veni _come_

<193.>> PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_)

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.

Cepheus, adversa fortuna maxime commotus, discessit et multis c.u.m lacrimis populo Aethiopiae verba oraculi narravit. Fata Andromedae, puellae pulchrae, a toto populo deplorabantur, tamen nullum erat auxilium. Deinde Cepheus c.u.m pleno trist.i.tiae animo caram suam filiam ex oppidi porta ad aquam duxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dura revinxit.

Tum amici puellae miserae longe discesserunt et diu monstrum saevum exspectaverunt.

Tum forte Perseus, alis fretus, super Aethiopiam volabat. Vidit populum, Andromedam, lacrimas, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram descendit. Tum Cepheus ei totas curas narravit et ita dixit: "Parebo verbis oraculi, et pro patria filiam meam dabo; sed si id monstrum interficies et Andromedam servabis, tibi (_to you_) eam dabo."

LESSON x.x.xIII

PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE

<194.>> CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV > > > > > >