Killing Kennedy: The End of Camelot Part 13

"The 1930s taught us a clear lesson: Aggressive conduct, if allowed to grow unchecked and unchallenged, ultimately leads to war. This nation is opposed to war. We are also true to our word. Our unswerving objective, therefore, must be to prevent the use of these missiles against this or any other country and to secure their withdrawal or elimination from the Western Hemisphere."

The president's cadence is quicker now, as he grows angrier and angrier. The word Cuba comes out as Cuber.

After his speech is done, the president will enjoy a quiet dinner upstairs with Jackie, Ethel, Bobby, and a handful of invited guests. Watching the speech, the president's dinner guests-among them designer Oleg Ca.s.sini and Jackie's sister, Lee Radziwill-are stunned to learn that their dinner will not be the typical easygoing White House gathering. Even though they will sip French wine in the newly redecorated Oval Room, on the second floor, and JFK, with his usual understated style, will play the part of the congenial host, the tension at the dinner table will be something they will remember for the rest of their lives.

Thirteen hundred miles away, in Dallas, Texas, Lee Harvey Oswald is listening to Kennedy's speech. Unlike the majority of his peers, Oswald believes that the Soviets have every right to be in Cuba. From his perspective, the Russians must protect Castro's people against terrorist behavior by the United States. Oswald is firmly convinced that President Kennedy is putting the world on the brink of nuclear war by taking such an aggressive stance against the Soviets. To him, JFK is the villain.

Oswald finalized his move from Forth Worth to Dallas earlier in the month and rented a P.O. box, number 2915, at the post office on the corner of Bryan and North Ervay Street. A few weeks before that, Oswald found a job at the firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall, as a photographic trainee. Amazingly, the firm has a contract with the U.S. Army Map Service that involves highly cla.s.sified photographs taken by the U-2 spy planes flying over Cuba. It is Marina Oswald's Russian friend George de Mohrenschildt who arranged for Oswald to be hired there. If the FBI, in all its zeal to stop the spread of communism, is concerned that a former Soviet defector has access to such top secret U-2 data at the peak of cold war tension, it's not proving it by paying attention to his case.

On television, the president is about to throw down the gauntlet. "Acting, therefore, in the defense of our own security and of the entire Western Hemisphere, and under the authority entrusted me by the Const.i.tution as endorsed by the resolution of Congress, I have directed that the following initial steps be taken immediately."

Then, after months of being diplomatic and appearing weak in Soviet eyes, the president shows his true mettle. JFK promises to "quarantine" Cuba, using the might of the U.S. Navy to prevent any Soviet vessel from entering Cuban waters. He declares that he is prepared to use military might in the form of an invasion, if necessary. He states unequivocally that any missile launched by the Cubans or Soviets will be considered an act of war and that the United States will reciprocate with missiles of its own. The president then places the blame squarely on his nemesis. The entire speech has been building to this moment. "And finally, I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to halt and eliminate this clandestine, reckless and provocative threat to world peace and stable relations between our two nations. I call upon him further to abandon this course of world domination and to join in an historic effort to end the perilous arms race and transform the history of man."

The power of the president's speech, and the terrible news that he now delivers to the public, will make this moment stand forever in the minds of everyone who is watching. Kennedy once noted that "the only two dates that most people remember where they were was Pearl Harbor and the death of President Roosevelt."

His Cuban missile crisis speech now joins that list.

For as long as they live, men and women will be able to recount where they were and what they were doing when they got this terrible news. They will describe the people standing nearby and how their reactions compared. They will talk about the headlines the next day and how their world was transformed by the traumatic news. They will suddenly appreciate each sunrise, each sunset, each mirthful peal of a child's laughter.

Tragically, another event in JFK's short life will also soon join that list of unforgettable moments. Its shock and horror will eclipse this news of Cuba and missiles and Soviet lies. John Kennedy will never know it happened.

That event is exactly thirteen months from today. But for now, the Cuban missile crisis is drama enough.

John Kennedy, being his charismatic self, is incapable of concluding a speech without a stirring moment to galvanize his listeners. Whether with his Gold Star Mothers speech in a Boston American Legion hall during his first run for Congress, or with his inaugural address in 1961, or now on national television, JFK knows how to grab his listeners by the heart-or by "the nuts," as he so often likes to say-and rally their emotional support.

"Our goal is not the victory of might, but the vindication of right. Not peace at the expense of freedom, but both peace and freedom-here in this hemisphere and, we hope, around the world. G.o.d willing, that goal will be achieved."

The White House set fades to black.

American forces around the world immediately prepare for war. All navy and marine personnel are about to have their duty tours extended indefinitely. American warships and submarines are forming a defensive perimeter around Cuba, preparing to stop and search the twenty-five Soviet ships currently sailing toward that defiant island.

At Torrejon Air Base in Spain, the men of the 509th B-47 bomber wing hear the president's words over loudspeakers in their rooms, part of a global alert going out to all U.S. military. Captain Alan Dugard, a young bomber pilot, is packing for a week's leave in Germany. When the air force's defense readiness condition (Defcon) is upgraded to Defcon 2-only Defcon 1, which means that nuclear war is imminent, is higher-Captain Dugard instantly realizes that there will be no vacation.

U.S. Air Force bombers are already in the air around the clock. The crews will circle over European and American skies in a racetrack pattern, awaiting the "go" code to break from their flight plan and strike at the heart of the Soviet Union. Their contrails are a visible reminder of what is at stake.

The nonstop air brigade means just one thing: the United States is ready to retaliate and destroy the USSR.

Five thousand miles away, in Moscow, a furious Nikita Khrushchev composes his response to JFK's televised message.

The Soviet leader is the dashing JFK's polar opposite in appearance and aplomb. He is just five foot three, weighs almost two hundred pounds, and is as bald as a circus clown. Khrushchev has an enormous mole under his right eye, a wide gap between his front teeth, and a very unstatesmanlike habit of mugging for the camera. When he stepped off the plane on his 1959 visit to the United States, a woman in the crowd took one look at him and exclaimed, "What a funny little man."

But there is nothing funny about Nikita Khrushchev. He believes in diplomacy by "balance of fear." His decision to place missiles in Cuba is calculated and ruthless. "I came to the conclusion that if we did everything secretly, and the Americans found out about it only after the missiles were in place and ready to be launched, they would have to stop and think before making the risky decision to wipe out our missiles by military force," Khrushchev will later write.

However, now, as he begins his response to Kennedy's speech, the Soviet dictator turns crafty and chooses his words carefully. "You, Mr. President, are not declaring a quarantine," Khrushchev dictates to a secretary, "but rather are setting forth an ultimatum and threatening that if we do not give in to your demands you will use force. Consider what you are saying!

"The Soviet government considers that the violation of the freedom to use international waters and international air s.p.a.ce is an act of aggression which pushes mankind toward the abyss of a world nuclear missile war," Khrushchev lectures JFK. "Naturally, we will not simply be bystanders with regard to piratical acts by American ships on the high seas. We will then be forced on our part to take the measures we consider necessary and adequate in order to protect our rights. We have everything necessary to do so."

It was Khrushchev alone who devised the plan to place missiles in Cuba. He presented his idea to the Soviet government's Central Committee, and then to Fidel Castro just three months earlier. He believed the missiles could be hidden from the United States and, even if they were discovered, that Kennedy would refuse to act.

Khrushchev also claims the decision was a goodwill gesture to the Cuban people, in case of another Bay of Pigsstyle invasion by the United States. Having partic.i.p.ated in World War II, the Soviet leader knows that the logistics of launching a war in another hemisphere are just about impossible. So he wants his a.r.s.enal closer to America, and Cuba provides that opportunity. The weapons he has persuaded Castro to take are Soviet-made, manned by Soviet soldiers and technicians, tipped with Soviet nuclear warheads-and brought to Cuba aboard Soviet ships.

Having been a former political commissar in the Red Army, Khrushchev understands the power of words. He tells the world that the Soviet Union has "a moral and legal justification" for placing missiles in Cuba. Soviet ships have every right to enter Cuban waters and unload any cargo they like and that the American naval quarantine-a fancy way of saying "blockade," which is an act of war-is reprehensible. Khrushchev feels persecuted by the Americans. He is outraged that the Soviet Union has suffered two world wars on its soil, while the United States has suffered very little homeland devastation. Khrushchev also knows quite well that the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima had an explosive force equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT. That makes the Soviet dictator smile: his nuclear warheads are equivalent to 1 million tons.

Nikita Khrushchev is no stranger to ma.s.s death. He served at the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II, where more than a million men died-including many of the German soldiers Khrushchev personally interrogated. But those killings pale next to the s.a.d.i.s.tic methods a younger Khrushchev employed to climb the Communist Party ladder in the early 1930s.

When Joseph Stalin, the serial killer who ran the Soviet Union for thirty years, ordered a "Great Purge" of his enemies in 1934, Nikita Khrushchev was an eager partic.i.p.ant in this plan. Millions of suspected disloyal Communists were executed or relocated to Siberian prisons. Khrushchev personally ordered thousands of murders and authorized the killing of some of his own friends and colleagues. He gave a speech in 1936 stating that the executions were the only way to rid the Soviet Union of the dissidents striving to undermine its grand success. The following year, Stalin appointed Khrushchev as head of the Communist Party in Ukraine. By the time World War II ended his tenure there in 1939, Khrushchev had overseen the arrest and murder of almost every member of the local party leadership. Hundreds of Ukrainians were murdered. Few politicians survived.

Now Nikita Khrushchev's relentless quest for power has put the world on the brink of nuclear war.

But there's a problem: Khrushchev is surprised to learn that his adversary, John Kennedy, is deadly serious about defending his country at all costs. But Khrushchev tells a.s.sociates he will not back down. He is a firm believer in the old Russian adage, "Once you're in a fight, don't spare yourself. Give it everything you've got."

John Kennedy was ignorant of that adage eighteen months ago, during the Bay of Pigs invasion. Now Nikita Khrushchev is gambling that the president of the United States will make the same mistake once again.

On the evening of October 24, Khrushchev orders that his letter be transmitted to Kennedy. In it the Communist leader states calmly and unequivocally that the president's proposed naval blockade is "a pirate act." Soviet ships are being instructed to ignore it.

President Kennedy receives Premier Khrushchev's letter just before 11:00 P.M. on October 24. He responds less than three hours later, coolly stating that the blockade is necessary and placing all blame for the crisis on Khrushchev and the Soviets.

It's becoming clear that Kennedy will never back down. The U.S. Navy soon boards a freighter bound for Cuba. Appropriately, the destroyer USS Joseph Kennedy Jr., named for the president's late brother, is the ship tasked with enforcing the risky quarantine.

"Did you send it?" Jackie asked her husband, referring to the ship, when she learned of this coincidence.

"No," the president replied. "Isn't that strange?"

While the Soviet leadership waits for JFK to crack, he instead goes on the offensive. The president spends Friday, October 26, planning the invasion of Cuba. No detail is too small. He requests a list of all Cuban doctors in Miami, just in case there will be a need to airlift them into Cuba. He orders that a U.S. naval vessel loaded with sensitive radar be moved farther off the coast of the island nation, to make it less vulnerable to attack. Kennedy knows where each invasion ship will a.s.semble, and even scrutinizes the wording of the leaflets that will be dropped to the Cuban people. All the while, the president frets that "when military hostilities first begin, those missiles will be fired at us."

JFK is privately telling aides that it's now a showdown between him and Khrushchev, "two men sitting on opposite sides of the world," deciding "the end of civilization."

It's a staring contest. The loser blinks first.

But John Kennedy has seen Nikita Khrushchev blink before. In the early days of Kennedy's presidency, shortly after the Bay of Pigs incident, the two men held a summit meeting in Vienna. Khrushchev tried to bully his younger adversary on the subject of West Berlin, hoping to take control of the entire city because more and more citizens of Soviet-controlled East Berlin were risking their lives in the name of freedom by escaping into the adjacent territory controlled by the United States and her World War II allies. Kennedy refused to back down, and a chastened Khrushchev began construction of the Berlin Wall to save face.

But time is on Khrushchev's side on this occasion. Construction of the missile launch facilities in Cuba is nearly complete.

So, while the rest of the world prepares for imminent doom, Nikita Khrushchev spends the early evening of October 26 at the Bolshoi Ballet. "Our people and the foreigners will see this, and it will have a calming effect," he exhorts his comrades in the Soviet leadership. "If Khrushchev and the other leaders are going to the theatre at a time like this, then it must be possible to sleep peacefully."