Graded Lessons in English Part 20

+Model+.--_Truth, crushed to earth, will rise again_.

Truth | will rise ==========|============= cru | again shed -------- to earth -------

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--In this diagram, the line standing for the princ.i.p.al word of the participial phrase is broken; one part slants, and the other is horizontal. This shows that the participle _crushed_ is used like an adjective to modify _Truth_, and yet retains the nature of a verb, expressing an action received by truth.

+Oral a.n.a.lysis+.--This is a sentence, because ----; _Truth_ is the subject, because ----; _will rise_ is the predicate, because ----; the phrase, _crushed to earth_, is a modifier of the Subj., because ----; _crushed_ introduces the phrase and is the princ.i.p.al word in it; the phrase _to earth_ is a modifier of _crushed_; _to_ introduces it, and _earth_ is the princ.i.p.al word in it; _again_ is a modifier of the Pred., because ----.

_Truth crushed to earth_ is the modified subject, _will rise again_ is the modified predicate.

+Parsing+--_Crushed_ is the form of the verb called _participle_. The action expressed by it is merely _a.s.sumed_.

1. The mirth of Addison is genial, imparting a mild glow of thought.

2. The general, riding to the front, led the attack.

3. The balloon, shooting swiftly into the clouds, was soon lost to sight.

4. Wealth acquired dishonestly will prove a curse.

5. The sun, rising, dispelled the mists.

6. The thief, being detected, surrendered to the officer.

7. They boarded the vessel lying in the harbor.

8. The territory claimed by the Dutch was called New Netherlands.

9. Washington, having crossed the Delaware, attacked the Hessians stationed at Trenton.

10. Burgoyne, having been surrounded at Saratoga, surrendered to Gen.

Gates.

11. Pocahontas was married to a young Englishman named John Rolfe.

12. A shrug of the shoulders, translated into words, loses much force.

13. The armies of England, mustered for the battles of Europe, do not awaken sincere admiration.

(Note that the participle, like the predicate verb, may consist of two or more words.)

(Note, too, that the participle, like the adjective, may belong to a _noun complement_.)

LESSON 49.

THE INFINITIVE PHRASE.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--There is another form of the verb which, like the participle, cannot be the predicate of a sentence, for it cannot _a.s.sert_; as, She went out _to see_ a friend; _To lie_ is a disgrace. As this form of the verb expresses the action, being, or state in a general manner, without limiting it directly to a subject, it is called an +Infinitive+, which means _without limit_. The infinitive generally follows _to_; as, _to walk, to sleep_.

Let each pupil give an infinitive.

The infinitive and the preposition _to_ const.i.tute a phrase, which may be employed in several ways.

+T+.--_I have a duty to perform_. The infinitive phrase modifies what?

+P+.--The noun _duty_. +T+.--It then performs the office of what? +P+.--Of an adjective modifier.

+T+.--_I come to hear_. The infinitive phrase modifies what? +P+.--The verb _come_. +T+.--What office then does it perform? +P+.--Of an adverb modifier.

+T+.--_To lie is base_. _What_ is base? +P+.--To lie. +T+.--_He attempted to speak_. _What_ did he attempt? +P+.--To speak. +T+.--_To lie_ is a subject, and _to speak_ is an _object_. What part of speech is used as subject and object? +P+.--The noun.

+T+.--The +Infinitive+ phrase is used as an +adjective+, an +adverb+, and a +noun+.

_Infinitives_ may be completed by _objects_ and _attributes_.

+a.n.a.lysis and Parsing+.

+Model+.--_David hasted to meet Goliath_.

David | hasted ==========|=========== | to meet | Goliath ----------------

+a.n.a.lysis of the Infinitive Phrase+.--_To_ introduces the phrase; _meet_, completed by the object _Goliath_, is the princ.i.p.al part.

+Parsing of the Phrase+.--_To_ is a preposition, because ----; _meet_ is a verb, because ----; _Goliath_ is a noun, because ----.

1. I come not here to talk.

2. I rejoice to hear it.

3. A desire to excel leads to eminence.

4. Dr. Franklin was sent to France to solicit aid for the colonies.

5. To retreat was impossible.

(_To_ is here used merely to introduce the infinitive phrase.)

to retreat --------- | | / | was impossible ==========|====================== |

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--As this _phrase subject_ cannot, in its proper form, be written on the subject line, it is placed above, and, by means of a support, the phrase diagram is made to rest on the subject line.

The _phrase complement_ may be diagramed in a similar way, and made to rest on the complement line.

6. The hands refuse to labor.

7. To live is not all of life.

8. The Puritans desired to obtain religious freedom.

9. The Romans, having conquered the world, were unable to conquer themselves.

10. Narvaez sailed from Cuba to conquer Florida.

11. Some savages of America and Africa love to wear rings in the nose.

12. Andrew Jackson, elected to succeed J. Q. Adams, was inaugurated in 1829.

LESSON 50.

POSITION AND PUNCTUATION OF THE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE.

ERRORS TO BE CORRECTED. (See Caution 1, Lesson 41.)

Punctuate as you correct. (See Lesson 37.)

A house was built for a clergyman having seven gables.

The old man struck the saucy boy raising a gold-headed cane.