Early English Meals and Manners Part 69

1474, in _Household Ordinances_, p. *30, and of Henry VIII.'s Porters, _ibid._ p. 239.]

[Footnote 15: Though Edward IV. had Marshals (_Household Ordinances_, p. 84, &c.), one of whom made the Surnape when the King was in the Hall (p. 32), or Estate in the Surnape (p. 38), yet there is no separate heading or allowance for them in the _Liber Niger_. Two yeomen Ushers are mentioned in p. 38, but the two yeomen Ewars, their two Grooms and Page, p. 84, perform (nearly) the duties given above to the Usher and his Grooms.]

[[Footnote 15a: Fires in Hall lasted to _Cena Domini_, the Thursday before Easter: see l. 398. Squires' allowances of lights ended on Feb. 2, I suppose. These lights, or _candle_ of l. 839, would be only part of the allowances. The rest would continue all the year. See _Household Ordinances & North. Hous. Book_. Dr Rock says that the _holyn_ or holly and _erbere grene_ refer to the change on Easter Sunday described in the _Liber Festivalis_:-- "In die pasch?. Good friends ye shall know well that this day is called in many places G.o.d's Sunday. Know well that it is the manner in every place of worship at this day _to do the fire out of the hall;_ and the black winter brands, and all thing that is foul with smoke shall be done away, and there the fire was, shall be gaily arrayed with fair flowers, and strewed with green rushes all about, showing a great ensample to all Christian people, like as they make clean their houses to the sight of the people, in the same wise ye should cleanse your souls, doing away the foul brenning (burning) sin of lechery; put all these away, and cast out all thy smoke, dusts; and strew in your souls flowers of faith and charity, and thus make your souls able to receive your Lord G.o.d at the Feast of Easter." --Rock's _Church of the Future_, v.

iii. pt. 2, p. 250. "The holly, being an evergreen, would be more fit for the purpose, and makes less litter, than the boughs of deciduous trees. I know some old folks in Herefordshire who yet follow the custom, and keep the grate filled with flowers and foliage till late in the autumn." --D. R. On Shere-Thursday, or _Cena Domini_, Dr Rock quotes from the _Liber Festivalis_--"First if a man asked why Sherethursday is called so, ye may say that in Holy Church it is called 'Cena Domini,' our Lord's Supper Day; for that day he supped with his disciples openly.... It is also in English called Sherethursday; for in old fathers' days the people would that day sheer their heads and clip their beards, and poll their heads, and so make them honest against Easter-day." --Rock, _ib._, p. 235.]]

[Footnote 16: Edward IV.'s Esquiers for the Body, IIII, had 'for wynter lyverey from All Hallowentide (Nov. 1) tyll Estyr, one percher wax, one candell wax, ij candells Paris, one tallwood and dim{idium}, and wages in the countyng-house.' _H. Ord._ p. 36. So the Bannerettes, IIII, or Bacheler Knights (p. 32), who are kervers and cupberers, take 'for wynter season, from Allhallowentyde till Estyr, one tortays, one percher, ii candelles wax, ii candelles Paris, ii talwood, ii f.a.ggotts,' and rushes, litter, all the year; which the Esquiers have too. The Percy household allowance of Wax was cciiij score vij lb. dimid. of Wax for th' expensys of my House for oone hole Yere. Viz. Sysez, _Pryketts_, Quarions, and _Torches_ after ix d. the lb. by estimacion; p. 12.]

[Footnote 17: The Liber Niger of Edw. IV. a.s.signs this duty to one of the Gentylmen Usshers. _H. Ord._ p. 37.]

[Footnote 18: See the Office of Panetry, _H. Ord._ p. 70.]

[Footnote 19: See the Office of Butler of Englond, _H. Ord._ p. 73.]

[Footnote 20: See Gentylmen Usshers of Chaumbre, IIII, _H. Ord._ p. 37. 'This name ussher is a worde of Frenshe,' p. 38.]

[Footnote 21: Compare _H. Ord._ p. 39. 'Yeomen of Chambre, IIII, to make beddes, to bere or hold torches, to sette bourdes, to apparayle all chaumbres, and suche other servyce as the chaumberlayn, or usshers of chambre command or a.s.signe.' Liber Niger Edw. IV. See also _H. Ord._ p. 40, Office of Warderobe of Beddes, p. 41, Gromes of Chambyr, X; and the elaborate directions for making Henry VII.'s bed, _H. Ord._ p. 121-2.]

[Footnote 22: _Hoc stramentum_, lyttere, (the straw with which the bed was formerly made) p. 260, col. 2, Wright's Vocabularies.]

[Footnote 23: Sylure, of valle, or a nother thynge (sylure of a walle), _Celatura_, _Celamen_, Catholicon, in P. Parv. Fr. _Ciel_, Heauen, pl. _Ciels_, a canopie for, and, the Testerne and Valances of a Bed. Cotgrave. A tester over the beadde, _canopus_. Withals.]

[Footnote 24: _Crochet_, a small hooke.]

[Footnote 25: Lyowre, to bynde wythe precyows clothys.

_Ligatorium._ P. Parv.]

[Footnote 26: Fylowre, of barbours crafte, _Acutecula_, _filarium_. P. Parv. See note 3, p. 160.]

[Footnote 27: Tapet, a clothe, _tappis_. Palsgrave, 1530. _Tapis_, Tapistrie, hangings, &c., of Arras. Cotgrave, 1611. _Tapis_, carpet, a green square-plot. Miege, 1684. The hangynges of a house or chambre, in plurali, _aulaea ... Circundo cubiculum aulaeis_, to hange the chambre. The carpettes, _tapetes_. Withals.]

[Footnote 28: And he (a Grome of Chambyr) setteth nyghtly, after the seasons of the yere, torchys, tortays, candylles of wax, mortars; and he setteth up the _sises_ in the King's chambre, _H. Ord._ p. 41, 'these torches, five, seven, or nine; and as many _sises_ sett upp as there bee torches,' _ib._ p. 114; and dayly iiii other of these gromes, called wayters, to make fyres, to sett up tressyls and bourdes, with yomen of chambre, and to help dresse the beddes of sylke and arras. _H. Ord._ p. 41.]

[[Footnote 28a: ? some omission after this line.]]

[Footnote 29: Wardroppe, or closet--_garderobe_. Palsgrave.]

[Footnote 30: See the duties of Edward IV.'s Sewar, _H. Ord._ p. 36.]

[Footnote 31: Manchet was the fine bread; chet, the coa.r.s.e. Fr.

_pain rouffet_, Cheat, or boulted bread; houshold bread made of Wheat and Rie mingled. Cotgrave.]

[Footnote 32: See the 'Styward of Housholde,' _H. Ord._ p. 55-6: 'He is head officer.']

[Footnote 33: See the 'Countroller of this houshold royall,'

_H. Ord._ p. 58-9.]

[Footnote 34: See the duties and allowances of A Surveyour for the Kyng, in _Household Ordinances_, p. 37.]

[Footnote 35: See the 'chyef clerke of kychyn,' t. Edw. IV., _H. Ord._ p. 70; and Henry VIII.'s Clerke of the Kitchen, A.D.

1539, _ib._ p. 235.]

[Footnote 36: The duties of the Chauncellor of Englond are not stated in Edw. IV.'s Liber Niger, _H. Ord._ p. 29; but one of the two Clerkys of Grene-Clothe was accustomed to 'delyver the clothinge of housholde,' p. 61.]

[Footnote 37: See the 'Thesaurere of Housholde' in Edw. IV.'s Liber Niger, _H. Ord._ p. 56-8: 'the grete charge of polycy and husbandry of all this houshold growyth and stondyth moste part by hys sad and dylygent pourveyaunce and conduytes.']

[Footnote 38: AS. _gerefa_, reeve, steward, bailiff.]

[Footnote 39: Rents, in kind or money; AS. _feorme_, food, goods.]

[Footnote 40: The Avener of Edw. IV. is mentioned in _H. Ord._ p. 69. See the Charge of Henry VIII.'s Stable, A.D. 1526, _ib._ p. 206-7.]

[Footnote 41: Prouender or menglid corne--fovrraige ...

_provende_. Palsgrave.]

[Footnote 42: See 'two _cast_ of brede,' l. 631. 'One caste of brede' for the Steward's yeoman, _H. Ord._ p. 56, &c.]

[Footnote 43: Mayster of the horses--_escvier de escvirie_.

Palsg.]

[Footnote 44: See Rogers's _Agriculture and Prices in England_, v. 1, p. 280-1. The latest prices he gives for shoeing are in 1400; "Alton Barnes, Shoeing 5 horses, a year, 6s. 8d. Takley, Shoeing 2 cart horses [a year] 1s. 8d." A.D. 1466, 'fore shoyinge ij.d.'

_Manners and Household Expenses_ (ed. Dawson Turner), 1841, p. 380. (Sir Jn. Howard, Knt., 1462-9.) The Percy allowance in 1512 was "ij s viiij d. every Hors Shoynge for the hole Yere by estimacion, Viz. a Hors to be shodd oons in iij moneths withowt they jornay." p. 24. A horse's daily allowance was 'a Peck of Oats, or 4d. in B{re}ade after iiij Loiffes, 4d. for Provaunder, from 29th Septr. 8 Hen. VIII. to 3rd May following,' p. 266.]

[Footnote 45: See Edw. IV.'s Office of Bakehouse, _H. Ord._ p. 68-70. 'The sergeaunt of thys office to make continually of every bussh.e.l.l, halfe chiete halfe rounde, besydes the flowre for the Kinges mouthe, xxvii loves, every one weying, after one daye olde, xxiii ounces of troye weyghtes.' p. 69.]

[Footnote 46: In Edward the Fourth's Court, 'Knyghts of Household, XII, bachelers sufficiant, and most valient men of that ordre of every countrey' had 'to serve the King of his bason.' _H. Ord_.

p. 33.]

[Footnote 47: _Replier_, To redouble, to bow, fould, or plait into many doublings. Cotgrave.]

[Footnote 48: Napkins? O. Fr. _brueroi_ is _bruyere_, heath.]

[Footnote 49: ? Du. _zijgen_ (_door een zifte ofte Stramijn_), to runne (through a Sift or a Strainer.). _een Suyle_ a Pale or a Water-pale. Hexham.]

[Footnote 50: covers. 'Ovyr quelmyd or ouer hyllyde. _Obvolutus._'

P. Parv.]

[Footnote 51: A.S. _flett_, room, hall.]

[Footnote 52: See The Almonry of Henry VIII. A.D. 1526, _H. Ord._ p. 154, and p. 144; A.D. 1539, _H. Ord._ p. 239.]

[Footnote 53: Edward IV. had 'Bannerettes, IIII, or Bacheler Knights, to be kervers and cupberers in his Courte.' 'The kerver at the boarde, after the King is pa.s.sed it, may chese for hymself one dyshe or two, that plentie is among.... Theis kervers and cupberers ... them nedeth to be well spede in taking of degree in _the schole of urbanytie_.' _H. Ord._ p. 32-3.]

[Footnote 54: See the 'Office of Chaundlerye,' _H. Ord._ p. 82-3.

Paris candles, torches, morters, tortayes, sizes, and smalle lightes, are mentioned there.]

[Footnote 55: Torche. _Cereus._ P. Parv.]

[Footnote 56: ? same as _tortayes_, p. 192, note 2 [[28]]; p. 204, _n._ [[54]] ]