Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 276

The ball-trap is not in very general use. By this arrangement the drain is trapped by means of a hollow ball, which rises with the water in the drain until it is carried against and closes an orifice.

The common ball-trap is stated to be inefficient and unsatisfactory. The facility with which it can be removed or placed out of gear often leads, in the hands of careless servants, to the untrapping of the drain altogether. A good description of common sink trap is Antel and Lock's, shown in the accompanying engraving, which explains itself.

[Ill.u.s.tration]

Amongst the circ.u.mstances that impair the efficiency of house-traps may be included the neglect to allow the pa.s.sage of water through them sufficiently often, and with force enough to flush and cleanse the trap, and renew the water in it. The results are, that the water becomes saturated with sewage exhalations, which escape into and contaminate the air in the house; and that the trap becomes either dry or choked up.

Another contingency to which house-traps are exposed when the drains are made to form a continuous and disconnected system with the sewers, is that of the water being sucked out of the trap, owing to the combined effect of the pressure of sewer air and the aspirating power of the house, into which the sewer-gas would then pa.s.s unchecked.

In our articles DRAINAGE and SINKS, we have pointed out the peril attaching to the intimate connection between the house-drains and sewers, and given in the former practical directions for its avoidance.

To rest in the belief that the danger can be removed (although the risk may be slightly diminished) by the use of traps alone, is to entertain a very false sense of security.

=TRAUMAT'IC BALSAM.= Compound tincture of benzoin is known by this name.

See TINCTURE.

=TRAUMAT'ICINE.= This article, as manufactured by the Gutta Percha Company, is simply a solution of white and dry unmanufactured gutta percha in bisulphuret of carbon. A small portion dropped on a wound, or raw surface, almost instantly forms a pliable, waterproof, and air-tight defensive covering to the part. The only objection to the preparation is the fetid odour of the menstruum, which, however, is lost in a few seconds, or may be obviated by employing chloroform as the solvent.

=TREA'CLE.= _Syn._ MOLa.s.sES; THERIACA (B. P.), THERIACA, SACCHARI FaeX (Ph.

L. & E.), L. The viscid, brown, uncrystallisable syrup which drains from moist sugar during its formation (mola.s.ses), and from the sugar-refining moulds (sugar-house mola.s.ses). The last, according to Dr Ure, has generally the sp. gr. 14, and contains about 75% of solid matter.

Treacle is more laxative than sugar, and always contains more or less free acid. It is used as the vehiculum in some of the pill-ma.s.ses of the Ph. L.

See SUGAR.

=Treacle, German.= _Syn._ THERIACA GERMANIae, L. An evaporated infusion or decoction of juniper berries. It is sweet-tasted, aromatic, and diuretic.

=Treacle, Venice.= _Syn._ LONDON TREACLE; THERIACA, T. ANDROCHI, L. The theriaca of the Ph. L. 1746 consists of 61 ingredients, and contains 1 gr.

of opium in 75 gr.; that of the Paris Codex consists of 72 ingredients, and contains 1 gr. of opium in 72 gr.; that of the Ph. E. 1744 consists of 10 ingredients, and contains 1 gr. of opium in every 100 gr. It is prepared as follows:--Take of serpentary root, 6 oz.; valerian and contrayerva roots, of each 4 oz.; aromatic powder, 3 oz.; guaiac.u.m resin, castor, and nutmeg, of each 2 oz.; saffron and opium (dissolved in a little wine), of each 1 oz.; clarified honey, 75 oz.; reduce all the dry ingredients to fine powder, then mix them. The confections or electuaries of catechu and opium are the representatives of the above polypharmic compounds in the modern British Pharmacopias.

=TRI-=, TRIS-. See NOMENCLATURE.

=TRIBASIC PHOSPHATE OF LIME.= _Syn._ TRICALCIC PHOSPHATE.

(Ca_{3}(PO_{4})_{2}.) Tricalcic phosphate occurs nearly pure in the mineral known as OSLEOLITE. See CALCIUM PHOSPHATE for its artificial preparation.

=TRIMETHYLAMINE.= _Syn._ TRIMETHYLIA.

{ CH_{3} } C_{3}H_{9}N, or { CH_{3} } n.

{ CH_{3} }

An ammonia found in large quant.i.ties in the roe of the herring. It also occurs in putrefying flour and urine, and is the ingredient which gives to the _Chenopodium v.u.l.v.aria_ its peculiar and disagreeable odour. It may also be obtained by distilling ergot of rye with caustic potash.

Trimethylia is a volatile fluid, with a very pungent and unpleasant fishy smell. It boils at about 41 F. It is metameric with propylamine.

=TRIPE.= This is the paunch, or first portion of the ruminant stomach of the ox. It is nutritious and easy of digestion, except when very fat.

Letheby gives the following as its composition:

Nitrogenous matter 132 Fat 164 Saline matter 24 Water 680 ------ 1000

=Tripe, Fried in Batter.= "Tripe is cut into pieces about three inches square, and dipped into a batter made of six ounces of flour, one tablespoonful of oil, or one ounce of b.u.t.ter, and half a pint of tepid water. Mix the oil with the flour, add the water by degrees, whip the whites of two eggs to a stiff froth, stir into the batter, dip the tripe in, throw it into a saucepan of boiling fat, let it fry three or four minutes, take it out, and drain."[240]

[Footnote 240: Tegetmeier's 'Scholar's Handbook of Cookery, &c.,' Macmillan & Co.]

=TRIP'OLI.= _Syn._ ROTTEN STONE; ALANA, TERRA CARIOSA, L. A mineral employed as a polishing powder, originally imported from Tripoli, in Barbary. It consists almost entirely of silica, and is composed of the skeletons of minute infusoria, the precise character of which is readily distinguishable under the microscope.

=TRIS'MUS.= See TETa.n.u.s.

=TRITURA'TION.= _Syn._ TRITURA, TRITURATIO, L. The act of rubbing a solid body to powder. See PULVERISATION.

=TRO'CHES.= See LOZENGES.

=TRO'NA.= A native carbonate of soda, found on the banks of the soda-lakes of Sokena, in Africa.

=TROPH'AZOME.= A concentrated infusion of minced lean meat mixed with the fluid obtained from the residuum after being heated for 20 minutes in a water bath, and flavoured with salt and spices, the whole being, lastly, simmered for a few minutes. Excellent for convalescents.

=TROUT.= The _Salmo furio_ of Linnaeus, a highly-esteemed fish, found in most of the rivers and lakes of this country. Other members of the genus _salmo_ are also so called, as, _S. eriox_, the bull or grey trout; _S.

ferox_, the great grey or lake trout; _S. trutta_, the salmon trout, &c.

All of these varieties are in the finest condition from the end of May to late in September.

The trout contains about 6 per cent. of fat. It is desirable to cook this fish as soon as convenient after taking it.

=TRUSSING.= This is a well-known operation performed on poultry or game previous to their being roasted or boiled. It simply consists in _drawing_ or removing the intestines and other objectionable parts. In doing this, care must be taken to avoid rupturing the gall-vessel, which, if broken, would impart a very bitter flavour to the poultry, &c., extremely difficult of removal.

The cook should never take for granted that poultry or game, when it comes from the dealer, has been thoroughly cleansed inside, out, in order to be safe in this matter, should always make a point of cleansing it herself.

=TULUOLE.= _Syn._ TULUOL; BENZOENE (C_{7}H_{8}.) One of the hydrocarbons h.o.m.ologous with benzol, with which it occurs a.s.sociated with xylol and isoc.u.mole, in the light oil obtained from the distillation of coal tar. It is also one of the products of distillation of balsam of Tolu, and would seem to be identical with the _retinaptha_ obtained by Pelletier and Walter from the distillation of rosin. If oxidised by means of chromic acid it yields benzoic acid. Its boiling point is 230 F., and its sp. gr.

087.

=TUMOURS.= Tumours, of which there are a great variety, are abnormal growths, occurring in different parts of the body. Sir Jas. Paget describes them as belonging to the cla.s.s of overgrowths or hypertrophies, their most constant distinctive characters being--1. Their deviations, both in respect to size and shape, from the normal type of the body in which they are found. 2. Their apparently inherent power and method of growth. 3. Their development and growth being independent of those of the rest of the body, and continuing with no evident purpose, when the rest of the body is only being maintained in its normal type.

Tumours are divided by pathologists into _malignant_ and _innocent_ or _benign_.

In the former division is included cancer. The most common varieties belonging to the second division are _cutaneous cysts_, _fatty tumours_, and _fibro-cellular tumours_. Cutaneous cysts, which may occur under any part of the skin, are most frequently met with in the scalp. They mostly arise from "the morbid growth of natural ducts or follicles, or by the enormous growth of elementary structures, which increase from the form of cells or nuclei, and become closed sacs with organised walls capable of producing other growths."[241]

[Footnote 241: 'Chambers' Cyclopaedia.']

The most commonly occurring tumour is the fatty one. It usually develops itself on the bodies of persons of from forty to fifty years of age. It seldom occasions inconvenience, and appears to be in no way prejudicial to health; occasionally, however, these tumours are very unsightly and unpleasant to look upon. The fat of which they are composed appears to differ in no respect from ordinary human fat. The uterus is the princ.i.p.al seat of the fibro-cellular tumour. It occurs also in the s.c.r.o.t.u.m, the bones and the subcutaneous tissue. These tumours sometimes attain great size, and grow very rapidly. They are sometimes met with exceeding 40 lbs.

in weight. Certain polypi belong to this cla.s.s of tumour.

A pseudo tumour is occasionally met within surgical practice, which may often be mistaken for a real one, by the unwary or inexperienced pract.i.tioner. This, which is known as a _phantom tumour_, appears to be caused by muscular contraction. Sir Jas. Paget, writing on this subject, says: "The abdominal muscles of hysterical women are most often affected, sometimes with intentional fraud. The imitation of a tumour may be so close as to require great tact for its detection; but chloroform, by relaxing the muscles, dissipates the swelling. Occasionally the apparent tumours move.

=TUNG'STEN.= W. _Syn._ TUNGSTENUM. WOLFRAMIUM, L. A heavy, grey, brittle metal, discovered by Delhuyart.

The word _tungsten_, in Swedish, signifies 'heavy stone' (_tung-sten_), the name being applied to the element because the source from which it is obtained is a heavy mineral called _Wolfram_. Wolfram may be regarded as a variable double tungstate of iron and manganese, and the tungsten occurs in this. A native tungstate of copper has been discovered in Chili.

Tungsten is also found in the mineral _scheelite_, a tungstate of lime.

From this latter compound it may be procured by digesting finely-powdered scheelite in hydrochloric acid. Chloride of calcium is formed, together with insoluble tungstic acid. Upon heating the acid to bright redness in a stream of hydrogen gas, the metal is left behind. When thus procured it is of a dark-grey colour, but under the burnisher it may be made to a.s.sume a metallic l.u.s.tre. Metallic tungsten may also be obtained by the reduction of tungstic acid, by means of charcoal at a white heat. When procured by this method it is unaffected by hydrochloric or diluted sulphuric acid, although it becomes reconverted into tungstic by the action of nitric acid.

When tungsten occurs in the pulverulent form, it burns easily into tungstic anhydride, when heated in the air; and is oxidised and dissolved when boiled with the caustic alkalies or their carbonates in solution. An alloy, possessed of extreme hardness, may be procured when tungsten is combined with steel, in the proportion of 1 part of tungsten to 10 parts of steel.

There are two known oxides of tungsten, viz. a dioxide (WO_{2}) and a trioxide (WO_{3}). According to Wohler there is a third oxide, having the composition (WO_{2}WO_{3}).