Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 275

=Tisane of Roses with Milk.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Conserve of roses, 1 oz.; new milk, 1 pint. Rub together, and strain.

=Tisane, Royal.= From senna, fresh chervil, and sulphate of soda, of each 4 dr.; aniseed and cinnamon, of each 1 dr.; 1 lemon, sliced; cold water, 1-3/4 pint; macerate for 24 hours, stirring occasionally, then press and filter. Aperient.--_Dose._ A winegla.s.sful, or more, repeated every half-hour, until it operates.

=Tisane of Salep.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Boil 1 dr. of salep in 16 oz. of water, and strain.

=Tisane of Senega.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Senega, 1 oz.; boiling water, 5 pints. Infuse for 2 hours, and strain. Prepare in the same manner tisanes of the roots of marshmallow and valerian.

=Tisane of Sulphuric Acid.= (P. Cod.) LIMONADE SULFURQUE. _Prep._ Sulphuric acid (184), 72 minims; water, 4-1/2 pints; syrup, 10 oz. (by weight); mix s. a. Prepare in the same manner nitric and phosphoric acid lemonade; the first with acid of sp. gr. 142; the second with acid of sp.

gr. 145.

=Tisane of Tamarinds.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Pulp of tamarind, 1 oz.; boiling water, 2 pints. Infuse 1/2 hour.

=Tisane, Tartaric.= (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Syrup of tartaric acid, 2 oz.; water, 18 oz. Prepare in the same manner with their respective syrups, lemonades of citric acid, gooseberries, cherries, and raspberries.

=TIS'SUE (Blis'tering).= See VESICANTS.

=t.i.tA'NIUM.= A rare metal, discovered by Klaproth in 1794, and examined by Wollaston in 1822. It is occasionally found at the bottom of the smelting furnaces of iron works, in combination with nitrogen and cyanogen, under the form of minute crystals, having a coppery l.u.s.tre.

=TOAD-IN-THE-HOLE.= One to six ounces of flour, break the contents of one egg, and stir in by degrees one pint of milk, taking care to keep the mixture free from lumpiness. Place meat or ox kidney cut in slices in a greased pie dish or tin; then pour the batter over the meat after adding a pinch of salt, and let it bake for an hour to an hour and a quarter. The batter should be allowed to stand before being cooked.

=TOAST (Essence of).= This is liquid burnt sugar or spirit colouring. Used to make extemporaneous toast-and-water (3 or 4 drops to the gla.s.s), and to flavour soups, gravies, &c.

=TOAST AND WATER.= Toast a crust of bread, taking care not to char it, and put it into a pint of cold water, in a covered vessel. After standing half an hour it will be ready for use.

=TOBAC'CO.= _Syn._ TABAc.u.m (Ph. L., E., & D.), L.; TABAC, Fr. The prepared leaf of _Nicotiana Tabac.u.m_ (Linn.), or other species of the same genus.

The name was given to this herb by the Spaniards, because it was first seen by them at Tabasco, or Tabaco, a province of Yucatan, in Mexico.

The tobacco of commerce is chiefly obtained from Virginia, and other parts of the United States, and recently from j.a.pan and California, but the finest varieties are imported from Havannah and from the East. The plants are gathered when mature, during hot dry weather, and are hung up in pairs, in sheds, to dry. When sufficiently dry, the leaves are separated from the stems, bound up in bundles, and these are formed into bales, or packed in hogsheads, for exportation.

_Prep._ To impart to the dried leaves the characteristic odour and flavour of tobacco, and to render them agreeable to smokers and snuffers, it is necessary that they should undergo a certain preparation, or kind of fermentation. If a fresh green leaf of tobacco be crushed between the fingers, it emits merely the herbaceous smell common to most plants; but if it be triturated in a mortar along with a very small quant.i.ty of quicklime or caustic alkali, it will immediately exhale the peculiar odour of manufactured tobacco. This arises from the active and volatile ingredients being liberated from their previous combination, by the ammonia developed by fermentation, or the action of a stronger base.

Tobacco contains a considerable quant.i.ty of chloride of ammonium, and this substance, as is well known, when placed in contact with lime or pota.s.sa, immediately evolves free ammonia. If we reverse the case, and saturate the excess of alkali in prepared tobacco by the addition of any mild acid, its characteristic odour entirely disappears. In the preparation of tobacco previously to its manufacture for sale, these changes are effected by a species of fermentation. Pure water, without any addition, is quite sufficient to promote and maintain the perfect fermentation of tobacco. The leaves soon become hot and evolve ammonia; during this time the heaps require to be occasionally opened up and turned over, lest they become too hot, take fire, or run into the putrefactive fermentation. The extent to which the process is allowed to proceed varies, for different kinds of snuff or tobacco, from one to three months.

_Qual., &c._ Tobacco is a powerful narcotic, sedative, and emetic; and is also cathartic and diuretic; but the last in a weaker degree than either squills or foxglove. Its action is violently depressing and relaxing, producing fainting and even death, in comparatively small quant.i.ties.

Toxicologists rank it among the more active narcotico-acrid poisons; and physicians, when they wish to produce sudden physical prostration, in accidents or spasmodic diseases, order an enema of the infusion or smoke of tobacco. Its deleterious properties depend on the presence of narcotine, one of the most frightful vegetable poisons known, of which ordinary Virginia tobacco contains from 6 to 7%.

"The chief sources of tobacco in Europe are Germany, Holland, Salonica, Hungary, and Russia; in Asia, the princ.i.p.al are China, j.a.pan, the East Indies, Latakia, and other parts of Asiatic Turkey, Persia, Java, Syria, and Manilla; in Africa, Algiers; in South America, Varinas, Brazil, Uruguay, New Grenada, Paraguay, c.u.mana, and other fields are most productive; while the great tobacco districts of North America are the United States, Mexico, Cuba, Hayti, and Porto Rico. The extent to which these and others are severally laid under contribution by the manufacturers of this country is shown by the following partial a.n.a.lysis of the imports of 1873 and 1874:"[239]

[Footnote 239: 'British Manufacturing Industries,' Sandford.]

+------------------------------------------+------------+------------+ From 1873. 1874. +------------------------------------------+------------+------------+ lb. lb. Germany 687,720 856,646 Holland 5,429,511 7,356,798 France 1,436,985 1,712,839 Greece 330,712 84,161 Turkey 1,430,572 696,132 British India 3,068,109 2,359,987 Philippine Islands 171,803 780,098 China 2,136,637 1,398,467 j.a.pan 4,846,892 2,948,036 Spanish West India Islands 295,654 242,304 New Grenada (United States of Columbia) 2,199,885 1,617,573 Argentine Republic 340,787 663,940 United States of America 57,593,826 53,567,555 Other countries 1,404,640 1,890,679 +------------+------------+ 81,382,733 76,175,215 +------------------------------------------+------------+------------+

Most of the so-called Havannah cigars which arrive in England are shipped from German ports. It appears that a higher price is obtainable for dark than for light-coloured cigars, the demand for the former being about three times as large as for the latter. Unfortunately, however, owing in a great measure to the partial failure of the tobacco crops of late years, light-coloured tobacco is much more common than dark. In order, therefore, to render the cigars made of light-coloured tobacco saleable at a higher price, and also to improve the appearance of old and faded cigars, if we are to believe a pamphlet recently published at Bremen, where there are several of these manufactories, various infusions have of late been prepared and largely sold, under the name of "Havanna brown," "sap brown,"

and "condensed sauce." All these preparations are now openly advertised, and directions given for using them. None of these infusions contain anything particularly injurious, most of them consisting of brown vegetable dyes; nevertheless, they enable the manufacturer to give to cigars made of old and faded leaves the appearance of good Havannah cigars. A German paper states that if a piece of white blotting paper, saturated with diluted sal ammoniac, is pa.s.sed a few times lightly over the cigar, the colouring matter, if any has been used, will come off on it, whereas the natural brown of the tobacco leaf will remain.

=Tobacco Adulteration.=--The popular belief that bad cigars are made of cabbage leaves is not justified by the last official report on tobacco adulteration. This doc.u.ment contains a tabulated account of the seizures of spurious tobacco made in the United Kingdom since 1864; and in the whole paper there is no mention whatever of the much-suspected vegetable.

Its place in the black list is supplied by a variety of ingredients large enough to rejoice the heart of any member of the Anti-Tobacco League. The dishonest dealer in things smokeable is shown by the report to make use of three different sorts of materials besides that which he professes to employ. The first sort is required for the actual substance of the cigar; the second for improving its outward appearance; and the third for imparting to it what is supposed to be a better taste. In the former category the favourite substances seem to be the leaves of the lime tree, the husks of wheat and oats, cotton, yarn, and tonquin bean. But there are numerous cases where the ingredients have been much more curiously selected, and have included cocoa-nut fibre, small seeds, cotton, wood, and bread. At one establishment 50 lbs. of 'tobacco dust' were found and a.n.a.lysed, when it was shown to contain string, wood, nails, grindings of tobacco-pipe, dirt, and all sorts of refuse. Another large cla.s.s of materials is apparently used for securing the adhesion and consistency of the cigar when made. Amongst these starch is the most prominent; but it includes gum and amidine, blue, gum Arabic, glue, glycerin, and essential oils. The colour of the fabrication is the next thing to be attended to, and for this purpose resort is had to yellow ochre, red sandalwood, logwood, lampblack, and Venetian red. As for the flavour of the cigar, it is varied to suit the most diverse tastes; but the usual object seems to be to impart to it a pleasing sweetness of tone. Accordingly saccharine matter, and especially treacle, is very largely pressed into the service.

For those who like a rather more decided taste, liquorice, salt, logwood, glycerin, and aniseed are used. It is in Dublin where the latter ingredient is most fashionable, while Edinburgh is fondest of treacle and sugar, and East London is addicted to liquorice. ('Pall Mall Gazette.')

=Tobacco, British.= _Syn._ HERB TOBACCO; TABAc.u.m ANGLIc.u.m, SPECIES STERNUTORIae, L. _Prep._ Take of thyme, marjoram, and hyssop, of each 2 oz.; betony and eyebright, 3 oz.; rosemary and lavender, of each 4 oz.; coltsfoot, 1 lb.; mix, press them together, and cut the ma.s.s in imitation of manufactured foreign tobacco. Some asthmatic subjects add 5 or 6 oz. of stramonium or thorn-apple leaves; and others add 1/2 lb. of genuine tobacco.

=Tobacco, Indian.= See LOBELIA.

=TOD'DY.= Obtained from various species of palms, by cutting off the end of the flowering bud, and collecting the sap. Used, fresh, as a cooling beverage; and, after fermentation, as an intoxicating one. Sweetened grog is so called in Cornwall, and in some other parts of England.

=TOF'FY.= _Syn._ EVERTON TOFFY. A sweetmeat prepared by heating brown sugar, in a saucepan or skillet, with about one half its weight of fresh b.u.t.ter, for 15 to 20 minutes, or until a 'little of it dropped into cold water forms a lump that breaks crisply,' it is then poured into a little b.u.t.tered tin mould.

=TOM'BAC.= An alloy consisting of copper, 16 lbs.; tin, 1 lb.; zinc, 1 lb.

Red tombac is composed of copper, 10 lbs.; zinc, 1 lb.

=TON'ICS.= Medicines that increase the tone of the muscular fibre, and impart vigour to the system.

=TON'QUIN REMEDY.= _Syn._ PULVIS TRUNCHINENSIS, P. ALEXIPHARMICUS SINENSIS, L. _Prep._ From valerian, 20 gr.; musk, 16 gr.; camphor, 6 gr.; mix. Antispasmodic and alexiterial, in doses of 6 to 12 gr., in hooping-cough, &c.; 1 dr., in hydrophobia, exanthemata, and mania.

=TOOTH'ACHE.= _Syn._ ODONTALGIA, L. This annoying affection frequently arises from sympathy with a disordered stomach. In such cases a saline purgative should be administered, and an emetic, if required. When cold is the cause, an excellent remedy is a hot embrocation of poppy-heads, followed by the use of flannel and diaph.o.r.etics. When it arises from a hollow or decayed tooth, the best application is a piece of lint moistened with creasote, or a strong spirituous solution of creasote, and closely rammed into the cavity of the tooth. Laudanum, the essential oils of cloves, caraway, and cajeput, and essence or tincture of pellitory of Spain, are also used in the same way. To prevent the recurrence of the latter kind of toothache, the cavity should be filled with an amalgam of gold, or with mineral marmoratum, or some other good cement. In many cases, chewing a piece of good ginger, or, still better, a small piece of pellitory, will afford relief in a few minutes. The celebrated John Wesley recommended a 'few whiffs' at a pipe containing a little caraway seed mixed with the tobacco. A slight 'shock' from a voltaic battery will often instantly remove the toothache after all other means have failed. See DROPS, ESSENCE, TINCTURE, &c.

=TOOTH CEMENTS.= See DENTISTRY.

_Obs._ It is absolutely necessary for success that the teeth be well cleaned out, and wiped dry, before applying any of the above stoppings or cements.

=TO'PAZ.= See GEMS.

=TOR'MENTIL.= _Syn._ TORMENTILLae RADIX; TORMANTILLA (Ph. L. & E.), L. The root or rhizome of _Potentilla Tormentilla_, It is astringent and febrifuge, without being stimulant.--_Dose_, 20 to 60 gr.; in agues, diarrha, &c.; also, formerly, in syphilis.

=TORTOISE-Sh.e.l.l, to Polish.= Dip a soft linen rag into rouge powder, and rub the tortoise-sh.e.l.l with it, and finish off with the hand.

Tortoise-sh.e.l.l combs will not lose their polish if they are rubbed with the hand, after removal from the hair.

=TOUCH-NEEDLES.= See a.s.sAYING.

=TOUCH-WOOD.= See AMADOU.

=TOUS-LES-MOIS.= The fecula of the roots of _Canna edulis_ (Ph. D.); intended as a subst.i.tute for arrow-root. To the naked eye, it closely resembles the finest quality of potato-starch, but under the microscope its granules are found to be oblong, oval, with a concentric structure, and larger than those of the potato tuber.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Microscopic appearance of Tous-les-mois.]

=TOXICOL'OGY.= See POISON.

=TRAG'ACANTH.= See GUM.

=TRANSPA"RENCIES.= Water-colour pictures on paper, linen, or calico, if executed in non-opaque or glazing colours, may be converted into transparencies by simply brushing over their backs with Canada balsam, thinned down, when necessary, with a little oil of turpentine. For coa.r.s.e work, boiled oil may be employed.

=TRAPS, HOUSE.= With few exceptions, the endless varieties of traps advertised for house-drains are all modifications of the older forms of the syphon, the midfeather and the ball-trap. The syphon trap consists of a bent tube with a deep curve, in which the water lies and acts as an hydraulic valve.

The following conditions are essential for its proper action. The curve must be of such a depth as to ensure a height of not less than 3/4 inch of water always standing above the highest level of the water in the curve.

The outlet pipe attached to the trap should not be too small nor have too sudden a fall as it leaves the trap, otherwise when 'running full' of water, all the water will be sucked out of it by the pipe beyond, owing to the too narrow bore and too perpendicular inclination of this latter.

The midfeather trap consists of a round or square box or receptacle, into the upper part of which, on one side, an inlet pipe discharges, whilst at a corresponding height on the opposite side there is an outlet pipe. The upper part of the box is divided by a part.i.tion, which dips at least 3/4 inch below the surface of the water, always standing in the receptacle, at the level of the outlet pipe. The principle, therefore, of the midfeather is similar to the syphon trap. The receptacle is so arranged that any heavy substances collected at the bottom can from time to time be removed.

A useful variety of the midfeather is 'Dean's patent drain-trap,'

manufactured by Edwards, of Ruabon.