Bloodlands_ Europe Between Hitler And Stalin Part 15

1 Quotation: Siriol Colley, Quotation: Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain More Than a Grain, 161.

2 On the journalist Gareth Jones, see Siriol Colley, On the journalist Gareth Jones, see Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain More Than a Grain, 224-238; Jones, "Will there be soup?"; Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 309; and Dalrymple, "Further References," 473. On Kharkiv, see Falk, Sowjetische Stadte Sowjetische Stadte, 140, 172-175, 288; Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 557; and Werth, Terreur Terreur, 130. The image is Vasily Grossman's.

3 Falk, Falk, Sowjetische Stadte Sowjetische Stadte, 284-285, 288, 298-300.

4 Quotations: Falk, Quotations: Falk, Sowjetische Stadte Sowjetische Stadte, 299, see also 297-301; Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 157, 160. On the schoolgirl and the hospitals, see Davies, Years Years, 160, 220. See also Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror Freedom and Terror, 171, 184. On the use of survivor testimony, see Graziosi, War War, 4.

5 Quotation: Siriol Colley, Quotation: Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain More Than a Grain, 233. On Dnipropetrovsk: Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom I Chose Freedom, 111. On Stalino, see Maksudov, "Victory," 211.

6 On fainting from weakness, see Kovalenko, On fainting from weakness, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 61; see also Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain More Than a Grain, 235. On Khartsyszk, see Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror Freedom and Terror, 170. On Grossman, see Todorov, Memoire du mal Memoire du mal, 61. See also Koestler, Yogi Yogi, 137.

7 Quotation: Serbyn, "Ukrainian Famine," 131; see also Falk, Quotation: Serbyn, "Ukrainian Famine," 131; see also Falk, Sowjetische Stadte Sowjetische Stadte, 289.

8 For a sophisticated guide to the meanings of the Plan, see Harrison, For a sophisticated guide to the meanings of the Plan, see Harrison, Soviet Planning Soviet Planning , 1-5. , 1-5.

9 Quotations: Kuromiya, Quotations: Kuromiya, Stalin Stalin, 85; Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 37.

10 Quotation and poster: Viola, Quotation and poster: Viola, War War, 177; Viola, Unknown Gulag Unknown Gulag, 32.

11 Quotations: Viola, Quotations: Viola, War War, 238; Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 121. For details on the shootings and deportations, see Davies, Years Years, 20, 46; Werth, Terreur Terreur, 463; Viola, Unknown Gulag Unknown Gulag, 6, 32; Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 51, 56; Khlevniuk, Gulag Gulag, 11; Graziosi, War War, 48; and Davies, Years Years, 46.

12 On the 113,637 people forcibly transported, see Viola, On the 113,637 people forcibly transported, see Viola, War War, 289; see also Kulczycki, Hoodomor Hoodomor, 158. For details on some of the arrivals, see Kotkin, "Peopling," 70-72.

13 For the lament, see Kovalenko, For the lament, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 259. On Solovki, see Applebaum, Gulag Gulag, 18-20, 49. On the special settlements, see Viola, Unknown Gulag Unknown Gulag (the numbers of Ukrainian peasants deported are given at 195 and 32). (the numbers of Ukrainian peasants deported are given at 195 and 32).

14 Quotation: Applebaum, Quotation: Applebaum, Gulag Gulag, 48. For the death estimates, see Viola, Unknown Gulag Unknown Gulag, 3; and Applebaum, Gulag Gulag, 583. For the characterization of the Gulag, see Khlevniuk, Gulag Gulag, 1-10; Applebaum, Gulag Gulag, xvi-xvii; and Viola, Unknown Gulag Unknown Gulag, 2-7.

15 Quotations: Siegelbaum, Quotations: Siegelbaum, Stalinism Stalinism, 45 (first two); Viola, Unknown Gulag Unknown Gulag, 53. On Belomor, see Khlevniuk, Gulag Gulag, 24-35; and Applebaum, Gulag Gulag, 62-65.

16 Applebaum, Applebaum, Gulag Gulag, 64-65.

17 Quotation: Viola, Quotation: Viola, Unknown Gulag Unknown Gulag, 35. See also, generally, Viola, Best Sons Best Sons. On the pace of collectivization, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 39.

18 On the percentage of arable land, see Kunierz, On the percentage of arable land, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 40.

19 Quotation: Snyder, Quotation: Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 93. For background on the struggle of peasants in Ukraine for land, see Beauvois, Bataille Bataille; Edelman, Proletarian Peasants Proletarian Peasants; Hildermeier, Sozialrevolutionare Partei Sozialrevolutionare Partei; Kingston-Mann, Lenin Lenin; and Lih, Bread and Authority. Bread and Authority.

20 Quotation: Dzwokowski, Quotation: Dzwokowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 84. For the Stalinist "First Commandment," see Kulczycki, Hoodomor Hoodomor, 170. See also Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 70.

21 On livestock and on feminine rebellions, see Kunierz, On livestock and on feminine rebellions, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 66, 72; and Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 158.

22 Graziosi, Graziosi, War War, 53-57; Viola, War War, 320; Kulczycki, Hoodomor Hoodomor, 131; Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 92-94.

23 Quotation: Morris, "The Polish Terror," 753. On the Soviet concern about Poland's new policy to Ukrainian minorities, see Report of 13 July 1926, AVPRF, 122/10/34. See also, generally, Snyder, Quotation: Morris, "The Polish Terror," 753. On the Soviet concern about Poland's new policy to Ukrainian minorities, see Report of 13 July 1926, AVPRF, 122/10/34. See also, generally, Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 83-114.

24 Kuromiya, "Spionage," 20-32. Kuromiya, "Spionage," 20-32.

25 Cameron, "Hungry Steppe," chap. 6. On Xinjiang, see Millward, Cameron, "Hungry Steppe," chap. 6. On Xinjiang, see Millward, Eurasian Crossroads Eurasian Crossroads , 191-210. , 191-210.

26 Snyder, Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 101-102.

27 Kunierz, Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 74; Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 103-104.

28 Davies, Davies, Years Years, 8-11, 24-37; Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 86-90.

29 Quotations: Viola, Quotations: Viola, Unknown Gulag Unknown Gulag, 75; Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom I Chose Freedom, 106. On the 32,127 households deported from Soviet Ukraine, see Kulczycki, Hoodomor Hoodomor, 158. On the percentage of collectivized farmland, see Kunierz, Ukraine Ukraine, 86.

30 Davies, Davies, Years Years, 48-56.

31 On the harvest, see Davies, On the harvest, see Davies, Years Years, 57-69, 110-111; Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 1-5; and Dronin, Climate Dependence Climate Dependence, 118. On Kosior and Kaganovich, see Davies, Years Years, 72, 82, 89, 95.

32 Kunierz, Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 102-103; Davies, Years Years, 112-114.

33 On the Red Cross, see Davies, On the Red Cross, see Davies, Years Years, 112-113. Quotations: Kul'chyts'kyi, Kolektyvizatsiia Kolektyvizatsiia , 434; Kul'chyts'kyi, "Trahichna," 151. , 434; Kul'chyts'kyi, "Trahichna," 151.

34 On the reports of death by starvation, see Kunierz, 104-105. On Stalin, see Davies, On the reports of death by starvation, see Kunierz, 104-105. On Stalin, see Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence Kaganovich Correspondence, 138. On the request for food aid, see Lih, Letters to Molotov Letters to Molotov, 230. On Kaganovich (23 June 1932), see Hunchak, Famine Famine, 121.

35 Cameron, "Hungry Steppe," chap. 2; Pianciola, "Collectivization Famine," 103-112; Mark, "Hungersnot," 119. Cameron, "Hungry Steppe," chap. 2; Pianciola, "Collectivization Famine," 103-112; Mark, "Hungersnot," 119.

36 Quotation: Davies, Quotation: Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence Kaganovich Correspondence, 138. On Stalin's predisposition to personalized politics, see Kulczycki, Hoodomor Hoodomor, 180; and Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 152.

37 On Stalin, see Marochko, On Stalin, see Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 21. On the objective problems recounted by local party officials, see Davies, Years Years, 105-111, 117-122.

38 Cited in Kovalenko, Cited in Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 110.

39 Quotation: Davies, Quotation: Davies, Years Years, 146. See also Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 107; and Werth, Terreur Terreur , 119. , 119.

40 On "our father," see Sebag Montefiore, On "our father," see Sebag Montefiore, Court Court, 69. On talk of starvation as an excuse for laziness, see apoval, "Lugen," 136. For a sense of the relationships among Molotov, Kaganovich, and Stalin, consult Lih, Letters to Molotov Letters to Molotov; and Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence. Kaganovich Correspondence.

41 Quotations: Davies, Quotations: Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence Kaganovich Correspondence, 175, 183.

42 Snyder, Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 83-95; Kuromiya, "Great Terror," 2-4.

43 Snyder, Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 102-104; Haslam, East East, 31.

44 Quotation: Report of 6 June 1933, CAW I/303/4/1928. On the Polish consulate, see Marochko, Quotation: Report of 6 June 1933, CAW I/303/4/1928. On the Polish consulate, see Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 36. On Poland's caution, see Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 102-108; and Papuha, Zakhidna Ukraina Zakhidna Ukraina, 80.

45 Kunierz, Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 108; Maksudov, "Victory," 204.

46 On the Soviet judges, see Solomon, On the Soviet judges, see Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice Soviet Criminal Justice, 115-116. Quotation: Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 116.

47 Quotations: Kunierz, Quotations: Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 139; Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 168. On the watchtowers and their number, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 115; see also Maksudov, "Victory," 213; and Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 223-225.

48 On the limited gains from such methods of requisition, see Maksudov, "Victory," 192. On the party activists' abuses, see Kunierz, On the limited gains from such methods of requisition, see Maksudov, "Victory," 192. On the party activists' abuses, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 144-145, 118-119; and Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror Freedom and Terror, 170-171.

49 As against fifty-seven percent for the USSR as a whole; see Davies, As against fifty-seven percent for the USSR as a whole; see Davies, Years Years, 183. On Molotov, see Davies, Years Years, 171-172.

50 On Stalin, see Sebag Montefiore, On Stalin, see Sebag Montefiore, Court Court, 21, 107.

51 Quotation: Kovalenko, Quotation: Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 44. On the two politburo telegrams, see Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 152; and Davies, Years Years, 174. On the 1,623 arrested kolkhoz officials, see Davies, Years Years, 174. On the 30,400 resumed deportations, see Kunierz, Ukraina, Ukraina, 59. 59.

52 For the "fairy tale" reference, see apoval, "Lugen," 159; and Davies, For the "fairy tale" reference, see apoval, "Lugen," 159; and Davies, Years Years, 199.

53 Quotations: Kunierz, Quotations: Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 124. See also Vasiliev, "Tsina," 60; and Kuromiya, Stalin Stalin, 110.

54 Quotation: Kuromiya, Quotation: Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror Freedom and Terror, 174. On the family interpretation (Stanisaw Kosior), see Davies, Years Years, 206.

55 For similar judgments, see, for example, Jahn, For similar judgments, see, for example, Jahn, Holodomor Holodomor, 25; Davies, Tauger, and Wheatcroft, "Grain Stocks," 657; Kulczycki, Hoodomor Hoodomor, 237; and Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 11.

56 Sen, Sen, Poverty and Famines Poverty and Famines, quotation at 7; see also 154-155. A convincing national interpretation of the famine is Martin, "Ukrainian Terror," at 109 and pa.s.sim. See also Simon, "Waffe," 45-47; and Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 219. On Kaganovich in November 1932, see Kulczyski, Hoodomor Hoodomor, 236.

57 Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 8; Kunierz, Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 8; Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 143; Maksudov, "Victory," 188, 190; Davies, Years Years, 175 and, on seed grain, 151.

58 On the meat penalty, see Shapoval, "Proloh trahedii holodu," 162; and Maksudov, "Victory," 188. Quotation: Dzwonkowski, On the meat penalty, see Shapoval, "Proloh trahedii holodu," 162; and Maksudov, "Victory," 188. Quotation: Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 71. For the example described, Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 160; see also 219. On the general decline of livestock, see Hunczak, Famine Famine, 59.

59 Shapoval, "Proloh trahedii holodu," 162; Maksudov, "Victory," 188; Marochko, Shapoval, "Proloh trahedii holodu," 162; Maksudov, "Victory," 188; Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 171; Werth, Terreur Terreur, 123.

60 Shapoval, "Holodomor." Shapoval, "Holodomor."

61 Davies, Davies, Years Years, 190; Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 171.

62 Snyder, Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 107-114.

63 Quotation: Davies, Quotation: Davies, Years Years, 187. Regarding 20 December, see Vasiliev, "Tsina," 55; Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 9; and Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 135.

64 Davies, Davies, Years Years, 190-192.

65 On the interpretation of starving people as spies, see Shapoval, "Holodomor." On the 190,000 peasants caught and sent back, see Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 7. On the events of 22 January, see Marochko, On the interpretation of starving people as spies, see Shapoval, "Holodomor." On the 190,000 peasants caught and sent back, see Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 7. On the events of 22 January, see Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 189; and Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 9.

66 On the 37,392 people arrested, see Marochko, On the 37,392 people arrested, see Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 192. See also Davies, Years Years, 161-163.

67 For the recollections of the activist, see Conquest, For the recollections of the activist, see Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 233. For quotation and details on the importance of purges, see apoval, "Lugen," 133. On purges of the heights, see Davies, Years Years, 138.

68 On the deathly quiet of Soviet Ukraine, see Kovalenko, On the deathly quiet of Soviet Ukraine, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 31; and Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 104. See also Arendt, Totalitarianism Totalitarianism, 320-322.

69 Quotation: Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 261. On Vel'dii, see Kovalenko, Quotation: Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 261. On Vel'dii, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 132.

70 Quotations: Quotations: New York Evening Post New York Evening Post, 30 March 1933.

71 On owiska, see Dzwonkowski, On owiska, see Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 104. On Panasenko, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 105. Kravchenko recounted this experience in I Chose Freedom I Chose Freedom, 104-106.

72 On the fifteen thousand people deported, see Davies, On the fifteen thousand people deported, see Davies, Years Years, 210. On the sixty thousand people deported from Kuban, see Martin, "Ethnic Cleansing," 846.

73 On the 67,297 people who died in the camps, see Khlevniuk, On the 67,297 people who died in the camps, see Khlevniuk, Gulag Gulag, 62, 77. On the 241,355 people who died in the special settlements, see Viola, Unknown Gulag Unknown Gulag, 241.

74 Quotation: Khlevniuk, Quotation: Khlevniuk, Gulag Gulag, 79.

75 Quotations: Dzwonkowski, Quotations: Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 215-219; Kul'chyts'kyi, Kolektyvizatsiia Kolektyvizatsiia, 365. On life expectancy in Soviet Ukraine, see Vallin, "New Estimate," 256.

76 On the schoolgirl and the severed head, see Kovalenko, On the schoolgirl and the severed head, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 471, 46.

77 On prost.i.tution for flour, see Kuromiya, On prost.i.tution for flour, see Kuromiya, Famine and Terror Famine and Terror, 173. On Vynnitsia, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 95. On fear of cannibals, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 284. On the peasants in train stations, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 155. On the city police, see Falk, Sowjetische Stadte Sowjetische Stadte. On Savhira, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 290.

78 Quotation: Czech, "Wielki G.o.d," 23. On the cannibalized son, see Kovalenko, Quotation: Czech, "Wielki G.o.d," 23. On the cannibalized son, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 132. For the knife-sharpening incident, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 168. On pigs, see Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror Freedom and Terror, 172.

79 On the half a million boys and girls in the watchtowers, see Maksudov, "Victory," 213. Quotation: Kunierz, On the half a million boys and girls in the watchtowers, see Maksudov, "Victory," 213. Quotation: Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 119.

80 On the woman doctor, see Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 262. On the orphans, see Kunierz, On the woman doctor, see Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 262. On the orphans, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 157; and Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 142. See also Graziosi, "Italian Archival Doc.u.ments," 41.

81 Kunierz, Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 157.

82 On the 2,505 people sentenced for cannibalism, see Davies, On the 2,505 people sentenced for cannibalism, see Davies, Years Years, 173. For details of the chimney example, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 31. On the meat quota, see Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 227.

83 On the anti-cannibalism ethic, see Kuromiya, On the anti-cannibalism ethic, see Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror Freedom and Terror, 173. On Kolya Graniewicz, see Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 76. For the mother's request, see Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 258.

84 Quotation: Bruski, Quotation: Bruski, Holodomor Holodomor, 179. On the agronomist, see Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 261. On the crews and burials, see Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 31, 306, 345.

85 Quotation: Graziosi, "Italian Archival Doc.u.ments." See also Davies, Quotation: Graziosi, "Italian Archival Doc.u.ments." See also Davies, Years Years, 316.

86 On the 493,644 hungry people in Kiev oblast, see Marochko, On the 493,644 hungry people in Kiev oblast, see Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 233.

87 On the Soviet census, see Schlogel, On the Soviet census, see Schlogel, Terror Terror. For discussion of 5.5 million as a typical estimate, see Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 259.

88 The demographic retrojection is Vallin, "New Estimate," which finds 2.6 million "extraordinary deaths" at 252 in Soviet Ukraine for 1928-1937, from which one would have to subtract other ma.s.s murders to find a famine total. For a summary of the January 2010 government study, see The demographic retrojection is Vallin, "New Estimate," which finds 2.6 million "extraordinary deaths" at 252 in Soviet Ukraine for 1928-1937, from which one would have to subtract other ma.s.s murders to find a famine total. For a summary of the January 2010 government study, see Dzerkalo Tyzhnia Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, 15-22 January 2010. The estimate of c. 2.5 million on the basis of recorded deaths only on the basis of recorded deaths only is in Kul'chyts'kyi, "Trahichna," 73-74. Ellman estimates 9.0-12.3 million total famine deaths in the Soviet Union for 1933 and 1934 ("Note on the Number," 376). Maksudov estimates losses of 3.9 million Ukrainians between 1926 and 1937 ("Victory," 229). Graziosi estimates 3.5-3.8 million in Soviet Ukraine ("New Interpretation," 6). is in Kul'chyts'kyi, "Trahichna," 73-74. Ellman estimates 9.0-12.3 million total famine deaths in the Soviet Union for 1933 and 1934 ("Note on the Number," 376). Maksudov estimates losses of 3.9 million Ukrainians between 1926 and 1937 ("Victory," 229). Graziosi estimates 3.5-3.8 million in Soviet Ukraine ("New Interpretation," 6).

89 Quotation: Serbyn, "Lemkin." See also, generally, Martin, Quotation: Serbyn, "Lemkin." See also, generally, Martin, Affirmative Action Empire Affirmative Action Empire; and Snyder, Sketches. Sketches.

90 Quotations: Koestler, Quotations: Koestler, G.o.d That Failed G.o.d That Failed, 68; Weissberg-Cybulski, Wielka Czystka Wielka Czystka, 266; Koestler, G.o.d That Failed G.o.d That Failed, 77.

91 On the arch, see Kunierz, On the arch, see Kunierz, Ukraina Ukraina, 178. On the wealth transfers, see Falk, Sowjetische Stadte Sowjetische Stadte, 288; Davies, Years Years, 158; and Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 237. On the "sausage makers," see Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror Freedom and Terror, 172.

92 Quotation: Conquest, Quotation: Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 256. See also, generally, Slezkine, Jewish Century Jewish Century; and Fitzpatrick, Education Education.

93 Quotations: Subtelny, "German Diplomatic Reports," 17; Polish Consul-General, 4 February 1933, CAW I/303/4/1867; Border Defense Corps, 15 November 1933, CAW I/303/4/6906. On the hopes for war, see Snyder, Quotations: Subtelny, "German Diplomatic Reports," 17; Polish Consul-General, 4 February 1933, CAW I/303/4/1867; Border Defense Corps, 15 November 1933, CAW I/303/4/6906. On the hopes for war, see Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 110. For letters of Soviet Germans to Germany, see Hungersnot. Hungersnot. See also Berkhoff, "Great Famine." See also Berkhoff, "Great Famine."

94 A relevant speech from Hitler can be found in A relevant speech from Hitler can be found in Deutschosterreichische Tageszeitung Deutschosterreichische Tageszeitung, 3 March 1933. On the cardinals, see Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 254. for Innitzer's interventions, see Reichspost Reichspost, 20 August 1933 and 12 October 1933; and Die Neue Zeitung Die Neue Zeitung, 14 October 1933.

95 For Duranty, see For Duranty, see New York Times New York Times, 31 March 1933. On Muggeridge, see Taylor, "Blanket of Silence," 82. For Orwell, see Orwell and Politics Orwell and Politics, 33-34. See also Engerman, Modernization Modernization, 211. In fairness to the New York Times New York Times: two anonymous articles of 1 and 11 January 1933 used the concepts of "man-made" hunger and "war with the peasantry."

96 Papuha, Papuha, Zakhidna Ukraina Zakhidna Ukraina, 33, 46, 57.

97 On Soviet counterpropaganda, see Papuha, On Soviet counterpropaganda, see Papuha, Zakhidna Ukraina Zakhidna Ukraina, 56. On Herriot's weight, see Time Time, 31 October 1932. See also Zlepko, Hunger-Holocaust Hunger-Holocaust, 177; and Conquest, Harvest Harvest, 314.

98 Quotations: Kovalenko, Quotations: Kovalenko, Holod Holod, 353; Zlepko, Hunger-Holocaust Hunger-Holocaust, 180; see also 175-179. See also Mark, Hungersnot Hungersnot, 26-27; Subtelny, "German Diplomatic Reports," 21; Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 256-257, 283; Time Time, 22 January 1934.

99 Marochko, Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 257; Zlepko, Hunger-Holocaust Hunger-Holocaust, 176-177; Time Time, 11 September 1933. Final paragraph: Werth, "Un etat"; Marochko, Holodomor Holodomor, 283. In fairness to Herriot: he abstained in the June 1940 parliamentary vote to grant Petain full powers in France and was arrested and sent to Germany at the end of the German occupation.