Trees of the Northern United States Part 2

indicates an end that is square; _retuse_, [Ill.u.s.tration] one with a slight notch; _emarginate_, one with a decided notch; _obcordate_, with a still deeper notch; _obtuse_, [Ill.u.s.tration] angular but abrupt; _acute_, [Ill.u.s.tration] somewhat sharpened; _ac.u.minate_, [Ill.u.s.tration]

decidedly sharp-pointed; _bristle-pointed_ and _awned_, [Ill.u.s.tration]

with a bristle-like tip; _spiny-pointed_, with the point sharp and stiff (Holly); _mucronate_, [Ill.u.s.tration] with a short, abrupt point.

MARGINS.--_Entire_, [Ill.u.s.tration] edge without notches; _repand_, [Ill.u.s.tration] slightly wavy; _sinuate_, [Ill.u.s.tration] decidedly wavy; _dentate_, [Ill.u.s.tration] with tooth-like notches; _serrate_, [Ill.u.s.tration] with notches like those of a saw; _crenate_, [Ill.u.s.tration] with the teeth rounded; _twice serrate_, [Ill.u.s.tration]

when there are coa.r.s.e serrations finely serrated, as on most Birch leaves; _serrulate_, with minute serrations; _crenulate_, with minute crenations. Leaves can be _twice crenate_ or _sinuate-crenate_.

_Revolute_ indicates that the edges are rolled over.

When a leaf has a few great teeth, the projecting parts are called _lobes_, and the general form of the leaf is what it would be with the notches filled in. In the description of such leaves, certain terms are needed in describing the plan of the notches, and their depth and form.

Leaves with palmate veining are _palmately lobed_ [Ill.u.s.tration] or _notched_; those with pinnate veining are _pinnately lobed_ [Ill.u.s.tration] or _notched_. While the term _lobe_ is applied to all great teeth of a leaf, whether rounded or pointed, long or short, still there are four terms sometimes used having special signification with reference to the depth of the notches. _Lobed_ indicates that the notches extend about one fourth the distance to the base or midrib; _cleft_, that they extend one half the way; _parted_, about three fourths of the way; and _divided_, that the notches are nearly deep enough to make a compound leaf of separate leaflets.

So leaves may be palmately lobed, cleft, parted or divided, and pinnately lobed, cleft, parted or divided. The term _pinnatifid_ [Ill.u.s.tration] is often applied to pinnately cleft leaves. The terms _entire_, _serrate_, _crenate_, _acute-pointed_, etc., are applied to the lobes as well as to the general margins of leaves.

SURFACE.--The following terms are needed in describing the surface of leaves and fruit.

_Glabrous_, smooth; _glaucous_, covered with a whitish bloom which can be rubbed off (Plum); _rugous_, wrinkled; _canescent_, so covered with minute hairs as to appear silvery; _p.u.b.escent_, covered with fine, soft, plainly seen hairs; _tomentose_, densely covered with matted hairs; _hairy_, having longer hairs; _scabrous_, covered with stiff, scratching points; _spiny_, having stiff, sharp spines; _glandular-hairy_, having the hairs ending in glands (usually needing a magnifying gla.s.s to be seen).

TEXTURE.--_Succulent_, fleshy; _scarious_, dry and chaffy; _punctate_, having translucent glands, so that the leaf appears, when held toward the light, as though full of holes; _membranous_, thin, soft, and rather translucent; _thick_, _thin_, etc.

DURATION.--_Evergreen_, hanging on the tree from year to year. By noticing the color of the different leaves and their position on the twigs, all evergreen foliage can readily be determined at any time during the year. _Deciduous_, falling off at the end of the season.

_Fugacious_, falling early, as the stipules of many leaves.

CHAPTER IV.

_Flowers and Fruit._

The author hopes that those who use this work in studying trees will become so much interested in the subject of Botany as to desire more information concerning the growth and reproduction of plants than can here be given. In Professor Asa Gray's numerous works the additional information desired may be obtained: "How Plants Grow" contains an outline for the use of beginners; "The Elements of Botany" is a more advanced work; while the "Botanical Text Book", in several volumes, will enable the student to pursue the subject as far as he may wish. In this small book the barest outline of the parts of flowers and fruit and of their uses can be given.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 9.]

FLOWERS.--Parts. The flowers of the Cherry or Apple will show the four kinds of organs that belong to a complete flower. Fig. 9 represents an Apple-blossom. The _calyx_ is the outer row of leaves, more or less united into one piece. The _corolla_ is the row of leaves within the calyx; it is usually the brightest and most conspicuous part of the flower. The _stamens_ [Ill.u.s.tration] are the next organs; they are usually, as in this case, small two-lobed bodies on slender, thread-like stalks. The enlarged parts contain a dust-like material called _pollen_. The last of the four kinds of parts is found in the center of the flower, and is called the _pistil_. It is this part which forms the fruit and incloses the seed.

The stamens and the pistil are the _essential_ organs of a flower, because they, and they only, are needed in the formation of seeds. The pollen from the stamen, acting on the pistil, causes the _ovules_ which are in the pistil to grow into _seeds_.

The calyx and corolla are called _enveloping organs_, since they surround and protect the essential parts.

The pieces of which the calyx is composed are called _sepals_. The Apple-blossom has five sepals.

The pieces that compose the corolla are called _petals_.

KINDS OF FLOWERS.--When the petals are entirely separate from each other, as in the Apple-blossom, the flower is said to be _polypetalous_; when they grow together more or less, as in the Catalpa (Fig. 10), _monopetalous_; and when the corolla is wanting, as in the flowers of the Oak, _apetalous_.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 10.]

When all sides of a flower are alike, as in the Apple-blossom, the flower is _regular_; when one side of the corolla differs from the other in color, form, or size, as in the Common Locust, or Catalpa, the flower is _irregular_.

In trees the stamens and pistils are often found in separate flowers; in that case the blossoms containing stamens are called _staminate_, and those containing pistils _pistillate_; those that contain both are called _perfect_. Staminate and pistillate flowers are usually found on the same tree, as in the Oaks, Birches, Chestnut, etc.; in that case the plant is said to be _monoecious_, and all trees of this kind produce fruit. Sometimes, however, the staminate and pistillate flowers are on separate trees, as in the Willows, which are _dioecious_; and then only a portion of the trees--those with pistillate flowers--produce fruit.

ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS.--Flowers, either solitary or cl.u.s.tered, grow in one of two ways; either at the end of the branches, being then called _terminal_, or in the axils of the leaves, then called _axillary_. The stem of a solitary flower or the main stem of a cl.u.s.ter is called a _peduncle_; the stems of the separate blossoms of a cl.u.s.ter are called _pedicels_. When either the flowers or the cl.u.s.ters are without stems, they are said to be _sessile_.

_Cl.u.s.ters with Pedicellate Flowers._

_Raceme_, [Ill.u.s.tration] flowers on pedicels of about equal length, scattered along the entire stem. Locust-tree.

_Corymb_, [Ill.u.s.tration] like a raceme except that the lower flowers have longer stems, making the cl.u.s.ter somewhat flat-topped; the outer flowers bloom first. Hawthorn.

_Cyme_, [Ill.u.s.tration] in appearance much like a corymb, but it differs in the fact that the central flower blooms first. Alternate-leaved Cornel.

_Umbel_, [Ill.u.s.tration] stems of the separate flowers about equal in length, and starting from the same point. Garden-cherry.

_Panicle_, [Ill.u.s.tration] a compound raceme. Catalpa.

_Thyrsus_, a compact panicle. Horse-chestnut.

_Cl.u.s.ters with Sessile or Nearly Sessile Flowers._

_Catkin_, [Ill.u.s.tration] bracted flowers situated along a slender and usually drooping stem. This variety of cl.u.s.ter is very common on trees.

The Willows, Birches, Chestnuts, Oaks, Pines, and many others have their flowers in catkins.

_Head_, [Ill.u.s.tration] the flowers in a close, usually rounded cl.u.s.ter.

Flowering Dogwood.

FRUIT.--In this book a single fruit will include all the parts that grow together and contain seeds, whether from a single blossom or a cl.u.s.ter; there will be no rigorous adherence to an exact cla.s.sification; no attempt made to distinguish between fruits formed from a simple pistil and those from a compound one; nor generally between those formed from a single and those formed from a cl.u.s.ter of flowers. The fruit and its general cla.s.sification, determined by the parts easily seen, is all that will be attempted.

As stated before, it is hoped that this volume will not end the student's work in the investigation of natural objects, but that the amount of information here given will lead to the desire for much more.

_Berry_ will be the term applied to all fleshy fruits with more than one seed buried in the ma.s.s. Persimmon, Mulberry, Holly. The _pome_ or _Apple-pome_ differs from the berry in the fact that the seeds are situated in cells formed of hardened material. Apple, Mountain-ash. The _Plum_ or _Cherry drupe_ includes all fleshy fruits with a single stony-coated part, even if it contains more than one seed. Peach, Viburnum, China-tree. In some cases, when there is but one seed in the flesh and that not stony-coated, it will be called a _drupe-like berry_.

The _dry drupe_ is like the Cherry drupe except that the flesh is much harder. The fruit of the Walnut, Hickory, and Sumac.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 11.]

The inner hard-coated parts of these and some others will be called _nuts_. If the nut has a partial scaly covering, as in the Oaks, the whole forms an _acorn_. [Ill.u.s.tration] If the coating has spiny hairs, as in the Chestnut and Beechnut, the whole is a _bur_. The coating in these cases is an _involucre_. If the coating or any part of the fruit has a regular place for splitting open, it is _dehiscent_ (Chestnut, Hickory-nut); if not, _indehiscent_ (Black Walnut).

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 12.]