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[1011] _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 86; _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1836, tom. cli., p. 9; _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom.

i., p. 246; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 26; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, p. 253.

[1012] _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., p. 95; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 319, 321-2; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 151; _Michler's Darien_, p. 84; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp.

149-52; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, pp. 234-5. On the banks of the Rio Grande, the Spaniards under Johan de Tavira found 'muchas poblaciones en barbacoas o casas muy altas, fechas e armadas sobre postes de palmas negras fortissimas e qua.s.si inexpugnables'.... 'Hay otra manera de buhios o casas en Nata redondos, como unos chapiteles muy altos.'

_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 50, 131, 8, 46. 'En otras muchas partes hacian sus casas de madera y de paja de la forma de una campana.

Estas eran muy altas y muy capaces que moraban en cada una de ellas diez y mas vecinos.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologetica, MS._, cap. 43.

[1013] 'Hallaron muchos pueblos cercados, con palenques de madera.'

_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. ix., dec. i., lib.

ix., cap. ii., vi. 'Tengano le lor case in cima de gli alberi.'

_Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 160. See also: _Irving's Columbus_, vol. iii., p. 176; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 75; _Colon_, _Hist.

Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 108.

[1014] Of Comagre's palace it is said, 'Longitudinem dimensi pa.s.suum centum quinquaginta, lat.i.tudinem uero pedum octoginta, in uacuo dinumerarunt: laquearibus et pauimentis arte eximia laboratis.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. iii. Compare further: _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 64-5, 87; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 71-2, 98; _Darien_, _Defence of the Scots' Settlement_, p. 81.

[1015] _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1856, tom. cli., p.

11; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., pp. xii., xxiii.; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex.

Guat._, p. 407; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, pp. 204, 224-5; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. 558-9. On the Chara Islands, 'comen los indios en estas islas muchos venados e puercos, que los hay en grandissima cantidad, e mahiz, e fesoles muchos e de diversas maneras, e muchos e buenos pescados, e tambien sapo ... e ninguna cosa viva dexan de comer por sucia que sea.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 110.

[1016] 'Hanno la maggior parte di questa costiera per costume di mangiar carne humana e quando mangiauano de gli Spagnuoli, v'erano di coloro che ricusauano di ciba.r.s.ene, temendo ancora che nel lor corpo, non gli facessero quelle carni qualche danno.' _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 49. On the coast 'they live princ.i.p.ally upon fish, plantains, and bananas, with Indian corn and a kind of ca.s.sava.' _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp. 10, 20. Compare _Colon_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. i., p. 308; _Balboa_, in _Id._, tom. iii., pp. 364-5; _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. v., p. 293; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65, 68-9; _Colombo_, _Hist. Ammiraglio_, p. 412; _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, pp. 20-2.

[1017] 'Cogen dos y tres vezes al ano maiz, y por esto no lo engraneran.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 82, 88. 'Seguian mucho la caca de venados, y de aquellos puercos con el ombligo al espinazo.'

_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v., xv. For further details see _Michler's Darien_, pp. 65, 68, 81; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 403, 407; _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 71; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 79; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 315, 319; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib.

vii.; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 132-3, 136, 139; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 88, 101, 106-7, 129-130, 152-6, 170-7.

[1018] _Michler's Darien_, p. 65; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, p. 236. 'Tienen por costumbre, a.s.si los indios como las indias, de se banar tres o quatro veces al dia, por estar limpios e porque dicen que descansan en lava.r.s.e.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 135-6.

[1019] In Cueva, 'no son flecheros, e pelean con macanas e con lancas luengas y con varas que arrojan, como dardos con estoricas (que son cierta manera de avientos) de unos bastones bien labrados.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 127, 129. 'Sunt autem ipsorum arma, non arcus, non sagittae uenenatae, uti habere indigenas illos trans sinum orientales diximus. Cominus hi certant ut plurimum, ensibus oblongis, quos macanas ipsi appellant, ligneis tamen, quia ferrum non a.s.sequuntur: et praeustis sudibus aut osseis cuspidibus, missilibus etiam ad praeluim utuntur.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. iii., also, dec. iv., lib. x., dec. v., lib. ix. Compare further, _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. ix., cap. vi., lib. x., cap. i.; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col.

de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 403; _Parras_, in _Id._, tom. i., p. 285; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, p. 225; _D'Avity_, _L'Amerique._, p. 98; _Otis'

Panama_, pp. 77-8; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., pp. 95, 98.

[1020] 'The pipe was made of two pieces of reed, each forming a half circle; these being placed together left a small hole, just large enough for the admission of the arrow.... The arrows are about eight inches long ... the point very sharp, and cut like a corkscrew for an inch up.... This is rolled in the poison.... The arrow will fly one hundred yards, and is certain death to man or animal wounded by it; no cure as yet having been discovered. A tiger, when hit, runs ten or a dozen yards, staggers, becomes sick, and dies in four or five minutes. A bird is killed as with a bullet, and the arrow and wounded part of the flesh being cut out, the remainder is eaten without danger.' _Cochrane's Journal in Colombia_, vol. ii., pp. 405-7. 'That poyson killeth him that is wounded, but not suddenly.... Whoso is wounded, liues a miserable and strict life after that, for he must abstaine from many things.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. viii. 'Some woorali (corova) and poisoned arrows that I obtained from the Indians of the interior were procured by them from Choco ... their deadly effect is almost instantaneous.'

_Cullen's Darien_, p. 67. 'We inquired of all the Indians, both men and boys, at Caledonia Bay and at San Blas for the "curari" or "urari"

poison ... they brought us what they represented to be the _bona-fide_ poison.... It turned out to be nothing but the juice of the manzanillo del playa. So, if this is their chief poison, and is the same as the "curari", it is not so much to be dreaded.' _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp. 136-7. See further, _Fitz-Roy_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xx., p. 164; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi.; _Michler's Darien_, p. 77; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p.

41.

[1021] _Acosta_, _N. Granada_, p. 6; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88; _Carli_, _Cartas_, pt. i., p. 17. 'Traian suscoseletes fechos de alG.o.don, que les llegaban e abaxaban de las espaldas dellos, e les llegaban a las rodillas e dende abaxo, e las mangas fasta los codos, e tan gruesos como un colchon de cama, son tan fuertes, que una ballesta no los pasa.' _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Ined._, tom. ii., p. 516.

[1022] 'Cuando iban a la guerra llevaban coronas de oro en las cabezas y unas patenas grandes en los pechos y braceletes y otras joyas en otros lugares del cuerpo.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologetica, MS._, cap. lxv., ccxliv. 'El herido en la guerra es hidalgo, y goza de grandes franquezas.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88. 'A los que pueden matar matan, e a los que prenden los hierran e se sirven dellos por esclavos.'

_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 129, 126. See further: _Quintana_, _Vidas Espanoles_ (_Balboa_), p. 8; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v.; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 399, 403, 412; _Peter Martyr_, dec. iii., lib.

iv., dec. viii., lib. viii.; _Wafer's New Voy._, p. 133.

[1023] 'La manta de la hamaca no es hecha red, sino entera e muy gentil tela delgada e ancha.... Hay otras, que la manta es de paja texida e de colores e labores.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 131, 136, 138, 142, 181. 'Muy buenas redes con anzuelos de hueso que hacen de concha de tortuga.' _Vega_, _Hist. Descub. Amer._, p. 145. 'Tenian los Reyes y Senores ricos y senalados vasos con que bebian.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologetica, MS._, cap. lxv. Compare further: _Herrera_, _Hist.

Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. ix., cap. i., dec. ii., lib.

ii., cap. i.; _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. i., dec. vii., lib. x.; _Michler's Darien_, pp. 66, 77; _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, pp.

21-2.

[1024] _Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 348; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 320; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 29; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, pp.

172-3, 243-4; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 92-4, 160-2. Referring to Chiriqui earthen relics; 'The vessels ... are neatly and sometimes very gracefully formed of clay.... Several bear resemblance to Roman, Grecian, and Etruscan jars.... Dr. Merritt mentioned that the natives of the Isthmus now make their rude earthen utensils of a peculiar black earth, which gives them the appearance of iron.' _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 176. In Veragua 'vide sabanas grandes de alG.o.don, labradas de muy sotiles labores; otras pintadas muy sutilmente a colores con pinceles.'

_Colon_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. i., p. 308.

[1025] 'En estas islas de Chara e Pocosi no tienen canoas, sino balsas'.... In the Province of Cueba 'tienen canoas pequenas, tambien las usan grandes ... hay canoa que lleva cinquenta o sessenta hombres e mas.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 110, 159. See also: _Michler's Darien_, pp. 48, 66-7; _Wafer's New Voy._, p. 96; _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 67; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 75; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., p. 99; _Acosta_, _N. Granada_, p. 43.

[1026] _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 74, 88; _Balboa_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 364-5; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib.

vi.; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. x., cap. iii.; _Belcher's Voyage_, vol. i., p. 250; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp. 10-11; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

x.x.xviii., p. 99; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 154; _Otis' Panama_, p. 77; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65-6. 'Quando los indios no tienen guerra, todo su exercicio es tractar e trocar quanto tienen unos con otros ... unos llevan sal, otros mahiz, otros mantas, otros hamacas, otros alG.o.don hilado o por hilar, otros pescados salados; otros llevan oro.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 140, tom. ii., p. 340.

[1027] 'Este cacique Davaive tiene grand fundicion de oro en su casa; tiene cient hombres a la contina que labran oro.' _Balboa_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 364-5. 'Hay grandes mineros de cobre: hachas de ello, otras cosas labradas, fundidas, soldadas hube, y fraguas con todo su aparejo de platero y los crisoles.'

_Colon_, in _Id._, tom. i., p. 308. In Panama, 'grandes Entalladores, y Pintores.' _Davila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., fol. 56. Compare further: _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 88; _Herrera_, _Hist.

Gen._, dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. x.; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp.

29-30; _Peter Martyr_, dec. iii., lib. iv.; _Bidwell's Isthmus_, p. 37.

[1028] _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 178-86; _Lussan_, _Jour. du Voy._, p. 46; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., p. 99.

[1029] 'Besan los pies al hijo, o sobrino, que hereda, estando en la cama: que vale tanto como juramento, y coronacion.' _Gomara_, _Hist.

Ind._, fol. 255-6, 88. 'Todos tenian sus Reies, y Senores, a quien obedecian.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., p. 346. 'Los hijos heredauan a los padres, siendo auidos en la princ.i.p.al muger.... Los Caziques y senores eran muy tenidos y obedecidos.' _Herrera_, _Hist.

Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x. See also, _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 129-30, 142, 156-7; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Espanoles_, (_Balboa_), p. 9; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 399; _Wafer's New Voy._, p.

163; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 73; _Wallace_, in _Miscellanea Curiosa_, vol. iii., p. 418; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., p. 97; _Funnell's Voyage_, pp. 131-2; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p.

20.

[1030] _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 8, 126, 129; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 77; _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 66; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 74.

[1031] _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., p. 98; _Macgregor's Process of Amer._, pp. 823-5, 829; _Las Casas_, _Hist.

Apologetica, MS._, cap. ccxliv. 'Casauanse con hijas de sus hermanas: y los senores tenian muchas mugeres.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x. 'De las mugeres princ.i.p.ales de sus padres, y hermanas o hijas guardan que no las tomen por mugeres, porque lo tienen por malo.' _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 402-3. Of wives: 'They may haue as many as they please, (excepting their kindred, and allies) vnlesse they be widdowes ... in some place a widdow marryeth the brother of her former husband, or his kinsman, especially if hee left any children.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. viii.

[1032] The women 'observe their Husbands with a profound Respect and Duty upon all occasions; and on the other side their Husbands are very kind and loving to them. I never knew an Indian beat his Wife, or give her any hard Words.... They seem very fond of their Children, both Fathers and Mothers.' _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 156-66. 'Tienen mancebias publicas de mugeres, y aun de hombres en muchos cabos.' _Gomara_, _Hist.

Ind._, fol. 87. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 18, 20, 133-4; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Espanoles_, (_Balboa_), pp. 9-10.

[1033] 'Pipes, or fluites of sundry pieces, of the bones of Deere, and canes of the riuer. They make also little Drummes or Tabers beautified with diuers pictures, they forme and frame them also of gourdes, and of an hollowe piece of timber greater than a mannes arme.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. viii. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp.

127, 130, 137, 156; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88; _Darien_, _Defence of the Scots' Settlement_, pp. 72-3; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, pp. 825, 832; _Warburton's Darien_, p. 321; _Las Casas_, _Hist.

Apologetica, MS._, cap. ccxliii.

[1034] In Comagre, 'vinos blancos y tintos, hechos de mayz, y rayzes de frutas, y de cierta especie de palma, y de otras cosas: los quales vinos loauan los Castellanos quando los beuian.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec.

i., lib. ix., cap. ii. 'Tenia vna bodega con muchas cubas y tinajas llenas de vino, hecho de grano, y fruta, blanco, tinto, dulce, y agrete de datiles, y arrope.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 73. 'Hacian de maiz vino blanco i tinto.... Es de mui buen sabor aunque como unos vinos bruscos o de gascuna.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Ind., MS._, tom. ii., cap.

xxvi. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 136-7, 141-2; tom. iv., pp. 96-7; _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 64, 285; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 71, 321; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 87, 102-3, 153-5, 164, 169-70; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., p. 96.

[1035] 'Quando hablan vno con otro, se ponen do espaldas.' _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 111; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 177-9.

[1036] _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 255; _Peter Martyr_, dec. vii., lib.

x., dec. viii., lib. viii.; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 37-9; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v.; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp. 10-11; _Vega_, _Hist. Descub. Amer._, p. 145. 'Deste nombre tequina se hace mucha diferencia; porque a qualquiera ques mas habil y experto en algun arte, ... le llaman tequina, que quiere decir lo mesmo que maestro: por manera que al ques maestro de las responsiones e inteligencias con el diablo, llamenle tequina en aquel arte, porque aqueste tal es el que administra sus ydolatrias e cerimonias e sacrificios, y el que habla con el diablo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom.

iii., p. 127. 'Tenian o habia entre estas gentes unos sacerdotes que llamaban en su lengua "Piachas" muy espertos en el arte magica, tanto que se revestia en ellos el Diabolo y hablaba por boca de ellos muchas falsedades, conque los tenia cautivos.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologetica, MS._, cap. ccxlv.

[1037] The priests 'comunmente eran sus medicos, e conoscian muchas hiervas, de que usaban, y eran apropriadas a diversas enfermedades.'

_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 126, 138-9, 141, tom. i., pp.

56-7. 'According to the diuers nature, or qualitie of the disease, they cure them by diuers superst.i.tions, and they are diuersly rewarded.'

_Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., cap. viii. Compare further; _Gomara_, _Hist.

Ind._, fol. 88; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologetica, MS._, cap. ccxlv.; _Wafer's New Voy._, p. 28; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 10; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., p. 97; _Purchas his Pilgrimes_, vol. v., p. 893.

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The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 89 summary

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