The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 7

The Ingaliks inhabiting the Yukon near its mouth call themselves _Kaeyah Khatana_. Their dialect is totally distinct from the Malemutes, their neighbors on the west, but shows an affinity with that of the Unakatanas to their east. Tobacco they both smoke and snuff. The smoke they swallow; snuff is drawn into the nostrils through a wooden tube. They manufacture snuff from leaf tobacco by means of a wooden mortar and pestle, and carry bone or wooden snuff-boxes. They are described by travelers as a timid, sensitive people, and remarkably honest. Ingalik women are delivered kneeling, and without pain, being seldom detained from their household duties for more than an hour. The infant is washed, greased, and fed, and is seldom weaned under two or three years. The women live longer than the men; some of them reaching sixty, while the men rarely attain more than forty-five years.

The Koltschanes, whose name in the dialect of the Kenai signifies 'guest,' and in that of the Atnas of Copper River, 'stranger,' have been charged with great cruelty, and even cannibalism, but without special foundation. Wrangell believes the Koltschanes, Atnas, and Kolosches to be one people.

The Kenai, of the Kenaian peninsula, upon recovery from dangerous illness, give a feast to those who expressed sympathy during the affliction. If a bounteous provision is made upon these occasions, a chieftainship may be obtained thereby; and although the power thus acquired does not descend to one's heir, he may be conditionally recognized as chief. Injuries are avenged by the nearest relative, but if a murder is committed by a member of another clan, all the allied families rise to avenge the wrong. When a person dies, the whole community a.s.semble and mourn. The nearest kinsman, arrayed in his best apparel, with blackened face, his nose and head decked with eagle's feathers, leads the ceremony. All sit round a fire and howl, while the master of the lamentation recounts the notable deeds of the departed, amidst the ringing of bells, and violent stampings, and contortions of his body. The clothing is then distributed to the relatives, the body is burned, the bones collected and interred, and at the expiration of a year a feast is held to the memory of the deceased, after which it is not lawful for a relative to mention his name.

The lover, if his suit is accepted, must perform a year's service for his bride. The wooing is in this wise: early some morning he enters the abode of the fair one's father, and without speaking a word proceeds to bring water, prepare food, and to heat the bath-room. In reply to the question why he performs these services, he answers that he desires the daughter for a wife. At the expiration of the year, without further ceremony, he takes her home, with a gift; but if she is not well treated by her husband, she may return to her father, and take with her the dowry. The wealthy may have several wives, but the property of each wife is distinct. They are nomadic in their inclinations and traverse the interior to a considerable distance in pursuit of game.

The Atnas are a small tribe inhabiting the Atna or Copper River. They understand the art of working copper, and have commercial relations with surrounding tribes. In the spring, before the breaking up of ice upon the lakes and rivers, they hunt reindeer, driving them into angle-shaped wicker-work corrals, where they are killed. In the autumn another general hunt takes place, when deer are driven into lakes, and pursued and killed in boats. Their food and clothing depend entirely upon their success in these forays, as they are unable to obtain fish in sufficient quant.i.ties for their sustenance; and when unsuccessful in the chase, whole families die of starvation. Those who can afford it, keep slaves, buying them from the Koltschanes. They burn their dead, then carefully collect the ashes in a new reindeer-skin, enclose the skin in a box, and place the box on posts or in a tree. Every year they celebrate a feast in commemoration of their dead. Baer a.s.serts that the Atnas divide the year into fifteen months, which are designated only by their numbers; ten of them belong to autumn and winter, and five to spring and summer.

[Sidenote: TINNEH CHARACTER.]

The Tinneh character, if we may accept the a.s.sertions of various travelers, visiting different parts under widely different circ.u.mstances, presents a mult.i.tude of phases. Thus it is said of the Chepewyans by Mackenzie, that they are "sober, timorous, and vagrant, with a selfish disposition which has sometimes created suspicions of their integrity. They are also of a quarrelous disposition, and are continually making complaints which they express by a constant repet.i.tion of the word _edmy_, 'it is hard,' in a whiny and plaintive tone of voice. So indolent that numbers perish every year from famine.

Suicide is not uncommon among them." Hearne a.s.serts that they are morose and covetous; that they have no grat.i.tude; are great beggars; are insolent, if any respect is shown them; that they cheat on all opportunities; yet they are mild, rarely get drunk; and "never proceed to violence beyond bad language;" that they steal on every opportunity from the whites, but very rarely from each other; and although regarding all property, including wives, as belonging to the strongest, yet they only wrestle, and rarely murder. Of the same people Sir John Franklin says, that they are naturally indolent, selfish, and great beggars. "I never saw men," he writes, "who either received or bestowed a gift with such bad grace." The Dog-ribs are "of a mild, hospitable, but rather indolent disposition," fond of dancing and singing. According to the same traveler the Copper Indians are superior, in personal character, to any other Chepewyans. "Their delicate and humane attentions to us," he remarks, "in a period of great distress, are indelibly engraven on our memories." Simpson says that it is a general rule among the traders not to believe the first story of an Indian. Although sometimes bearing suffering with fort.i.tude, the least sickness makes them say, "I am going to die," and the improvidence of the Indian character is greatly aggravated by the custom of destroying all the property of deceased relatives. Sir John Richardson accuses the Hare Indians of timidity, standing in great fear of the Eskimos, and being always in want of food.

They are practical socialists, 'great liars,' but 'strictly honest.'

Hospitality is not a virtue with them. According to Richardson, neither the Eskimos, Dog-ribs, nor Hare Indians, feel the least shame in being detected in falsehood, and invariably practice it if they think that they can thereby gain any of their petty ends. Even in their familiar intercourse with each other, the Indians seldom tell the truth in the first instance, and if they succeed in exciting admiration or astonishment, their invention runs on without check. From the manner of the speaker, rather than by his words, is his truth or falsehood inferred, and often a very long interrogation is necessary to elicit the real fact. The comfort, and not unfrequently even the lives of parties of the timid Hare Indians are sacrificed by this miserable propensity.

The Hare and Dog-rib women are certainly at the bottom of the scale of humanity in North America. Ross thinks that they are "tolerably honest; not bloodthirsty, nor cruel;" "confirmed liars, far from being chaste."

According to Harmon, one of the earliest and most observing travelers among them, the Tacullies "are a quiet, inoffensive people," and "perhaps the most honest on the face of the earth." They "are unusually talkative," and "take great delight in singing or humming or whistling a dull air." "Murder is not considered as a crime of great magnitude." He considers the Sicannis the bravest of the Tacully tribes.

But the Kutchins bear off the palm for honesty. Says Whymper: "Finding the loads too great for our dogs, we raised an erection of poles, and deposited some bags thereon. I may here say, once for all, that our men often left goods, consisting of tea, flour, mola.s.ses, bacon, and all kinds of miscellaneous articles, scattered in this way over the country, and that they remained untouched by the Indians, who frequently traveled past them." Simpson testifies of the Loucheux that "a b.l.o.o.d.y intent with them lurks not under a smile." Murray reports the Kutchins treacherous; Richardson did not find them so. Jones declares that "they differ entirely from the Tinneh tribes of the Mackenzie, being generous, honest, hospitable, proud, high-spirited, and quick to revenge an injury."

TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.

Accurately to draw part.i.tion lines between primitive nations is impossible. Migrating with the seasons, constantly at war, driving and being driven far past the limits of hereditary boundaries, extirpating and being extirpated, overwhelming, intermingling; like a human sea, swelling and surging in its wild struggle with the winds of fate, they come and go, here to-day, yonder to-morrow. A traveler pa.s.sing over the country finds it inhabited by certain tribes; another coming after finds all changed. One writer gives certain names to certain nations; another changes the name, or gives to the nation a totally different locality.

An approximation, however, can be made sufficiently correct for practical purposes; and to arrive at this, I will give at the end of each chapter all the authorities at my command; that from the statements of all, whether conflicting or otherwise, the truth may be very nearly arrived at. All nations, north of the fifty-fifth parallel, as before mentioned, I call Hyperboreans.

To the Eskimos, I give the Arctic sea-board from the Coppermine River to Kotzebue Sound. Late travelers make a distinction between the Malemutes and Kaveaks of Norton Sound and the Eskimos. Whymper calls the former 'a race of tall and stout people, but in other respect, much resembling the Esquimaux.' _Alaska_, p. 159. Sir John Richardson, in his _Journal_, vol. i., p. 341, places them on the 'western coast, by Cook's Sound and Tchugatz Bay, nearly to Mount St. Elias;' but in his _Polar Regions_, p.

299, he terminates them at Kotzebue Sound. Early writers give them the widest scope. 'Die sudlichsten sind in Amerika, auf der Kuste Labrador, wo nach Charlevoix dieser Volkerstamm den Namen Esquimaux bey den in der Nahe wohnenden Abenaki fuhrte, und auch an der benachbarten Ostseite von Neu-Fundland, ferner westlich noch unter der Halbinsel Alaska.'

_Vater_, _Mithridates_, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 425. Dr Latham, in his _Varieties of Man_, treats the inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands as Eskimos, and in _Native Races of the Russian Empire_, p. 289, he gives them 'the whole of the coast of the Arctic Ocean, and the coast from Behring Strait to Cook Inlet.' Prichard, _Researches_, vol. v., p. 371, requires more complete evidence before he can conclude that the Aleuts are not Eskimos. Being entirely unacquainted with the great Kutchin family in the Yukon Valley, he makes the Carriers of New Caledonia conterminous with the Eskimos. The boundary lines between the Eskimos and the interior Indian tribes 'are generally formed by the summit of the watershed between the small rivers which empty into the sea and those which fall into the Yukon.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 144. Malte-Brun, _Precis de la Geographie_, vol. v., p. 317, goes to the other extreme.

'Les Esquimaux,' he declares, 'habitent depuis le golfe Welcome jusqu'au fleuve Mackenzie, et probablement jusqu'au detroit de Bering; ils s'etendent au sud jusqu'au lac de l'Esclave.' Ludewig, _Aboriginal Languages_, p. 69, divides them into 'Eskimo proper, on the sh.o.r.es of Labrador, and the Western Eskimos.' Gallatin sweepingly a.s.serts that 'they are the sole native inhabitants of the sh.o.r.es of all the seas, bays, inlets, and islands of America, north of the sixtieth degree of north lat.i.tude.' _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 9. The Western Eskimos, says Beechey, 'inhabit the north-west coast of America, from 60 34' N. to 71 24' N.' _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 299. 'Along the entire coast of America.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 191.

[Sidenote: ESKIMOS AND KONIAGAS.]

The tribal subdivisions of the Eskimos are as follows:--At Coppermine River they are known by the name of _Naggeuktoomutes_, 'deer-horns.' At the eastern outlet of the Mackenzie they are called _Kittear_. Between the Mackenzie River and Barter Reef they call themselves _Kangmali-Innuin_. The tribal name at Point Barrow is _Nuw.a.n.gmeun_. 'The _Nuna-tangme-un_ inhabit the country traversed by the Nunatok, a river which falls into Kotzebue Sound.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 300. From Cape Lisburn to Icy Cape the tribal appellation is _Kitegues_. 'Deutsche Karten zeigen uns noch im Nord-west-Ende des russischen Nordamerika's, in dieser so anders gewandten Kustenlinie, nordlich vom Kotzebue-Sund: im westlichen Theile des Kustenlandes, das sie West-Georgien nennen, vom Cap Lisburn bis uber das Eiscap; hinlaufend das Volk der Kiteguen.'

_Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 713. 'The tribes appear to be separated from each other by a neutral ground, across which small parties venture in the summer for barter.' The _Tuski_, _Tschuktschi_, or _Tchutski_, of the easternmost point of Asia, have also been referred to the opposite coast of America for their habitation. The Tschuktchi 'occupy the north-western coast of Russian Asia, and the opposite sh.o.r.es of north-western America.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 191.

THE KONIAGAN nation occupies the sh.o.r.es of Bering Sea, from Kotzebue Sound to the Island of Kadiak, including a part of the Alaskan Peninsula, and the Koniagan and Chugatschen Islands. The _Koniagas_ proper inhabit Kadiak, and the contiguous islands. _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 676. 'The Konaegi are inhabitants of the Isle of Kodiak.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 371. 'Die eigentlichen Konjagen oder Bewohner der Insel Kadjak.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p.

4. 'Zu den letztern rechnet man die Aleuten von Kadjack, deren Sprache von allen Kustenbewohnern von der Tschugatschen-Bay, bis an die Berings-Stra.s.se und selbst weiter noch die herrschende ist.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 58. 'From Iliamna Lake to the 159th degree of west longitude.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 401. 'La cote qui s'etend depuis le golfe Kamischezkaja jusqu'au Nouveau-Cornouaille, est habitee par cinq peuplades qui forment autant de grandes divisions territoriales dans les colonies de la Russie Americaine. Leurs noms sont: Koniagi, Kenayzi, Tschugatschi, Ugalachmiuti et Koliugi.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p.

347.

The _Chugatsches_ inhabit the islands and sh.o.r.es of Prince William Sound. 'Die Tchugatschen bewohnen die grossten Inseln der Bai Tschugatsk, wie Zukli, Chtagaluk u. a. und ziehen sich an der Sudkuste der Halbinsel Kenai nach Westen bis zur Einfahrt in den Kenaischen Meerbusen.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 4. 'Die Tschugatschen sind Ankommlinge von der Insel Kadjack, die wahrend innerer Zwistigkeiten von dort vertrieben, sich zu ihren jetzigen Wohnsitzen an den Ufern von Prince William's Sound und gegen Westen bis zum Eingange von Cook's Inlet hingewendet haben.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 116. 'Les Tschugatschi occupent le pays qui s'etend depuis l'extremite septentrionale de l'entree de Cook jusqu'a l'est de la baie du prince Guillaume (golfe Tschugatskaja.)' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p. 348.

According to Latham, _Native Races_, p. 290, they are the most southern members of the family. The Tschugazzi 'live between the Ugalyachmutzi and the Kenaizi.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 371. 'Occupy the sh.o.r.es and islands of Chugach Gulf, and the southwest coasts of the peninsula of Kenai.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 401. Tschugatschi, 'Prince William Sound, and Cook's Inlet.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 191.

Tchugatchih, 'claim as their hereditary possessions the coast lying between Bristol Bay and Beering's Straits.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol.

i., p. 364.

The _Aglegmutes_ occupy the sh.o.r.es of Bristol Bay from the river Nus.h.a.gak along the western coast of the Alaskan Peninsula, to lat.i.tude 56. 'Die Aglegmjuten, von der Mundung des Flusses Nuschagakh bis zum 57 oder 56 an der Westkuste der Halbinsel Aljaska; haben also die Ufer der Bristol-Bai inne.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 4. Dall calls them Oglemutes, and says that they inhabit 'the north coast of Aliaska from the 159th degree of west longitude to the head of Bristol Bay, and along the north sh.o.r.e of that Bay to Point Etolin.' _Alaska_, p. 405. Die Agolegmuten, an den Ausmundungen der Flusse Nuschagack und Nackneck, ungefahr 500 an der Zahl.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 121.

The _Kijataigmutes_ dwell upon the banks of the river Nus.h.a.gak and along the coast westward to Cape Newenham. 'Die Kijataigmjuten wohnen an den Ufern des Flusses Nuschagakh, sowie seines Nebenflusses Iligajakh.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. Dall says that they call themselves Nushergagmut, and 'inhabit the coast near the mouth of the Nushergak River, and westward to Cape Newenham.' _Alaska_, p. 405. 'Die Kijaten oder Kijataigmuten an den Flussen Nuschagack und Ilgajack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 121. 'Am Fl. Nuschagak.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 760.

The _Agulmutes_ inhabit the coast between the rivers Kuskoquim and Kishunak. 'Die Aguljmjuten haben sowohl den Kustenstrich als das Innere des Landes zwischen den Mundungen des Kuskokwim und des Kishunakh inne.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'This tribe extends from near Cape Avinoff nearly to Cape Romanzoff.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 406. 'Den Agulmuten, am Flusse Kwichluwack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'An der Kwickpak-Mund.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 719.

The _Kuskoquigmutes_ occupy the banks of Kuskoquim River and Bay. 'Die Kuskokwigmjuten bewohnen die Ufer des Flusses Kuskokwim von seiner Mundung bis zur Ansiedelung Kwygyschpainagmjut in der Nahe der Odinotschka Kalmakow.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. The Kuskwogmuts 'inhabit both sh.o.r.es of Kuskoquim Bay, and some little distance up that river.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 405. 'Die Kuskokwimer an dem Flusse Kuskokwim und andern kleinen Zuflussen desselben und an den Ufern der sudlich von diesem Flusse gelegenen Seen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p.

122. 'Between the rivers Nus.h.a.gak, Ilgajak, Chulitna, and Kuskokwina, on the sea-sh.o.r.e.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 98.

The _Magemutes_ live between the rivers Kishunak and Kipunaiak. 'Die Magmjuten oder Magagmjuten, zwischen den Flussen Kiskunakh und Kipunajakh.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'These inhabit the vicinity of Cape Romanzoff and reach nearly to the Yukon-mouth.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 407. 'Magimuten, am Flusse Kyschunack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p.

122. 'Im S des Norton Busens.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 766.

The _Kwichpagmutes_, or inhabitants of the large river, dwell upon the Kwichpak River, from the coast range to the Uallik. 'Die Kwichpagmjuten, haben ihre Ansiedelungen am Kwickpakh vom Kustengebirge an bis zum Nebenflusse Uallik.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'Kuwichpackmuten, am Flusse Kuwichpack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'Tlagga Silla, or little dogs, nearer to the mouth of the Yukon, and probably conterminous with the Eskimo Kwichpak-meut.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p.

293. On Whymper's map are the _Primoski_, near the delta of the Yukon.

The _Kwichluagmutes_ dwell upon the banks of the Kwichluak or Crooked River, an arm of the Kwichpak. 'Die Kwichljuagmjuten an den Ufern eines Mundungsarmes des Kwichpakh, der Kwichljuakh.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn.

Skiz._, p. 5. 'Inhabit the Kwikhpak Slough.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 407.

The _Pashtoliks_ dwell upon the river Pashtolik. 'Die Paschtoligmjuten, an den Ufern des Pastolflusses.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6.

'Paschtoligmuten, am Flusse Paschtol.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122.

Whymper places them immediately north of the delta of the Yukon.

The _Chnagmutes_ occupy the coast and islands south of the Unalaklik River to Pashtolik Bay. 'Die Tschnagmjuten, an den Ufern der Meerbusen Pastol und Schachtolik zwischen den Flussen Pastol an Unalaklik.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'Den Tschnagmuten, gegen Norden von den Paschtuligmuten und gegen Westen bis zum Kap Rodney.' _Baer_, _Stat. u.

Ethn._, p. 122. 'Am. sdl. Norton-Busen.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek.

Sprache_, p. 805.

The _Anlygmutes_ inhabit the sh.o.r.es of Golovnin Bay and the southern coast of the Kaviak peninsula. 'Die Anlygmjuten, an den Ufern der Bai Golownin nordlich vom Nortonsunde.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6.

'Anlygmuten, an der Golowninschen Bai.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p.

122. 'Ndl. vom Norton-Sund.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 722.

The _Kaviaks_ inhabit the western portion of the Kaviak peninsula.

'Adjacent to Port Clarence and Behring Strait.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p.

167. 'Between Kotzebue and Norton Sounds.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 137.

The _Malemutes_ inhabit the coast at the mouth of the Unalaklik River, and northward along the sh.o.r.es of Norton Sound across the neck of the Kaviak Peninsula at Kotzebue Sound. 'Die Maleigmjuten bewohnen die Kuste des Nortonsundes vom Flusse Unalaklik an und gehen durch das Innere des Landes hinauf bis zum Kotzebuesunde.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6.

'From Norton Sound and Bay north of Shaktolik, and the neck of the Kaviak Peninsula to Selawik Lake.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 407. 'Den Malimuten, nahe an den Ufern des Golfes Schaktulack oder Schaktol.'

_Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. The Malemutes 'extend from the island of St. Michael to Golovin Sound.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 167. 'Ndl. am Norton-Busen bis zum Kotzebue Sund.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek.

Sprache_, p. 766.

[Sidenote: THE ALEUTS.]

THE ALEUTS inhabit the islands of the Aleutian archipelago, and part of the peninsula of Alaska and the Island of Kadiak. They are divided into the _Atkahs_, who inhabit the western islands, and the _Unalaskans_ or eastern division. The tribal divisions inhabiting the various islands are as follows; namely, on the Alaskan peninsula, three tribes to which the Russians have given names--_Morshewskoje_, _Bjeljkowskoje_, and _Pawlowskoje_; on the island of Unga, the _Ugnasiks_; on the island of Unimak, the _Sesaguks_; the _Tigaldas_ on Tigalda Island; the _Avatanaks_ on Avatanak Island; on the Island of Akun, three tribes, which the Russians call _Arteljnowskoje_, _Rjatscheschnoje_, and _Seredkinskoje_; the _Akutans_ on the Akutan Island; the _Unalgas_ on the Unalga Island; the _Sidanaks_ on Spirkin Island; on the island of Unalashka, the _Ililluluk_, the _Nguyuk_, and seven tribes called by the Russians _Natykinskoje_, _Pestnjakow-swoje_, _Wesselowskoje_, _Makuschinskoja_, _Koschhiginskoje_, _Tuscon-skoje_, and _Kalechinskoje_; and on the island of Umnak the _Tuliks_. Latham, _Nat. Races_, p. 291, a.s.signs them to the Aleutian Isles. 'Die Unalaschkaer oder Fuchs-Aleuten bewohnen die Gruppe der Fuchsinseln, den sudwestlichen Theil der Halbinsel Aljaska, und die Inselgruppe Schumaginsk. Die Atchaer oder Andrejanowschen Aleuten bewohnen die Andrejanowschen, die Ratten, und die Nahen-Inseln der Aleuten-Kette.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, pp. 7, 8. Inhabit 'the islands between Alyaska and Kamschatka.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 4.

[Sidenote: THE THLINKEETS.]

THE THLINKEETS, or Kolosches, occupy the islands and sh.o.r.es between Copper River and the river Na.s.s. 'Die eigentlichen Thlinkithen (Bewohner des Archipels von den Parallelen des Flusses Na.s.s bis zum St.