The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 67

[691] 'They defecate promiscuously near their huts; they leave offal of every character, dead animals and dead skins, close in the vicinity of their huts.' _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 339; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 114; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 380.

[692] The Mojave 'arms are the bow and arrow, the spear and the club.'

_Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, p. 18. 'Armed with bows and arrows.' _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 39. The Querechos 'use the bow and arrow, lance and shield.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 19, 23. 'The Apache will invariably add his bow and arrows to his personal armament.'

_Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 15, 75-6, 103, 189. 'Neben Bogen und Pfeilen fuhren sie noch sehr lange Lanzen.' _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 230.

'They use the bow and arrow and spear.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. 'Armed with bows and arrows, and the lance.'

_Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214. For colored lithograph of weapons see _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 50, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'El armamento de los apaches se componen de lanza, arco y flechas.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 372. 'Las armas de los apaches son fusil, flechas y lanza.' _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p.

315. 'Los Yumas son Indios ... de malas armas, muchos no llevan arco, y si lo llevan es mal dispuesto, y con dos o tres flechas.' _Garces_, in _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, p. 419; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp.

de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Malte-Brun_, _Precis de la Geog._, tom.

vi., p. 399; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 190; _Drew_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 105; _Odin_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 450; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Holley's Texas_, p.

153; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 543; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Moore's Texas_, p. 33; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 602; _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224; _Brantz-Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol.

ii., p. 123; _Thummel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p.

452; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 185; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 328-9, 451; _Pages' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Linati_, _Costumes_, plate xxii.; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 274; _Mollhausen_, _Mormonenmadchen_, tom. ii., p. 152; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, pp. 480-2, with cut.

[693] 'Their weapons of war are the spear or lance, the bow, and the laso.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 173.

[694] Among 'their arms of offence' is 'what is called Macana, a short club, like a round wooden mallet, which is used in close quarters.'

_Hardy's Trav._, p. 373. 'War clubs were prepared in abundance.'

_Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 176. Die Apachen 'nur Bogen, Pfeile und Keulen.' _Thummel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444. 'Their clubs are of mezquite wood (a species of acacia) three or four feet long.' _Emory's Rept. U.

S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108. 'Ils n'ont d'autre arme qu'un grand croc et une ma.s.sue.' _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No.

96, p. 186. 'Arma sunt ... oblongi lignei gladii multis acutis silicibus utrimque muniti.' _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 311. 'Sus Armas son Flechas, y Macanas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 681.

Among the Comanches: 'Leur ma.s.sue est une queue de buffle a l'extremite de laquelle ils inserent une boule en pierre on en metal.' _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 193; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302.

[695] 'Mit vierstreifigen Strickschleudern bewaffnet.' _Mexikanische Zustande_, tom. i., p. 64. 'Sie fechten mit Lanzen, Buchsen, Pfeilen und Tamahaks.' _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104. 'Une pet.i.te hache en silex.'

_Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 193; _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., p. 539; _Treasury of Trav._, p. 31; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 230; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 272.

[696] The Querecho 'bows are made of the tough and elastic wood of the "bois d'arc" or Osage orange (Maclura Aurantiaca), strengthened and reenforced with the sinews of the deer wrapped firmly around them, and strung with a cord made of the same material.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p.

24. The Tonto 'bow is a stout piece of tough wood ... about five feet long, strengthened at points by a wrapping of sinew ... which are joined by a sinew string.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. The Navajo 'bow is about four feet in length ... and is covered on the back with a kind of fibrous tissue.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. The Yuma 'bow is made of willow.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108. 'Langen Bogen von Weidenholz.'

_Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 124. Apaches: 'the bow forms two semicircles, with a shoulder in the middle; the back of it is entirely covered with sinews, which are laid on ... by the use of some glutinous substance.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 338. 'Los tamanos de estas armas son differentes, segun las parcialidades que las usan.'

_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 372; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Malte-Brun_, _Precis de la Geog._, tom. vi., p.

453; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98; _Pattie's Pers.

Nar._, pp. 117, 149; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450.

[697] The Apaches: 'Tous portaient au poignet gauche le bracelet de cuir ... Ce bracelet de cuir est une espece de paumelle qui entoure la main gauche, ... Le premier sert a amortir le coup de fouet de la corde de l'arc quand il se detend, la seconde empeche les pennes de la fleche de dechirer la peau de la main.' _Ferry_, _Scenes de la vie Sauvage_, p.

256. 'With a leather bracelet on one wrist and a bow and quiver of arrows form the general outfit.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418.

[698] The Coyoteros 'use very long arrows of reed, finished out with some hard wood, and an iron or flint head, but invariably with three feathers at the opposite end.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 103. Navajoes: 'the arrow is about two feet long and pointed with iron.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. The Querechos 'arrows are twenty inches long, of flexible wood, with a triangular point of iron at one end, and two feathers ... at the opposite extremity.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 24. The Apache 'arrows are quite long, very rarely pointed with flint, usually with iron. The feather upon the arrow is placed or bound down with fine sinew in threes, instead of twos.... The arrow-shaft is usually made of some pithy wood, generally a species of yucca.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 209. 'Sagittae acutis silicibus asperatae.' _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 311. 'Arrows were ... pointed with a head of stone. Some were of white quartz or agate, and others of obsidian.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

iii., p. 98. The Tonto 'arrows ... are three feet long ... the cane is winged with four strips of feather, held in place by threads of sinew ... which bears on its free end an elongated triangular piece of quartz, flint, or rarely iron.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418.

The Lipan arrows 'have four straight flutings; the Comanches make two straight black flutings and two red spiral ones.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 270; _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, p. 18; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p.

82; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Conder's Mex. Guat._, vol. ii., p.

76; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Mollhausen_, _Fluchtling_, tom.

iv., p. 31; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 149.

[699] The Apache 'quivers are usually made of deer-skin, with the hair turned inside or outside, and sometimes of the skin of the wild-cat, with the tail appended.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.

210. 'Quiver of sheep-skin.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 461. 'Quiver of fresh-cut reeds.' _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 39. 'Un carcax o bolsa de piel de leopardo en lo general.'

_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 373; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 31, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80.

[700] 'The spear is eight or ten feet in length, including the point, which is about eighteen inches long, and also made of iron.'

_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. Should the Apaches possess any useless firearms, 'generalmente vienen a darles nuevo uso, haciendo de ellas lanzas, cuchillos, lenguetas de flechas.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 372. 'La lanza la usan muy larga.'

_Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. 'Lance of fifteen feet in length.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 338; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 242; _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 195; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 298.

[701] The Comanche 'shield was round ... made of wicker-work, covered first with deer skins and then a tough piece of raw buffalo-hide drawn over, ... ornamented with a human scalp, a grizzly bear's claw and a mule's tail ... for the arm were pieces of cotton cloth twisted into a rope.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 195. 'En el brazo izquierdo llevaba el chimal, que es un escudo ovalado, cubierto todo de plumas, espejos, chaquiras y adornos de pano encarnado.' _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 162. Their shield 'is generally painted a bright yellow.' _Domenech's Deserts_ vol. ii., p. 268. 'Shield of circular form, covered with two thicknesses of hard, undressed buffalo hide, ... stuffed with hair ... a rifle-ball will not penetrate it unless it strikes perpendicular to the surface.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 24-5; _Mollhausen_, _Fluchtling_, tom. iv., p. 31; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80. A 'Navajo shield ... with an image of a demon painted on one side ... border of red cloth, ...

trimmed with feathers.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p.

454; _Linati_, _Costumes_, plate xxii.; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 104.

[702] 'Wherever their observations can be made from neighboring heights with a chance of successful ambush, the Apache never shows himself.'

_Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 79, 189. 'Attacking only when their numbers, and a well-laid ambush, promise a certainty of success.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419. 'Colocan de antemano una emboscada.'

_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 375; _Parker_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 221-3, 256; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 4; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 47; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, p. 107; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 186; _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 161.

[703] 'Salen ... generalmente divididos en pequenas partidas para ocultar mejor sus rastros.... Es imponderable la velocidad con que huyen despues que han ejecutado un crecido robo ... las montanas que enc.u.mbran, los desiertos sin agua que atraviesan.' _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 316. 'They steal upon their enemies under the cover of night.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex.

Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 107; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 303; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 83; _Apostolicos Afanes_, p. 434; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, pp. 375-6; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 279; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276.

[704] 'La practica, que observan para avisa.r.s.e los unos a los otros ...

es levantar humaredas.' _Villa-Senor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p.

394. 'Smokes are of various kinds, each one significant of a particular object.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 183-4. 'In token of retreate sounded on a certaine small trumpet ... made fires, and were answered againe afarre off ... to giue their fellowes vnderstanding, how wee marched and where we arriued.' _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 376; _Mollhausen_, _Fluchtling_, tom. ii., p. 157; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419.

[705] 'La suma crueldad con que tratan a los vencidos atenaccandolos vivos y comiendose los pedazos de la carne que la arrancan.' _Doc. Hist.

N. Vizcaya, MS._, p. 4. 'Their savage and blood-thirsty natures experience a real pleasure in tormenting their victim.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 266. 'Hang their victims by the heels to a tree and put a slow fire under their head.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 201, 93, 96.

Among the Navajos, 'Captives taken in their forays are usually treated kindly.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 295. 'Ils scalpent avec la corde de leur arc, en la tournant rapidement autour de la tete de leur victime.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 303; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp.

114-118, 138, 149, 218; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Graves_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 180; _Labadi_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 247; _Malte-Brun_, _Precis de la Geog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 167; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 10; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 118.

[706] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 216; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114.

[707] 'Obran en la guerra con mas tactica que los apaches.' _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 318. 'A young man is never considered worthy to occupy a seat in council until he has encountered an enemy in battle.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 34; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 22; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 140-1; _Foote's Texas_, vol. i., p. 298; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 346; _Maillard's Hist. Tex._, p. 243.

[708] 'When a chieftain desires to organize a war-party, he ... rides around through the camp singing the war-song.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p.

53. 'When a chief wishes to go to war ... the preliminaries are discussed at a war-dance.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 280; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.

ii., p. 315.

[709] 'They dart forward in a column like lightning.... At a suitable distance from their prey, they divide into two squadrons.' _Holley's Texas_, p. 153. 'A Comanche will often throw himself upon the opposite side of his charger, so as to be protected from the darts of the enemy.'

_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 312-13; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 234; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104.

[710] 'Ils tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfants, qu'ils elevent avec soin pour s'en servir comme d'esclaves.' _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 290. 'Invariably kill such men as offer the slightest impediment to their operations, and take women and children prisoners.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 24, 54.

'Prisoners of war belong to the captors.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 232; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Figuier's Hum.

Race_, p. 480; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 41; _Foote's Texas_, vol. i., p. 298; _Horn's Captivity_, p. 15; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 205.

[711] 'Ten chiefs were seated in a circle within our tent, when the pipe, the Indian token of peace, was produced ... they at first refused to smoke, their excuse being, that it was not their custom to smoke until they had received some presents.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.

ii., p. 39.

[712] 'I saw no earthenware vessels among them; the utensils employed in the preparation of food being shallow basins of closely netted straw.

They carried water in pitchers of the same material, but they were matted all over with a pitch.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p.

419. 'Aus Binsen und Weiden geflochtene Gefa.s.se, mitunter auch einige aus Thon geformte;' ... by the door stood 'ein breiter Stein ... auf welchem mittelst eines kleineren die Mehlfruchte zerrieben wurden.'

_Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 396, 404. 'Panniers of wicker-work, for holding provisions, are generally carried on the horse by the women.'

_Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 129. 'Their only implements are sticks.' _Greene_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 140. 'They (the Axuas of Colorado River) had a beautiful fishing-net made out of gra.s.s.' ...

'They had also burnt earthen jars, extremely well made. The size of each of them might be about two feet in diameter in the greatest swell; very thin, light, and well formed.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 338. 'Nets wrought with the bark of the willow.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 220; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 200. 'Tienen mucha loza de las coloradas, y pintadas y negras, platos, caxetes, saleros; almofias, xicaras muy galanas: alguna de la loza esta vidriada. Tienen mucho apercibimiento de lena, e de madera, para hacer sus casas, en tal manera, a lo que nos dieron a entender, que cuando uno queria hacer casa, tiene aquella madera alli de puesto para el efecto, y hay mucha cantidad. Tiene dos guaxexes a los lados del pueblo, que le sirven para se banar, porque de otros ojos de agua, a tiro de arcabuz, beben y se sirven. A un cuarto de legua va el rio Salado, que decimos, por donde fue nuestro camino, aunque el agua salada se pierde de muchas leguas atras.' _Castano de Sosa_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Ined._, tom. iv., p. 331; _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Feb. 14th, 1862_; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 200.

'Their only means of farming are sharpened sticks.' _Colyer_, in _Ind.