The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 22

The _Seba.s.sas_ occupy the sh.o.r.es of Gardner Channel and the opposite islands. Inhabit Banks Island. _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p.

206. The Laba.s.sas in five tribes are situated on 'Gardner's Ca.n.a.l, Ca.n.a.l de Principe, Ca.n.a.l de la Reida.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hudson's Bay_, p. 80. Keekheatla (or Keetheatla), on Ca.n.a.l de Principe; Kilcatah, at the entrance of Gardner Ca.n.a.l; Kittamaat (or Kittamuat), on the north arm of Gardner Ca.n.a.l; Kitlope on the south arm; Neeslous on Ca.n.a.l de la Reido (Reina). _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 487; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol. 'In the neighbourhood of Seal Harbour dwell the Seba.s.sa tribe.' _Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 106. 'The Shebasha, a powerful tribe inhabiting the numerous islands of Pitt's Archipelago.'

_Bryant_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 302.

The _Millbank Sound_ tribes are the Onieletoch, Weitletoch (or Weetletoch), and Kokwaiytoch, on Millbank Sound; Eesteytoch, on Cascade Ca.n.a.l; Kuimuchquitoch, on Dean Ca.n.a.l; Bellahoola, at entrance of Salmon River of Mackenzie; Guashilla, on River Ca.n.a.l; Nalalsemoch, at Smith Inlet, and Weekemoch on Calvert Island. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 487-8; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol. 'The Millbank Indians on Millbank Sound.' _Bryant_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 302.

The _Bellacoolas_ live about the mouth of Salmon River. '"Bentick's Arms"--inhabited by a tribe of Indians--the Bellaghchoolas. Their village is near Salmon River.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 267. The Billechoolas live on Salmon River in lat.i.tude 53 30'. _Buschmann_, _Brit.

Nordamer._, p. 384. The Bellahoolas 'on the banks of the Salmon river.'

_Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 258. 'The Indians at Milbank Sound called Belbellahs.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 271. 'Spread along the margins of the numerous ca.n.a.ls or inlets with which this part of the coast abounds.'

_Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 224.

'In the neighbourhood of the Fort (McLoughlin) was a village of about five hundred Ballabollas.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 202.

The _Hailtzas_, Hailtzuks, or Haeelzuks 'dwell to the south of the Billechoola, and inhabit both the mainland and the northern entrance of Vancouver's Island from lat.i.tude 53 30' N. to 50 30' N.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 224. 'The Hailtsa commencing in about lat.i.tude 51 N., and extending through the ramifications of Fitzhugh and Milbank Sounds.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p.

74. 'An diesem Sunde (Milbank) wohnen die Hailtsa-Indianer.'

_Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 383; _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol.

ii., p. 230.

[Sidenote: THE NOOTKA FAMILY.]

THE NOOTKA FAMILY dwells south of the Haidah, occupying the coast of British Columbia, from Bentinck Arms to the mouth of the Fraser, and the whole of Vancouver Island. By other authors the name has been employed to designate a tribe at Nootka Sound, or applied to nearly all the Coast tribes of the Columbian Group. 'The native population of Vancouver Island ... is chiefly composed of the following tribes:--North and East coasts (in order in which they stand from North to South)--Quackolls, Newittees, Comuxes, Yukletas, Suanaimuchs, Cowitchins, Sanetchs, other smaller tribes;--South Coast (... from East to West)--Tsoma.s.s, Tsclallums, Sokes, Patcheena, Sennatuch;--West Coast ... (from South to North)--Nitteenats, Chadukutl, Oiatuch, Toquatux, Schissatuch, Upatsesatuch, Cojuklesatuch, Uqluxlatuch, Clayoquots, Nootkas, Nespods, Koskeemos, other small tribes.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., p. 293. 'In Barclay Sound: Pacheenett, Nittinat, Ohiat, Ouchuchlisit, Opecluset, Shechart, Toquart, Ucletah, Tsoma.s.s;--Clayoquot Sound: Clayoquot, Kilsamat, Ahouset, Mannawousut, Ishquat;--Nootka Sound: Matchclats, Moachet, Neuchallet, Ehateset.' _Mayne's B. C._, p.

251. 'About Queen Charlotte Sound;--Naweetee, Quacolth, Queehavuacolt (or Queehaquacoll), Marmalillacalla, Clowetsus (or Clawetsus), Murtilpar (or Martilpar), Nimkish, Wewarkka, Wewarkk.u.m, Clallueis (or Clalluiis), c.u.mquekis, Laekquelibla, Clehuse (or Clehure), Soiitinu (or Soiilenu), Quicksutinut (or Quicksulinut), Aquamish, Clelikitte, Nark.o.c.ktau, Quainu, Exenimuth, (or Cexeninuth), Tenuckttau, Oiclela.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol. On the seaboard, south of Nitinaht Sound, and on the Nitinaht River, the Pacheenaht and Nitinaht tribes; on Barclay, otherwise Nitinaht Sound, the Ohyaht, Howchuklisaht, Opechisaht, Seshaht, Youclulaht, and Toquaht tribes; on Klahohquaht Sound, the Klahohquaht, Killsmaht, Ahousaht and Manohsaht tribes; on Nootkah Sound, the Hishquayaht, Muchlaht, Moouchat (the so-called Nootkahs), Ayhuttisaht and Noochahlaht; north of Nootkah Sound, the Kyohquaht, Chaykisaht, and Klahosaht tribes. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 308. Alphabetical list of languages on Vancouver Island: Ahowzarts, Aitizzarts, Aytcharts, Cayuquets, Eshquates (or Esquiates), Klahars, Klaizzarts, Klaooquates (or Tlaoquatch), Michlats, Mowatchits, Neuchadlits, Neuwitties, Newchema.s.s, (Nuchimas), Savinnars, Schoomadits, Suthsetts, Tlaoquatch, Wicananish. _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p.

349. 'Among those from the north were the Aitizzarts, Schoomadits, Neuwitties, Savinnars, Ahowzarts, Mowatchits, Suthsetts, Neuchadlits, Michlaits, and Cayuquets; the most of whom were considered as tributary to Nootka. From the South the Aytcharts, and Esquiates also tributary, with the Klaooquates and the Wickanninish, a large and powerful tribe, about two hundred miles distant.' _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 36-7. 'Tribes situated between Nanaimo and Fort Rupert, on the north of Vancouver Island, and the mainland Indians between the same points ... are divided into several tribes, the Nanoose, Comoux, Nimpkish, Quawguult, &c., on the Island; and the Squawmisht, Sechelt, Clahoose, Ucletah, Mamalilaculla, &c., on the coast, and among the small islands off it.'

_Mayne's B. C._, p. 243. List of tribes on Vancouver Island: 'Songes, Sanetch, Kawitchin, Uchulta, Nimkis, Quaquiolts, Neweetg, Quacktoe, Nootka, Nitinat, Klayquoit, Soke.' _Findlay's Directory_, pp. 391-2. The proper name of the Vancouver Island Tribes is Yucuatl. _Ludewig_, _Ab.

Lang._, p. 135. The Nootka Territory 'extends to the Northward as far as Cape Saint James, in the lat.i.tude of 52 20' N. ... and to the Southward to the Islands ... of the Wicananish.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 228. 'The Cawitchans, Ucaltas, and Coquilths, who are I believe of the same family, occupy the sh.o.r.es of the Gulf of Georgia and Johnston's Straits.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 74. 'Twenty-four tribes speaking the Challam and Cowaitzchim languages, from lat.i.tude 50 along the Coast South to Whitby Island in lat.i.tude 48; part of Vancouver's Island, and the mouth of Franc's River.' Also on the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Vancouver Islands, the Sanetch, three tribes; Hallams, eleven tribes; Sinahomish; Skatcat; Cowitchici, seven tribes; Soke; Cowitciher, three tribes. _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hudson's Bay_, p. 81; also in _Hazlitt's B. C._, pp. 66-7. Five tribes at Fort Rupert;--Quakars, Qualquilths, k.u.mcutes, Wanlish, Lockqualillas.

_Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 165. 'The Chicklezats and Ahazats, inhabiting districts in close proximity on the west coast of Vancouver.'

_Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 41. 'North of the district occupied by the Ucletahs come the Nimkish, Mamalilacula, Matelpy and two or three other smaller tribes. The Mamalilaculas live on the mainland.' _Mayne's B.

C._, p. 249. The population of Vancouver Island 'is divided into twelve tribes; of these the Kawitchen, Quaquidts and Nootka are the largest.'

_Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 30. 'Ouakichs, Grande ile de Quadra et Van Couver.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335.

[Sidenote: NATIONS INHABITING VANCOUVER ISLAND.]

In naming the following tribes and nations I will begin at the north and follow the west coast of the island southward, then the east coast and main land northward to the starting-point.

The _Uclenus_ inhabit Scott Island. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.

488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol.

The _Quanes_ dwell at Cape Scott. _Id._

The _Quactoe_ are found in the 'woody part N.W. coast of the island.'

_Findlay's Directory_, p. 391.

The _Koskiemos_ and _Quatsinos_ live on 'the two Sounds bearing those names.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251. Kuskema, and Quatsinu, 'outside Vancouver's Island south of C. Scott.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol.

The _Kycucut_, 'north of Nootka Sound, is the largest tribe of the West coast.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251.

The _Aitizzarts_ are 'a people living about thirty or forty miles to the Northward' of Nootka Sound. _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 63, 77.

The _Ahts_ live on the west coast of the island. 'The localities inhabited by the Aht tribes are, chiefly, the three large Sounds on the west coast of Vancouver Island, called Nitinaht (or Barclay) Klahohquaht, and Nootkah.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 10.

The _Chicklezahts_ and _Ahazats_ inhabit districts in close proximity on the west coast of Vancouver. _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 41.

The _Clayoquots_, or Klahohquahts, live at Clayoquot Sound, and the Moouchats at Nootka Sound. _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 22, 25. North of the Wickininish. _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 76.

The _Toquahts_ are a people 'whose village is in a dreary, remote part of Nitinaht (or Barclay) Sound.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 104.

The _Seshats_ live at Alberni, Barclay Sound. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 3.

The _Pacheenas_, or 'Pacheenetts, which I have included in Barclay Sound, also inhabit Port San Juan.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251.

The _Tlaoquatch_ occupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den Sudwesten der Quadra- und Vancouver-Insel nehmen die Tlaoquatch ein, deren Sprache mit der vom Nutka-Sunde verwandt ist.' _Buschmann_, _Brit.

Nordamer._, p. 372. Tlaoquatch, or Tloquatch, on 'the south-western coast of Vancouver's Island.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 188.

The _Sokes_ dwell 'between Victoria and Barclay Sound.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251. 'East point of San Juan to the Songes territory.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 392.

The _Wickinninish_ live about two hundred miles south of Nootka.

_Jewitt's Nar._, p. 76.

The _Songhies_ are 'a tribe collected at and around Victoria.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243. 'The Songhish tribe, resident near Victoria.' _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 430. Songes, 'S.E. part of the island.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391.

The _Sanetch_ dwell 'sixty miles N.W. of Mount Douglas.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391.

The _Cowichins_ live 'in the harbour and valley of Cowitchen, about 40 miles north of Victoria.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243. 'Cowichin river, which falls into that (Haro) ca.n.a.l about 20 miles N. of Cowichin Head, and derives its name from the tribe of Indians which inhabits the neighbouring country.' _Douglas_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xxiv., p. 246. Kawitchin, 'country N.W. of Sanetch territory to the entrance of Johnson's Straits.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391. 'North of Fraser's River, and on the opposite sh.o.r.es of Vancouver's Island.'

_Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 224. 'North of Fraser's River, on the north-west coast.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 91.

The _Comux_, or Komux, 'live on the east coast between the Kowitchan and the Quoquoulth tribes.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 311. Comoux, south of Johnston Straits. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol. The Comoux 'extend as far as Cape Mudge.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243.

The _Kwantlums_ dwell about the mouth of the Fraser. 'At and about the entrance of the Fraser River is the Kuantlun tribe: they live in villages which extend along the banks of the river as far as Langley.'

_Mayne's B. C._, pp. 243, 295.

The _t.e.e.t.s_ live on the lower Frazer River. 'From the falls (of the Fraser) downward to the seacoast, the banks of the river are inhabited by several branches of the Haitlin or Teet tribe.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 73. 'Extending from Langley to Yale, are the Smess, Chillwayhook, Pallalts, and Teates.... The Smess Indians occupy the Smess River and lake, and the Chillwayhooks the river and lake of that name.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 295. Teate Indians. See _Bancroft's Map of Pac. States_.

The _Nanaimos_ are 'gathered about the mouth of the Fraser.' _Mayne's B.

C._, p. 243.--Chiefly on a river named the Nanaimo, which falls into Wentuhuysen Inlet. _Douglas_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxiv., p. 247.

The _Squawmishts_ 'live in Howe Sound.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243.

The _Sechelts_ live on Jervis Inlet. _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 243-4.

The _Clahoose_, or Klahous, 'live in Desolation Sound.' _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 243-4.

The _Nanoose_ 'inhabit the harbour and district of that name, which lies 50 miles north of Nanaimo.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243.

The _Tacultas_, or Tahcultahs, live at Point Mudge on Valdes Island.

_Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 155.

The _Ucletas_ are found 'at and beyond Cape Mudge.' 'They hold possession of the country on both sides of Johnstone Straits until met 20 or 30 miles south of Fort Rupert by the Nimpkish and Mamalilacullas.'