The Teaching and Cultivation of the French Language in England Part 32

[601] _A Dialogue concerning Education_, in _Miscellaneous Works_, London, 1751, pp. 313 _et seq._

[602] Cp. Entries of Pa.s.sports, in the _Cal. State Papers_. The necessity of such a course was considered specially urgent if the traveller was himself ignorant of languages (_The Gentleman's Companion, by a Person of Quality_, 1672, p. 55).

[603] Gailhard, _The Compleat Gentleman_, 1678, p. 16.

[604] Gailhard, _op. cit._ pp. 19, 20. A gentleman, he thinks, should be sent abroad betimes to prevent his being hardened in any evil course.

[605] _Some Thoughts on Education_, 1693.

[606] Walker, _Of Education, especially of Young Gentlemen_, 1699, 6th ed.

[607] _Notes on Ben Jonson's Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden_ (1619), Shakespeare Soc., 1842, pp. 21, 47.

[608] _Autobiography_, ed. Sir Sidney Lee (2nd ed., 1906), p. 56.

[609] _Memoirs of Sir John Reresby_, ed. J. J. Cartwright, 1875, p. 26.

[610] _Dict. Nat. Biog._, ad nom.

[611] Addison was well acquainted with French literature and criticism.

He frequently quotes Boileau, Racine, Corneille, and also Bouhours and Lebossu. His _Tragedy of Cato_ is closely modelled on the French pattern. See A. Beljame, _Le Public et les hommes de lettres en Angleterre au 18e siecle_, 1897, p. 316.

[612] _Memoirs of the Verney Family_, 1892, iii. p. 36.

[613] _The Correspondence of Philip Sidney and Hubert Languet_, ed. W.

A. Bradly (Boston, 1912), p. 26.

[614] _Savile Correspondence_, Camden Soc., 1858, pp. 133, 138. O.

Walker, in his _Of Education_, differs from other writers in proposing that young gentlemen should travel without a governor.

[615] In the same category may be placed the _Traveiles of Jerome Turler_, a native of Saxony, whose work was translated into English in the year of its appearance (1575). It was specially intended for the use of students.

[616] T. Palmer, _Essay on the Means of making our Travels into Forran Countries more Profitable and Honourable_, 1606; T. Overbury, _Observations in his Travels_, 1609 (France and the Low Countries).

William Bourne's _Treasure for Travellers_ (London, 1578) has no bearing on travel from the language point of view. Of special interest are Dallington's _Method for Travell, shewed by taking the View of France as it stoode in the Yeare of our Lorde 1598_, London (1606?), and his _View of France_, London, 1604. Other works are _A Direction for English Travellers_, licensed for printing in 1635 (Arber, _Stationers'

Register_, iv. 343); Neal's _Direction to Travel_, 1643; Bacon's _Essay on Travel_, 1625; Howell's _Instructions for Forreine Travel_, 1624.

[617] The versatile master of the ceremonies to Charles I., Sir Balthazar Gerbier, wrote his _Subsidium Peregrinantibus or an a.s.sistance to a Traveller in his convers with--1. Hollanders. 2. Germans. 3.

Venetians. 4. Italians. 5. Spaniards. 6. French_ (1665), in the first place as a _vade mec.u.m_ for a princely traveller, the unfortunate Duke of Monmouth. It claimed to give directions for travel, "after the latest mode." Cp. also _A direction for travailers taken by Sir J. S._ (Sir John Stradling) _out of_ (the _Epistola de Peregrinatione Italica of_) _J. Lipsius, etc._, London. 1592.

[618] List in Watt's _Bibliographia Britannia_, 1824 (heading _Education_); and in _Cambridge History of English Literature_, ix. ch.

xv. (Bibliography).

[619] _Method for Travell_, 1598, and _View of France_, 1604.

[620] The constant warnings against mixing with Englishmen abroad show how numerous the latter must have been. "He that beyond seas frequents his own countrymen forgets the princ.i.p.al part of his errand--language,"

wrote Francis...o...b..rne in his _Advice to a Son_ (1656).

[621] As did Lord Lincoln, who "sees no English, rails at England, and admires France."

[622] _Itinerary_, 1617.

[623] Bacon, _Essay on Travel_, 1625.

[624] Gailhard, _op. cit._ p. 48.

[625] S. Penton. _New Instructions to the Guardian_, 1694, p. 104.

[626] Cp. Entries of pa.s.sports to France in the _Calendar of State Papers_.

[627] _Positions_, 1581.

[628] It appears from a deleted note in the MS. of Defoe's _Compleat English Gentleman_ that travel was not always considered necessary for younger sons (ed. K. Bulbring, London, 1890).

[629] _French Alphabet_, 1592: "Car la plus part de ceux qui vont en France apprennent par routine, sans reigles, et sans art, de sorte qu'il leur est impossible d'apprendre, sinon avec une grande longueur de temps. Au contraire ceux qui apprennent en Angleterre, s'ils apprennent d'un qui ait bonne methode, il ne se peut faire qu'ils n'apprennent en bref. D'avantage ce qu'ils apprennent est beaucoup meilleur que le francois qu'on apprend en France par routine. Car nous ne pouvons parler ce que nous n'avons apris et que nous ignorons. Ceux qui apprennent du vulgaire ne peuvent parler que vulgairement ... d'un francois corrompu. Au contraire ceux qui apprennent par livres, parlent selon ce qu'ils apprennent: or est il que les termes et phrases des livres sont le plus pur et naif francois (bien qu'il y ayt distinction de livres); il ne se peut donc qu'ils ne parlent plus purement et naivement (comme j'ay dict) que les autres."

[630] Wodroeph, _Spared houres of a souldier_, 1623.

[631] Livet, _La Grammaire francaise et les grammairiens au 16e siecle_, 1859, p. 2.

[632] _In linguam gallicam Isagoge_, 1531.

[633] _Le Traite touchant le commun usage de l'escriture francoise_, 1542, 1545; cp. Livet, _op. cit._ pp. 49 _sqq._

[634] _Gallicae linguae inst.i.tutio Latino sermone conscripta_ (1550, 1551, 1555, 1558, etc.).

[635] _Inst.i.tutio gallicae linguae in usum iuventutis germanicae_ (1558, 1580, 1591, 1593).

[636] _Dialogue de l'ortografe et p.r.o.nonciacion francoese, departi en deus livres_, 1555.

[637] "J'ay tousiours eu plus ordinaire hantise, plus de biens et d'honneur et de civile conversation de la nation Angloise que de nul aultre."

[638] Villiers had no doubt some previous knowledge of French. From the age of thirteen he had been taught at home by private tutors.

[639] _Reliquiae Wottonianae_, London, 1657, p. 76.

[640] 12, pp. 386.

[641]

"Etranger desireux de nostre langue apprendre, Employe en ce livret et ton temps et ton soin, Que si d'enseignement plus ample il t'est besoin, Viens t'en la vive voix de l'autheur mesme entendre."

[642] It differs from _Les Desguisez_, a comedy written by G.o.dard in 1594.

[643] E. Winkler, "La Doctrine grammaticale d'apres Maupas et Oudin," in _Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur romanische Philologie_, Heft 38, 1912.

[644] Towards the end of his career, Oudin was appointed to teach Louis XIV. Spanish and Italian; he was the author of several manuals for teaching these languages, and it is worthy of note that sometimes the German language is included.

[645] Printed with Nicot's edition of Aimar de Ranconnet's _Thresor de la langue francoyse_, Paris, 1606.