The South-West Volume Ii Part 11

Time of holding elections, in May.

Time of meeting of the legislature, fourth Monday in November, biennially.

Mississippi admitted into the union in 1817.

NOTE B. _Page 27._

For the following meteorological table, the author is indebted to the politeness of Henry Tooley Esq. a scientific gentleman who has been a resident of Natchez the third of a century, and who has during the greater part of his life kept a daily register of the weather. The exposure of his thermometer was unexceptionable, and always the same.

The tables in the author's possession from various other sources, date back to the year 1799, affording an uninterrupted series of meteorological observations in this climate, down to the present period.

An abstract from these tables would be too elaborate for a work of this nature, and would not, indeed, convey any farther important information upon this climate, than is contained in the accompanying abstract from the tables of Dr. Tooley, for the past ten years. The general temperature, though varying much from day to day, is so regular, one year with another, that a meteorological table for any one period of ten years will answer, with slight variations, for almost any other term of the same duration.

The thermometer was examined at 5 A. M. and at 4 P. M. for the extremes.

ANNUAL RESULTS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT NATCHEZ

IN N. Lat. 31 34' Long. 91 24' 42" W.

----+-------------+-------+------+-------+-------+----------------------------- 5 A.M. 4 P.M. 5 A.M. 4 P.M. Number of days +-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- Year Mean temp Warmest Coldest Clear Cloudy Rainy Snow Sleet ====+======+======+=======+======+=======+=======+=====+======+=====+====+===== 1825 60 81-1/6 71-1/12 81-1/3 49-1/2 63-5/12 178 88 99 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- 1826 63-1/2 75 74-1/3 80-3/4 48-1/4 64-9/12 134 120 110 1 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- 1827 63-1/2 74 74-5/6 73-1/3 51-1/3 66-1/4 151 126 88 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- 1828 64 76 64-1/3 77-1/6 53-1/2 65-3/4 133 121 112 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- 1829 54 65 72-2/3 76-1/3 48-1/12 61-2/3 116 124 134 1 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- 1830 62-1/3 74 72-1/4 80-3/4 48-1/2 66-7/12 161 121 77 2 1 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- 1831 57 69-1/2 71-1/4 77-1/2 44-1/2 60-1/3 187 141 34 3 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- 1832 61-5/6 74-1/2 68-1/8 84-1/3 47 64-7/12 185 146 23 2 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- 1833 60-1/2 72 71-1/12 78-1/2 48-1/2 65 177 138 50 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- 1834 60-1/2 73-1/4 73-9/12 82-1/3 47 65 166 151 46 2 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+----- to June 1835 21-1/3 26-1/4 28-1/2 30-1/6 15 22-2/3 62 69 18 2 ----+------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----+------+-----+----+-----

1835.

------+-------------+---------------+----------------+----+----+----+----+----- Mean Months temp Warm Cold Cl'r Cl'y Rain Snow Sleet ------+-------------+---------------+----------------+----+----+----+----+----- Jan. 46-2/3 57 69 64 32 48 12 16 3 Feb. 36-1/3 50 59 61 10 28 13 11 3 1 Mar. 46 65-2/3 68 74 32 50 14 11 5 1 April, 57-2/3 65 71 75 46 64 9 18 3 May, 69-2/3 77-1/3 76 88 60 82 14 13 4 June, ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- 21-1/3 26-1/4 28-7/12 30-1/6 15 22-1/3 62 69 18 2 ------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----

Mean temp. obtained by adding mean of months together, and then dividing by the number of months.

1834.

------+-------------+---------------+----------------+----+----+----+----+----- Jan. 29-2/3 50 67 74 14 27 5 12 11 2 1 Feb. 52-2/3 65 72 73 32 52 13 14 1 Mar. 47 67 69 78 39 62 9 17 5 April, 61 76 67 83 49 74 17 11 2 May, 66 89-1/2 76 93 54 63 14 12 5 June, 76-2/3 87 80 93 71 87 15 15 July, 77 89-2/3 82 83 74 91 21 10 Aug. 77-2/3 90-1/2 83 98 73 89 18 12 1 Sept. 69-1/3 70 77 77 57 77 13 10 7 Oct. 66-1/2 75-1/2 76 87 41 56 19 9 3 Nov. 55-1/3 63-2/3 69 77 31 51 10 15 5 Dec. 47-1/2 55-2/3 67 72 35 52 12 14 5 ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- 60-1/2 73-1/4 73-9/12 82-1/3 47-1/12 65-1/12 166 151 45 2 1 ------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----

1833.

------+-------------+---------------+----------------+----+----+----+----+----- Jan. 53-1/2 37-1/2 68 74 31 51 9 17 5 Feb. 46-3/4 60 59 72 38 56 11 9 8 Mar. 51 66 64 71 25 37 13 5 13 April, 63 76 73 65 55 66 13 16 1 May, 70 82 76 84 66 73 15 13 3 June, 75 87 80 92 65 84 18 11 1 July, 63-2/3 89-2/3 81 93 69 89 22 9 Aug. 74 89-1/2 80 93 69 88 19 12 Sept. 74 86-1/3 79 94 62 81 15 12 3 Oct. 58 69-2/3 68 70 37 56 18 8 5 Nov. 49 63 69 71 30 45 15 11 4 Dec. 48-1/3 58 61 62 36 53 9 15 7 ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- 60-1/2 72 71-1/12 78-5/12 48-7/12 64-11/12 177 138 50 ------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----

The author has been favoured with the following medical report drawn up by a physician of Natchez, who has had long experience in the diseases of this climate.

MEDICAL REPORT.

Return of deaths within the city of Natchez, from 1st June 1822, to first June 1835--including thirteen years:

The population of Natchez is ordinarily between three and four thousand--lessened, probably, in the summer season, from 500 to 1000.

With this number of residents, the mortality cannot be regarded as very large. On the contrary, few places of equal magnitude, either north or south, can boast a greater degree of general health than this city.

Since the year 1825, it will be perceived, it has been growing gradually healthier--with the exception of the last two or three years,--when, owing in a great measure to the severity of the winter season, a great proportion of the sickness and mortality has occurred in the winter and spring months. Indeed take a period of seven years--from 1825 to 1833, and we challenge any southern or western city, with the same amount of population, to show a less number of deaths--especially in the summer season, than the city of Natchez. The bill of mortality has been considerably augmented of late, by that appalling and sweeping epidemic, which increased in strength, and doubled its roll of victims in proportion as it travelled south--together with small pox and intemperance--for both of which nature has provided specific remedies--but which certain cla.s.ses continue still to avoid, and will hence continue to suffer and die in spite of Jenner and the temperance societies, as long as incredulity shall exist, and distilleries pour forth their floods of poison in the land. Most of those with the last mentioned diseases, it would seem, have been inmates of the public hospital.

On an average, about 1/5 to 1/4 of the deaths annually occur from bilious remittent, congestive and typhus fever. The yellow fever, be it known, has not appeared here as an epidemic for the last five or six years, and may be regarded as quite extinct in the city. Owing to the careless and imperfect manner in which the returns have generally been made--and this we are sorry to say, is too often the case--a large portion of the deaths are from unknown diseases--as to which in regard to the age of the subjects, and the colour, which in this country is somewhat important, we are left generally in the dark. By giving the subject some considerable attention, however, we have been enabled to preserve a degree of accuracy in the proportion, and the general result, we believe, is nearly, if not specifically correct.

The whole number of deaths by fever, during 13 years, is 511; cholera 107, consumption 100, intemperance 58, small pox 45, infantile 49, dysentery 30, delirium tremens 23, drowned 10, murder 10, old age 10, suicide 4, unknown 205.

The remainder, which we purposely omit, are by ordinary diseases, which are not peculiar to any clime or season. We have examined a meteorological table, kept with a considerable degree of accuracy for the last 10 years: but it presents nothing peculiar--and its details are too minute and comprehensive for our present object. We notice, however, a greater proportion of "cloudy and rainy" days than could be expected in this "sunny clime," while the average degree of heat is by no means greater than in lat.i.tudes somewhat farther north. The greatest range of heat is 98, and the greatest cold 10.--This we are inclined to believe, is not strictly correct, as we have twice, within a few years, seen the thermometer as low as 10 in the neighbourhood of New Orleans.

DEATHS IN EACH MONTH.

Months and years, 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 January, 7 4 5 7 5 4 7 5 4 5 4 14 17 February, 4 10 7 6 2 7 4 6 5 6 5 16 16 March, 8 5 1 3 4 3 7 6 8 3 11 30 18 April, 12 6 3 4 4 5 7 2 6 5 8 22 25 May, 11 6 5 9 3 6 6 3 11 9 16 19 32 June, 9 15 8 6 7 3 9 5 4 6 3 27 44 July, 33 15 19 4 11 4 5 3 7 5 4 9 27 August, 29 102 14 17 9 5 2 6 16 4 3 11 14 September, 28 155 13 33 10 6 12 19 9 4 9 15 17 October, 22 56 8 48 5 26 9 21 10 5 13 30 20 November, 12 8 5 15 4 16 9 16 7 4 10 10 26 December, 6 7 4 4 12 8 3 2 5 12 8 13 20 ---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- Total, 139 400 102 148 87 86 74 103 80 74 75 159 269 108- 1904 Males, 119 315 80 128 62 76 56 80 55 57 55 124 193 79- 1479 Females, 20 85 22 20 25 10 18 23 25 17 20 35 76 29- 425

NOTE C--_Page 90_.

For the following valuable paper upon the cultivation of cotton, the author is indebted to the kindness of Dr. J. W. Monett, of Mississippi, already well known to the medical world by his treatises published at the north upon the prevailing epidemics of this climate.

THE COTTON CROP.

"Having finished or relinquished the miscellaneous business of winter, such as clearing, building, ditching, and splitting rails, the hands are actively employed in making preparation for another crop. The first thing to be attended to, is the repairing of all the fences, with the light force, such as boys and women; while the strong hands are employed in chopping, and log-rolling in the new grounds. These operations are commenced generally about the middle of February, and continued two or three weeks, unless the farm is mostly new; in which case the clearing of the new ground continues four or five weeks until it is time to plant corn, generally from the first to the twentieth of March. During all this time several ploughs, in a well opened place, are kept constantly running (unless prevented by rain), in "listing up" corn and cotton ground. The distance between the ridges for cotton varies according to the strength of the soil, and the consequent size to which the plant grows. In the rich bottoms the distance between the middle or tops of the ridges must be from five to seven feet; while in the thin upland soil, a s.p.a.ce of three or four feet is amply sufficient. In the latter soil, the cotton plant attains the height of three or four feet, and branches laterally about half that distance. But in the rich alluvial lands, the stalk not unfrequently shoots up to six and eight feet, and branches so as to interlock with the other rows six or eight feet apart.

Early in April, and sometimes even in the last days of March, the cotton-planting commences. To open the ridges, a narrow plough is run by one horse along the middle of the ridge, so as to open a narrow shallow furrow, in the mellow ground first ploughed. Immediately behind the opening plough, follows the sower, with his sack of cotton-seed suspended from his neck, walking at the same pace with the plough-man before. At every step or two he throws the seed so as to strew it four or five feet ahead in the furrow, at each dash of the hand. The quant.i.ty sown is often unnecessarily large, being frequently twenty times more numerous than the stalks permitted to remain growing. This profusion of seed is sown for the purpose of obtaining a "good stand,"

after allowing for defective seeds as well as some which may not be covered, and others that may be covered too deep, and also for many plants that may sicken and die after they have vegetated and come above the ground. This latter circ.u.mstance frequently occurs: a stand may be amply sufficient when first up, but from drought, excessive rain, or chilling winds, one half in the rows, and sometimes whole acres together, die with the "rust," "sore skin," or "yellow fever."

After the sower another hand follows closely with a light horse harrow, drawn over the furrow, for the purpose of covering the seed. This throws in the loose earth over the seed, and covers them so lightly that often one-third of them are still visible, yet this covering is sufficient, for no seeds require less covering than cotton-seed. They will sprout and take root, when left on the surface of the ground, if a slight shower follows.

On a large plantation where there are, say, fifty effective hands, there will probably be three or four sets of hands engaged at the same time in planting; each set, however, not in any way interfering with the other; but all pushing on with a constant brisk motion. As a medium task, each set, of three hands, will very easily plant ten acres, but oftener fifteen in old well broken land. During the planting season, or between the first of April and the middle of May, there are always from one to three wet or rainy spells, continuing from one to four days each, so that the planting is necessarily interrupted. This, however, is an advantage which none complain of, as it facilitates and expedites the vegetation of the seed already planted; while it causes the several portions of the crop to vary eight or ten days in age, and thereby renders the working more convenient. Twenty planting days are sufficient to put in the whole cotton crop, or at least as much as can be properly tended and secured. On the rich bottom lands, when the growth of the cotton is very luxuriant, it is desirable to finish planting always before the first of May; but in the hills, especially where the soil is thin, and the cotton plant attains but a small comparative size, it is preferable to plant between the fifteenth of April and the twentieth of May. Cotton thus planted in thin soil, will mature and open as soon as that which has been planted three weeks sooner in bottom lands.

When the earth is moist and warm, cotton-seed will sprout, and be up in about five or six days; but if the soil be dry it takes much longer--or until there is rain sufficient to saturate the loose earth: for the seed, being covered with a thick coat of coa.r.s.e wool, is not so readily, as some other seeds, acted upon by slight moisture. As the plant first comes out of the ground, it has somewhat the appearance of a young bean, or of the okra plant, being composed at first of two lobate leaflets, which continue, gradually enlarging, until about the end of the first week, when a leaf or two begins to put out between the lobules. The young cotton-plant is extremely tender, and sensible to the most moderate degrees of cold: the slightest frost cuts it off--while it withers and dies from the effects of a few hours of chilling winds.

From the profusion of seed planted, the cotton plant of course comes up very thick and crowded in the row; in which condition it is allowed to remain a week or ten days, and often of necessity much longer, when it is thinned out, or as it is called, "sc.r.a.ped." During sc.r.a.ping time there is one constant rush, and every hand that can use a hoe is brought into the field. The process of sc.r.a.ping commences by running a light furrow close on each side of the row of young cotton, with the share of the plough next it, so as to throw the dirt from the cotton and trim off the scattering plants: the s.p.a.ce left unbroken between these two furrows is about eight or ten inches wide, ready for the hoes. If there are many hoe-hands there are several ploughs "barring off" as it is called. The hoe hands follow close upon the ploughs, each hand upon a separate row, and with hoes sharp, and set particularly for "sc.r.a.ping." Experienced cotton hands run over the rows with great rapidity, and evince great dexterity in striking out all to a single stalk, which is left at the distance, from its next neighbour, of at least the width of the hoe; and in bottom land, at double that distance. Thus, in thin land, the stalks are desired to be ten or twelve inches apart, and in the rich lands about eighteen or twenty inches, in the row. The cotton plant thus thinned out, continues to grow slowly until the hot weather of June sets in, when it begins to grow rapidly, putting out a blossom at each new joint formed on the branches. This successive florescence continues until frost puts a stop to the growth of the plant, which is generally in October. The pericarp or boll of cotton, from the first bloom, is generally matured in eight or ten weeks, when it begins to crack at the four seams in the bolls, until the four valves spread wide open, remaining attached only at the base or extremity next the _stem_. When the valves are thus open, the cotton with the seed, to which it adheres in a kind of cl.u.s.ter, hangs down from one to four inches. From June until October, the cotton exhibits a successive and continued florescence, while the plant is loading itself with green bolls, from the size of a young peach, having just dropped its blossom, to that of a small hen's egg. About the last of August the matured bolls begin to burst or open their valves and suspend their cotton; and from that time the plant exhibits at the same time, blossoms, and bolls of every size, and every stage of maturity. Toward fall, when the heat of the sun is constant and intense, the bolls will mature and open in six weeks from the blossom.

After the first "sc.r.a.ping out," the cultivation is carried on much in the same manner as in the cultivation of corn, until about the first of August, when it ceases, and the crop is laid by. The same kind of cultivation that would make good corn would make good cotton. In this however there is a difference of opinion: some will hill, or heap the earth up in high ridges with both corn and cotton, while others will keep the soil loose and level about both; the latter is decidedly the proper mode for either.

When the blossom is first unfolded, which generally occurs in the night, in form it resembles the white hollyhock, but is smaller, and is of a faint yellowish white colour, which it retains until about noon; the heat of the sun then being intense, the corolla partially closes, not unlike the four-o'clock-flower, and at the same time its hue is changed to a delicate rose, or lilac. On the following day the flowers become more deeply tinged; toward the close of the second evening they are of a deep crimson, or violet hue. During the succeeding night, and morning, that is, about forty-eight hours after they first open, they always drop off while of a deep violet colour, leaving the young capsule or boll.

The blossoms generally open, as well as fall off, during the night, and early in the morning. Thus a cotton field in July, August, September, and October, exhibits the singular appearance of a continued crop of opening, closing, and falling blossoms, with an almost equal mixture of white, lilac, and purple flowers; while each morning the ground is seen covered with the latter, and the branches replenished with the white.

As the ploughing generally ceases and the crop is "laid by" about the last of July, when the plant is large and brittle, there is but little done in the field during the first three weeks in August, except that a few light hands are kept employed in cutting, or pulling up the "tie-vines" which are sometimes very troublesome: the tie-vine is nothing more or less than the morning-glory, so carefully cultivated in gardens at the north, for the purpose of shading arbours and summer houses.

Toward the last of August, or as soon as there is sufficient open cotton for a hand to pick fifteen or twenty pounds during the day, the light force, consisting of women and children, is put to picking for a week or ten days; when there being sufficient cotton opened, to make a full day's work, all hands are engaged without exception. Then begins another push, which continues until the whole crop is gathered and housed.

During "picking time" which continues where full crops are made until the first of December, and in river lands, until the first of January, the hands are regularly roused, by a large bell or horn, about the first dawn of day, or earlier so that they are ready to enter the field as soon as there is sufficient light to distinguish the bolls. As the dews are extremely heavy and cool, each hand is provided with a blanket coat or wrapper, which is kept close around him until the dew is partially evaporated by the sun. Without this protection they would be completely wet from head to feet, in a very short time; and as they would be in the field at least two hours before the sun's rays would be felt, they would be perfectly chilled, if no worse consequence attended. The hands remain in the field until it is too dark to distinguish the cotton, having brought their meals with them. For the purpose of collecting the cotton, each hand is furnished with a large basket, and two coa.r.s.e cotton bags about the size of a pillow case, with a strong strap to suspend them from the neck or shoulders. The basket is left at the end of a row, and both bags taken along: when one bag is as full as it can well be crammed, it is laid down in the row, and the hand begins to fill the second in the same way. As soon as the second is full, he returns to the basket, taking the other bag as he pa.s.ses it, and empties both into the basket, treading it down well, to make it contain his whole day's work.

The same process is repeated until night; when the basket is taken upon his head and carried to the scaffold-yard, to be weighed. There the overseer meets all hands at the scales, with the lamp, slate, and whip.

On the left hand margin of the slate is pasted a strip of paper, with the name of each written in fair large hand. As soon as their baskets are set upon the ground, the weighing commences. Each basket is carefully weighed, and the nett weight of cotton set down upon the slate, opposite the name of the picker. The negroes stand round, to remove and replace the baskets as they are weighed; and occasionally the countenance of an idler may be seen to fall. Then is the time for the overseer to watch close or he may be greatly imposed upon by the cunning and lazy, who are apt, in the crowd, to prevent their baskets from being weighed, by subst.i.tuting a heavier one which has been pa.s.sed, or they may fill up their baskets from one already weighed. Sometimes a negro, known to be lazy, will have heavy weight and will probably extort from the overseer expressions of praise and encouragement, unless he examines the basket, when perchance he may find one of his sacks full of moist earth snugly covered up at the bottom; such tricks as these will be continually practised upon an overseer, who is careless or "soft;" a quality or character, which none can more readily and properly appreciate than the negro. It is not an uncommon occurrence for an overseer, who is even vigilant, amid the crowd of negroes and baskets, with only one lamp, held close to the scales and slate, to weigh some of the heavier baskets several times, their exact weight being changed by taking out, or putting in a few pounds; while the lighter ones pa.s.s entirely unnoticed. No inconvenience arises to any one from such incidents, except that the crop is not gathered in as good time as it might otherwise have been, and a portion consequently is wasted.

After the weighing is over, and the baskets are emptied, or turned bottom upward, upon the scaffolds, the overseer takes the slate, and examines the weights attached to each name. Those who are found to have brought in less than their usual quant.i.ty, unless for good reasons, are called in the order of their names: the individual advances, and if his reasons are insufficient, he is ordered to lie down upon his face, with his back exposed; when he receives ten, twenty, or fifty stripes with the whip, according to his deserts. In this way the overseer goes over the list, punishing only those who have idled away their time.

No one knows that he is to be punished until his name is called, when he has an opportunity of giving his reasons for his imperfect day's work.

As to the quant.i.ty which a hand can pick in a day, there is a great difference; some will pick only from 75 to 100 lbs., others from 150 to 200 lbs., while some extraordinary pickers can pick as high as 4 or 500 lbs. in one day. But to pick these last weights requires such brisk and incessant motion, that it could not be done two days in succession without danger of life or health; and is only attempted for a wager, or such like reason. The average weight picked by all the hands on a place, will seldom exceed 150 or 160 lbs., in good picking. Children from ten to fifteen years of age generally pick nearly as much as grown hands.

The scaffolds for drying cotton are mostly temporary, being made anew every summer, of common boards or plank. Upon these the cotton is suffered to lie spread out to the sun, at least one day to dry; while some old or decrepit hand stays at the scaffold, to turn and spread it, as well as to pick out leaves and trash.