The Religions of India Part 59

901; Steinthal, ZDMG. xi. 396; Grill, _ib_. xxvii. 425; Stein, IA.

xvii. 89. Leo's view in regard to German-Indian unity (reviewed, ZDMG.

viii. 389) is worth citing as a curioslty.[63] Brunnhofer's works have been cited above, p. 15. On the Beziehungen der Indier zum Westen a valuable article has lately been written by Franke (ZDMG. xlvii. 595).

Weber, Ueber d. P[=a]ras[=i]prakaca d. K[r.][s.][n.]ad[=a]sa, as well as in his R[=a]jas[=u]ya, V[=a]j.a.peya, Vedische Beitrage, etc., has treated of the relations with Persia (Fables, IS. iii. 327). In the works cited above the same author has discussed the relations with all other Western nations, including the Greeks, on which Sykes, Notes on Religious State of India, JRAS. 1841, p. 243, is readable; Bohlen, _Altes-Indien,_ and Levi, La Grece et I'lnde d'apres les doc.u.ments indiens (revue des etudes grecques, 1891) should be read.[64] The subject of Early Christianity in India has been treated by Burnell, IA. iii. 308, iv. 153, etc. (see also above, p. 479); while Priaulx, in JRAS. 1861, 1862, has written a series of interesting articles on India's Connection with Rome. The Indian travels of Apollonius of Tyana, JRAS. 1859, p. 70, etc., are of no value beside those of Ktesias and Megasthenes. The origin of the Hindu Alphabet and the native system of Dates have to do with the originality of parts of Hindu literature, but these outlying subjects, which have a literature of their own, we can only touch upon. A good _resume_ of the discussion in regard to the alphabet will be found in JRAS. xvi. 325, by Cust; a new theory of Franke's, ZDMG. xlvi. 731. Halevy derives the alphabet from Greece. But see now Buhler, Ind. Studies, iii, 1895 (North Semitic, seventh century, B.C.) The native eras are discussed by Cunningham, Book of Indian Eras; and in Muller's India, What Can It Teach Us? p. 282. On the native date for the beginning of the Kali-yuga, _i.e._ this age (the year 3101 or 3102 B.C), JRAS. iv. 136, and Thomas, edition of Prinsep's Antiquities, may be read.[65] A general survey of primitive Aryan culture will be found in Schrader, _loc. cit._, to which may be added on Vedic (Aryan) metres, Westphal, KZ. ix. 437; and Allen, _ib._ xxiv. 556 (style, Heinzel, Stil d.

altgerm. Poesie). On the name [=A]rya, besides _loc. cit._ above, p.

25, may be added, Windisch, Beitr. z. Geschichte d. D. Sprache, iv.

211; Pott, Internat. Zt. fur allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, ii. p. 105 ff. Criticism of a too great confidence in the results of the comparattve method, AJP. xv. 154; PAOS. 1895.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: This bibliography is meant only to orient the reader in regard to exegetical literature. It is not complete, nor does it give editions of texts. The order follows in general that of the chapters, but the second and last paragraphs respectively must be consulted for interpretation and geography. Works that cover several fields are placed under the literature of the first. The special studies on Vedic divinities have been arranged alphabetically.]

[Footnote 2: On account of the inconvenient form in which appeared the earlier numbers of the JRAS. we cite the Old Series only by date. All references without date refer to the New Series (vol i, NS., 1864).]

[Footnote 3: On the artistic side Emil Schlagintweit's great work, Indien in Wort und Bild, contains much of interest to the student of religious paraphernalia. See also below under wild tribes.]

[Footnote 4: Roth, Morality of the Veda; Whitney, Result of Vedic Researches (JAOS. iii. 289 and 331); Whitney, History of the Vedic Texts, _ib_. iv. 245.]

[Footnote 5: Under this t.i.tle Roth has an essay (on the comparison of texts), KZ. xxvi. 45.]

[Footnote 6: See below. Defence of the same by the author, WZKM. vii. 103.]

[Footnote 7: JRAS, i. 51 ff., and subsequent volumes, Contributions to a Knowledge of the Vedic Theogony and Mythology and Progress of the Vedic Religion toward Abstract Conceptions of the Deity.]

[Footnote 8: It cannot be too much emphasized that Gra.s.smann's translation should never be used for comparative purposes. At the same time, for a general understanding of the contents of the whole Rig Veda it is the only book that can be recommended. Ludwig's translation is so uncouth that without a controlling knowledge of the original it is often meaningless.]

[Footnote 9: Bloomfield, AJP. xii. 429. Compare also Regnaud, Le Mythe de Rohita. The same author has published various Vedic articles in the Rev. de l'histoire des religions, vols. xv-xxvi. Whitney's complete translation of AV. will soon appear.]

[Footnote 10: s.e.xual side of fire-cult; whirlwind of fire, M[=a]taricvan, Schwartz, KZ. xx. 202; compare Hillebrandt, ZDMG. x.x.xiii. 248.]

[Footnote 11: Neisser's Vorvedisches im Veda, BB. xvii. 244, is not a mythological study.]

[Footnote 12: Apollon here is Saparye[n.]ya, 'worshipful.'

This derivation is attacked by Froehde, Apollon, BB. xix.

230 (compare Fick, _ib._ xviii. 138), who derives Apollon from [Greek: ph.e.l.lhon], 'word,' comparing [Greek: hapellhaxein], 'conciliare,' _pell_ being 'spell' (in Gospel, etc.), 'inter-pellare.' Thus Apollo would be 'prophet,' 'warspello.'

On _vahni_, Agni, compare Neisser, Vedica, BB. xviii. 301 (xix. 120, 248).]

[Footnote 13: Oldenberg, _loc. cit_., interprets Acvins as morning and evening stars! The epithet (of Agni and Acvins) _bhura[n.]yu_ has been equated with Phor[=o]neus, we forget by whom.]

[Footnote 14: Oldenberg's (Die Religion des Veda) Old-Man-of-the-Mountains-Indra thus gets etymological support.]

[Footnote 15: For convenience included in this list.]

[Footnote 16: Maspiter is Mars-pater.]

[Footnote 17: Hirt equates Parjanya, Perkunas, Fjorgyn, as originally epithet of Dy[=a]ns-Zeus, with [Greek: phegotaios], the 'Oak-G.o.d.' See also Zimmer, ZDA. vii. (19) 164.]

[Footnote 18: Muller explains Rudra as 'howler'; Leo identifies him with Wuotan; Jones with Apollo, Kuhn. KZ.

iii. 335; as A. Sax. Rodor, _ib_. ii. 478: P. von Bradke.

ZDMG. xi. 361. Oldenberg's delineation of Rudra in Die Religion des Veda is based on the Brahmanic Rudra-civa (see PAOS. Dec 1894).]

[Footnote 19: Kerbaker, Varuna e gli Aditya (Naples, Proceedings of the Royal Academy) is known to us only by t.i.tle.]

[Footnote 20: The author justly remarks that no sociological data can be made of Yama's wife or sister.]

[Footnote 21: Dog sees Death, sharp sight of dog causes myth.]

[Footnote 22: Other less important examples of etymological ingenuity are Scherer, Brahman as flamen ([Greek: Brhagkos], Bragi, see Kaegi, Rig Veda, note 82); abhrad[=i]t[=a] as Aphrodite, Sonne, KZ. x. 415; Ahaly[=a] as Achilleus, Weber, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1887; Id[=a] as Iris (Windischmann), Poseidon, potidas, i[=d.]aspati (Fick, KZ. xxi. 462); but in KZ. i. 459 Poseidon is patye davan. On the form compare BB.

viii. 80; x. 237; KZ. x.x.x. 570. Prellwitz, BB. ix. 327, agrees with Fick and Pott as to i[d.]as representing [Greek: oidma] and compares [prosklhotios]. Garga is Gorgo, Kern, JRAS. iv. 431; P[=a]jasya is Pegasos, etc, KZ. i. 416, xxix. 222; Parvata is Pelasgos, Burda, KZ. xxi. 470; but compare Stier, _ib_. xi. 229, where Pelasgoi are 'cranes'; and Pische, _ib_. xx. 369, where they are [Greek: parhrhhasioi]. Sabheya is Yavi[s.][t.]ha (not Hephaistos, as says Kuhn), Muller, _ib._ xviii. 212; and v[r.]trahan is not Bellerophon (as says Pott), _ib_. iv. 416, v. 140 (bellero is varvara). carad is Ceres, Muller, _ib_. xviii. 211; svav[=a]n is [Greek: enas], Autrecht, ZDMG. xiii 499; svar 'sing' in Silenus, Siren: Buddhaguru in Pythagoras, etc.

Helena is Saram[=a], and Hermes 1s S[=a]rameya. Muller, Chips, ii. 138, note. Compare for further clever guesses c.o.x's Aryan Mythology, Muller's Lectures, Second Series, and Biographies of Words.]

[Footnote 23: Compare Deussen, Geschichte der Philosophie, i. 105. On Vedic and Sanskrit Riddles, _loc. cit_.; also Haug, Vedische Rathselfragen (also Brahma und die Brahmanen); Fuhrer, ZDMG. x.x.xix. 99.]

[Footnote 24: There is an essay on this subject by Kern, Ind. Theorieen over de Standenverdeeling, which we have not seen.]

[Footnote 25: Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1858, 1859, and 1894, respectively. The Wurfel-Orakel (and Schiefner) is published also in Ind. Streifen, i. 274. The essay on Omina and Portenta contains translations of parts of the Sha[d.]vi[.m]ca Br[=a]hma[n.]a, of the S[=a]ma Veda, and of the K[=a]ucika (AV.) S[=u]tra.]

[Footnote 26: (Whitney) Burgess, S[=u]ryasiddh[=a]nta, JAOS. vi; JRAS. 1863, p. 345; Whitney, _ib_. i. 316; Lunar Zodiac, Or. Ling. St., ii. 341; Kern, translation of BS., JRAS. iv-vii; IS. x, xiv, xv; Weber, Ueber altir[=a]nische Sternnamen, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1888; see also Whitney, JAOS.

viii. 1, 382; Burgess, _ib_. 309; Weber, IS. ix. 424, x.

213; Whitney _vs_. Ludwig, PAOS., 1885. On the twelve intercalated days, 'Twelfth Night,' see Weber, IS. v. 437 (cabal[=i]-homa), xvii. 224.]

[Footnote 27: The statement is here made that the Vedic religion knows nothing of idols; but see the other cited works which seem to disprove this.]

[Footnote 28: The 'Fifteen Puzzle' is Indic (IA. x. 89, xi.

83).]

[Footnote 29: Triton und Euphemos, oder Die Argonauten in Libyen, by Water, in 1849, treats of the holy seven in a ridiculous way. Not less ridiculous is the author's attempt to explain everything by the Moon-Cult, thus antic.i.p.ating modern vagaries.]

[Footnote 30: A curious though useless cla.s.sic is Anquetil du Perron's Oupnekhat, 1801, the first European version of the Upanishads (through the Persian).]

[Footnote 31: Whitney, AJP. vii. 1, xi. 407; Jacob, IA. xv.

279; Whitney Trans. Phil. a.s.s. xxi. 88; Bohtlingk, Bericht d. k. Sachs. Gesellschaft, 1890, and separately.]

[Footnote 32: Compare Windischmann, Sancara, 1833; Ecstein, IS. ii. 369; and Bruining-Bijdrage tot de Kennis van den Ved[=a]nta, 1871.]

[Footnote 33: Compare two native expositions, JRAS. x. 33 (Vedantic conception of _brahma_), and WZKM. ii. 95 (cankara's _advaita_ philosophy); also Muller, Three Lectures.]

[Footnote 34: Compare Ballantyne's Hindu Philosophy, Williams' Indian Wisdom, Brahmanism and Hinduism, Religious Thought and Life, and also the excellent chapters in Weber's Lectures (above), and in Schroeder's Literatur und Cultur.

Of Deussen's Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie one half volume has appeared.]

[Footnote 35: Haug has an article on the M[=a]it. Sa[.m]h.

with the same t.i.tle, Brahma und Die Brahmanen.]

[Footnote 36: House-ritual: [=A]cval[=a]yana, Gobhila, c[=a][.n]kh[=a]yana, P[=a]raskara, Kh[=a]dira, Hira[n.]yakecin, [=A]pastamba. Law: [=A]pastamba, G[=a]utama, Vasistha, B[=a]udh[=a]yana, Y[=a]jnavalkya, Vishnu, N[=a]rada, Brihaspati, Manu. The last is also translated by Loiseleur, Jones, Burnell and Hopkins (besides Buhler, SBE., above).]

[Footnote 37: Ueber die heiligen Schriften, translated into English by Smyth in the Indian Antiquary, 1893.]