The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio Part 13

Stipe short, violet-black, wrinkled longitudinally. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose, irregular net-work, bearing large, violet-red nodules of lime which are often confluent in the axis of the sporangium.

Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. Sporangium .6-.8 mm. in height including the stipe and .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe one-half the height of the sporangium. The species is distinguished by the color, which exhibits some shade of red or violet-red in every part of its structure.

4. CRATERIUM MINIMUM, B. & C. Sporangium cylindric or turbinate cylindric, stipitate; the apex convex, separating in a regular circ.u.mscissile manner by a lid. The wall a thick, yellow-brown membrane, most of the outer surface covered with minute, white granules of lime, the basal portion naked. Stipe very short, plicate, red-brown, arising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work bearing large, irregular, white nodules of lime, sometimes confluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old leaves, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangium together with the stipe 1-1.5 mm. in height and .25-.35 mm. in thickness, the stipe .2-.4 mm. in length. This is a common species everywhere in the United States, and perfectly distinct from _Craterium convivale_. It is _Craterium cylindric.u.m_ of Ma.s.see's monograph, according to Lister.

--2. CUPULARIA, Link. Sporangium irregularly dehiscent, breaking up and gradually falling away from the apex downward.

_a. Stipe shorter than the sporangium._

5. CRATERIUM CONVIVALE, Batsch. Sporangium obovoid or oblong-obovoid, stipitate; the wall hyaline, thin and fragile above, the lower portion a thickened and brownish membrane, the surface, usually most of it, covered with minute white granules of lime, the base naked and brown.

Stipe very short, erect, red-brown, plicate, arising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a dense net-work, bearing numerous large irregular white nodules of lime, which are often confluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old leaves, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangium .6-1.0 mm. in height including the stipe and .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe much shorter than the sporangium. The thin apex breaks up into pieces and falls away, leaving sometimes a regular cyathiform portion, at other times the margin is broken and irregular. This is _Craterium leucocephalum_ of Rostafinski's monograph. The specimens of _Physarum scyphoides_ C. & B. which I have seen appear to be a small form of this species.

6. CRATERIUM AUREUM, Schum. Sporangium obovoid to oblong obovoid, stipitate, the wall a thin and delicate membrane above, thicker and firmer below, hyaline or yellowish, almost entirely covered by a dense layer of granules of lime, varying from lemon-yellow to orange in color.

Stipe short, erect, yellow to orange, brownish toward the base, longitudinally plicate, rising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense net-work, bearing numerous rather small irregular nodules of lime, yellow or sometimes white in color, and often confluent along the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old leaves, sticks, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangium and stipe .7-1.0 mm. in height and .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe .2-.4 mm. long. The elongated form is the common one in this region.

_Craterium mutabile_ Fr.

_b. Stipe longer than the sporangium._

7. CRATERIUM NODULOSUM, C. & B. Sporangium globose or obovoid, stipitate; the greater part of the wall a thin hyaline membrane, easily breaking away, covered externally with large white scales and nodules of lime; the basal portion naked, thickened, and more persistent, red-brown and plicate. Stipe long, erect or inclined, plicate, red-brown, rising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work, containing a variable quant.i.ty of lime in the shape of long irregular white nodules, sometimes confluent, with pointed lobes and branchlets. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-12 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. Sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times as long. It is _Badhamia nodulosa_ C. & B., _Journal of Mycology_, Vol. V, p. 186. Ravenel's specimens are on _Acacia_ bark. Mr. Webber sent me elegant specimens from Florida where, he says, it grows commonly on the leaves and bark of the orange trees.

8. CRATERIUM MAYDIS, Morgan, n. sp. Sporangium globose or obovoid, stipitate; the upper part of the wall a yellowish membrane, thin and fragile, covered with large thick scales and nodules of lime, amber-colored to golden-yellow; the basal portion thicker and more persistent, naked and plicate, red-brown. Stipe red-brown, long, slender, plicate, rising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a net-work with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime large, numerous, yellow, angularly lobed and branched.

Spores globose, very minutely warted, pale violaceous, 9-10 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old stalks of _Zea mays_. Sporangium with the stipe 1-1.5 mm.

in height and .4-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe always longer than the sporangium. I find it in abundance on old stalks of Indian corn, but never on anything else.

VII. PHYSARUM, Pers. Sporangium globose, depressed globose or irregular, stipitate or sessile; the wall a thin membrane, with an outer layer of minute roundish granules of lime, irregularly dehiscent. Stipe present or often wanting, never prolonged within the sporangium as a columella.

Capillitium of slender tubules, forming an intricate net-work, the extremities attached on all sides to the wall of the sporangium; the tubules more or less expanded at the angles of the net-work, and containing at varying intervals nodules of lime. Spores globose, violaceous.

_Physarum_ is the central genus of the _Physaraceae_ from which all the others are detached by characters which for the most part are unimportant.

--1. LAPIDIUM. Lime in the Capillitium scanty; the nodules small, roundish, ellipsoidal or fusiform.

_A. Sporangium stipitate._

_a. Sporangia regular._

1. PHYSARUM NUTANS, Pers. Sporangium orbicular, very much depressed, the base concave or umbilicate, stipitate, cernuous; the wall a thin pellucid membrane, thickly covered with minute white or yellow roundish scales of lime, breaking up into irregular fragments, which often remain attached to the capillitium. Stipe long, slender, tapering upward, bent or curved at the apex, longitudinally rugulose, brown or blackish at the base, becoming paler upward and cinereous or whitish at the apex.

Capillitium of very slender threads, rising from the base of the sporangium, forming a net-work with much elongated meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime white or yellow, ellipsoidal or fusiform, often very small and few in number, sometimes rather large and numerous. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.

Growing on wood, bark, mosses, etc. A very common species. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe 1-2 mm. in length, the lime-nodules commonly not thicker than the spores, but sometimes from once to twice their diameter. Under this name I have included all the lenticular species of Persoon's Synopsis, _Physarum nutans_, _P. luteum_, _P.

viride_ and _P. aureum_. There is no difference in these species, except in the color of the granules of lime; the form of the sporangium and the shape and color of the stipe are the same in all of them. No two authorities agree in the presentation of this species.

2. PHYSARUM CUPRIPES, B. & R. Sporangium orbicular, much depressed, the base umbilicate, stipitate, cernuous; the greater part of the wall thin and delicate, with a scanty covering of yellow granules of lime, becoming naked and then bra.s.sy and iridescent, after maturity soon disappearing; the lower basal portion thicker and more persistent, with a layer of small yellow scales of lime. Stipe long, flexuous, bent at the apex, plicate, pale brown to yellow-brown, darker toward the base.

Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense persistent net-work, more or less expanded at the angles; the lime-nodules small, numerous, yellow, angular and fusiform, below often confluent. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old wood; rare. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times this length. The lime nodules are found both on the sides and at the angles of the meshes, and are fusiform or angular accordingly; the lime is scanty above, but in the lower part of the capillitium the nodules sometimes run together into lobed and branched forms. This is _Physarum berkeleyi_ of Rostafinski's monograph.

3. PHYSARUM OBRUSSEUM, B. &. C. Sporangium globose, the base usually slightly flattened or umbilicate, stipitate and cernuous; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, covered by small, roundish, white or yellow scales of lime, or sometimes naked, splitting irregularly from the apex downward. Stipe long, slender, tapering upward, flexuous, bent or curved at the apex, yellow, yellow-brown, or pale brown. Capillitium of very slender tubules, forming a loose net-work, scarcely expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime small, white or yellow, roundish or obtusely angular, few to numerous, rarely wanting. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old wood, bark, mosses, etc Sporangium .2-.4 mm. in diameter, the stipe 1-2 mm. in length, the lime nodules when abundant once to twice the diameter of the spores, when scanty very small. This, as I find it growing, is an extremely variable species; I think its various forms and appearances cover such species as _Didymium obrusseum_ B. & C.; _D. tenerrimum_ B. & C.; _Physarum tenerum_ Rex, etc., etc.

4. PHYSARUM NUCLEATUM, Rex. Sporangium globose, stipitate, erect or slightly nodding; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, thickly covered with minute, white, roundish scales of lime, which are exceptionally spa.r.s.e or absent, rupturing irregularly. Stipe long, slender, yellowish-white, longitudinally rugulose, tapering upward, expanded at the base into a small hypothallus. Capillitium of very slender tubules, forming a delicate net-work of small meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles; nodules of lime small, not numerous, roundish, white, usually concentrated into a large lump in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 6-7 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old wood, bark, etc.; rare. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times as long, the lime-nodules about the size of the spores. The species much resembles some of the forms of _P.

obrusseum_, but is to be distinguished by its central ma.s.s of lime and the small spores.

5. PHYSARUM COMPACTUM, Wingate. Sporangium depressed-globose, the base slightly umbilicate, stipitate, cernuous; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, studded with large and thick, snow-white, roundish or elliptic scales of lime, at maturity splitting from the apex downward into several segments. Stipe long, rather weak, bent and flexuous, tapering upward, longitudinally rugulose, from snow-white to whitish-ochre and smoky-white, usually brownish at the base, and arising from a thin hypothallus. Capillitium a delicate net-work of very slender threads, with no expansions at the angles; the lime mostly concentrated in one large, snow-white nodule at the center, a few very small, roundish nodules scattered through the net-work.

Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old wood, mosses, etc.; a common species. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times this length. _Tilmadoche compacta_ Wingate. It is doubtful if _Tilmadoche columbina_ Rost.

belongs to this species. According to Lister, _Lepidoderma stellatum_ Ma.s.see, is the same as this species, and if it be objected to the name that there is already a _Physarum compactum_ Ehrenberg, it may have to be called _Physarum stellatum_.

_b. Sporangium more or less irregular_.

6. PHYSARUM LEUCOPHaeUM, Fr. Sporangium globose or depressed-globose, more or less irregular, the base never umbilicate, stipitate or subsessile; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, with a thin coat of small white scales and granules of lime, or sometimes nearly naked. Stipe variable in length, sometimes very short or quite obsolete, occasionally a few of them confluent, wrinkled, and sulcate, brown below, paler or whitish above. Capillitium a dense irregular net-work of slender tubules, more or less expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime white, small, roundish, or angular, few and scattered. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic.

in diameter.

Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. The sporangium .5-.7 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length, or shorter, and sometimes wanting. The lime on the wall and in the capillitium is never abundant and sometimes extremely scanty. Rostafinski's presentation of this species applies well to our specimens.

7. PHYSARUM CONNEXUM, Link. Sporangia subglobose, depressed, more or less irregular, sometimes confluent, stipitate, or subsessile; the wall a thin violaceous, or brownish membrane, rugulose, thickly covered with small white roundish scales of lime, which sometimes acc.u.mulate so as to make the surface rough and uneven. Stipe short, thick, rugulose, from snow white to smoky or sooty, especially toward the base, sometimes with a scanty calcareous hypothallus. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, much expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime small, white, rather numerous, ellipsoidal or fusiform, sometimes confluent and elongated. Spores irregularly globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-11 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old wood and bark. Sporangium .6-1.0 mm. in diameter, the stipe usually shorter than the diameter, sometimes very short; the lime-nodules about the thickness of the spores. This is a larger and rougher species than _P. leucophaeum_, the sporangium is more often irregular and the spores darker colored. _P. confluens_ and _P.

connexum_ of Link.

8. PHYSARUM COMPRESSUM, A. & S. Sporangium laterally compressed and much flattened, subreniform, stipitate or subsessile; the wall a thin violaceous or brownish membrane, rugulose, thickly covered with small white roundish nodules of lime, similar to those in the capillitium.

Stipe short, brown or blackish at least below, sometimes pallid or grayish above, longitudinally rugulose. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a loose net-work; the nodules of lime small, white, very numerous, roundish or ellipsoidal, often confluent end to end. Spores irregularly globose or angular, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-14 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old stalks and leaves of _Zea mays_. Sporangium variable, .6-1.0 mm. in breadth, the stipe 1 mm. or less in length; the lime nodules about the thickness of the spores. According to Saccardo this species is the same as _Physarum nephroedium_ Rost.

9. PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM, Schw. Sporangia confluent into a subspheric gyrose-complicate head, composed of several to many laterally compressed, irregular, simple sporangia; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, covered by a thin layer of minute scales of lime, white to yellow or greenish-yellow Stripes thin, flat, weak, and often prostrate, pale yellow, more or less connate, arising from a thin hypothallus.

Capillitium of slender tubules forming a loose, irregular network, more or less expanded at the angles: the lime-nodules white or yellow, small, fusiform or by confluence elongated and sometimes branched. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.

Growing on old bark, wood, leaves, etc. The sporangia rarely simple, usually confluent into a head of from four or five to fifteen or twenty, and sometimes more, simple sporangia; the stipes variable in length, long or short, rarely wanting. The gray form is _Didymium polymorphum_ Mont., the yellow-green form _D. gyrocephalum_ Mont. Sprengel considered this species the same as _Physarum compactum_ Ehr., and it appears under this name in Schweinitz's _North American Fungi_; but Fries, who had seen specimens of both, disposed of them differently.

10. PHYSARUM DIDERMOIDES, Pers. Sporangia obovoid-oblong, stipitate, growing close together on a white membranaceous common hypothallus; the wall with a thick, white, outer layer of lime, easily crumbling and falling away, leaving the sporangium dark gray; the inner membrane rather thick and firm, violaceous, with a closely adherent layer of granules of lime. Stipes very short, white, thin, and weak, each formed by a bit of membrane arising from the hypothallus. Capillitium a loose net-work of slender threads, bearing numerous roundish or irregular white nodules of lime. Spores irregularly or angularly globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 12-15 mic. in diameter.

Growing on wood, leaves, gra.s.s, etc. Sporangia .6-1.2 mm. in length by .4-.6 mm. in thickness, the stipe shorter than the sporangia. _Spumaria licheniformis_ Schw., belongs here. This is a truly abnormal species of _Physarum_, so much so that Fries, in the _Summa Veg. Scand._ placed it by itself in a separate genus, _Claustria_.