The Marne, 1914 Part 7

Service Historique de la Defense (formerly Service historique de l'armee de terre), Chateau de Vincennes Service Historique de la Defense (formerly Service historique de l'armee de terre), Chateau de Vincennes SHStA .

Sachsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Dresden Sachsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Dresden WK.

Reichsarchiv, Reichsarchiv, Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Die militarischen Operationen zu Lande Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Die militarischen Operationen zu Lande (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 192556), 14 vols. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 192556), 14 vols.

A NOTE ON SOURCES.

Historians of the German armies in World War I for decades were restricted to archives accessible in the Federal Republic of Germany. These mainly centered on doc.u.mentary records for the federal armies of Baden, Bavaria, and Wurttemberg, housed at Karlsruhe, Munich, and Stuttgart, respectively. Unlike those of the Prussian army at Potsdam, they were not destroyed by the Allied bombing offensives of World War II and hence witnessed a great deal of first-cla.s.s research. I began by working through these materials.

For XIV Army Corps of the Grand Duchy of Baden, which provided most of the units fighting in Alsace, I consulted its war diary (Kriegstagebuch (Kriegstagebuch, or KTB) at the Generallandesarchiv at Karlsruhe (GLA). Deputy Commander Hans Gaede's XIV Corps reports to Grand Duke Friedrich II are in 59 Weltkrieg 1914-Schriftwechsel Gaede 316. A summary of fortress sh.e.l.ling is in 59 Denkschrift der Beschiessungen der Forts 1914, General v. Bailer 365. Brigade commands are in 456 F58 Brigadebefehle 27. A special collection of war letters and diaries was most useful: S Kriegsbriefe und Kriegstagebucher 52, 53. Of greatest value were the war diaries of the various regiments and their battalions in Alsace, under the general file 456: F37 Inf. Regt. 111; F38 Inf. Regt. 112; F39 Inf. Regt. 113; F42 Inf. Regt. 169; F43 Inf. Regt. 170; and F58 Inf. Regt. 40. All service records were cross-checked in the regimental muster rolls: 456 D Kriegsrangliste. At the military-political level, the reports by Baden's acting military plenipotentiary to the Army Supreme Command (OHL) were most useful: 222 Politische Berichte des Groherzogl. Gesandten in Berlin und Munchen uber den Kriegsausbruch 34816.

Research into Duke Albrecht of Wurttemberg's Fourth Army, which was closely linked in all but name with the Prussian army and in 1914 was composed largely of Prussian formations, and into Wurttemberg XIII Army Corps, which fought under Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria in Lorraine, was conducted at the Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart (HStA), Landesarchiv Baden-Wurttemberg. The reports of its military plenipotentiary to General Headquarters are in M 1/2 Berichte des Militarbevollmachtigten beim Grossen Hauptquartier und des stellv. Militarbevollmachtigten in Berlin AugustSeptember 1914, vols. 5458. The war diary of XIII Army Corps is in M 33/2 Gen. Kdo. XIII A.K. 19141918, Kriegstagebuch 28.7.1421.1.15, vol. 884; and its operational orders in ibid., vol. 9. Wurttemberg war losses were tabulated by the War Ministry in M 1/11 Kriegsarchiv, Kriegsverl.u.s.te, vol. 1048; the War Ministry also recorded all matters pertaining to war equipment in M 1/4 Kriegsminsterium, Allg. Armee-Angelegenheiten 1524. A special postwar collection of studies, M 738 Sammlung zur Militargeschichte, dealt with issues such as communications during the war (36) and battalion histories (23). Given the near-total destruction of the records of the Prussian General Staff in 1945, of special value was a compendium of fifty situation reports by the chief of the General Staff to the Wurttemberg War Ministry: M 1/2 Kriegsministerium 109, Mitteilungen des Chefs des Feldheeres Nr. 150, 27.7.19143.1.1915.

One of the richest veins for historians is the military records of Crown Prince Rupprecht's Sixth Army at the Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, IV, Kriegsarchiv (BHStA-KA), Munich. Bavarian forces were initially deployed in Lorraine and then shunted to the right flank of the German armies in Picardy, Artois, and Flanders. Critical files consulted included its war diary: Armeeoberkommando 6, Kriegstagebuch der 6. Armee 2.8.14 14.3.1915; as well as its prewar mobilization orders in Folder 369, Gedanken uber die ersten Operationen der 6. und 7. Armee and Aufmarsch-Anweisungen. The Sixth Army KTB was then checked against the war diaries of the General Commands of the various Bavarian Army Corps: Generalkommando I AK, KTB 31.7.1428.2.15; Ge. Kdo. II. bayer. AK, KTB 1.8.191431.12.1914; Generalkommando III AK, Kriegstagebuch 29.7.1431.12.1914; and the war diary for Bavarian I Reserve Army Corps, Auszug aus dem Kriegstagebuch des Generals d. Inftr. Ritter von Fasbender, komd. General I.b.R.K. Extremely valuable was the rich war diary of Sixth Army's chief of staff, Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen: KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145; and the (albeit fragmentary) diary of one of his brightest staff officers in Nachla Rudolf von Xylander 12, Kriegstagebuch 1914/18. An incomplete list of Bavarian war dead for 1914 is in AOK 6, Feldzug 1914, Verl.u.s.tliste. The reports of the Bavarian military plenipotentiary to the OHL are at the Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv-Ministerium des aueren: MA 30763085 Militarbevollmachtigter Berlin, Tagebuch Karl von Wenninger. Most critically, I AM indebted to Dr. Gerhard Immler for garnering permission from HRH Prince Luitpold, head of the House of Wittelsbach, for me to research Crown Prince Rupprecht's war diary: Tagebuch Rupprecht, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699, at the Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, III, Geheimes Hausarchiv (BHStA-GH).

Over the past three decades, I researched fragments of personal files pertaining to leading figures of the General Staff and senior military commanders at the Bundesarchiv-Militararchiv (BA-MA) in Freiburg: Beseler (N 30); Boetticher (N 323); Dommes (N 512); Einem (N 324); Groener (N 46); Haeften (N 35); Kluck (N 550); Moltke (N 78); Schlieffen (N 43); Tappen (N 56); and Wild v. Hohenborn (N 44). A very few prewar records from the Prussian army also exist in PH 3, Groer Generalstab: 256 Aufmarsch und operative Absichten der Franzosen in einem zukunftigen deutsch-franzosischen Kriege; 443 Mobilmachungsplan fur das deutsche Heer zum 1. April 1914; 663 Groe Generalstabsreise 1905/06; and 6546 Berichte uber fremde Armeen, 19071911. Data on general officers were gleaned from the roughly twenty-volume collection MSg 109. Soldiers' letters came from several files, including MSg 2/3112 and 2/4537.

The collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 198990 proved to be a boon to scholars of World War I. First and foremost, its demise allowed research in the records of the Saxon Third Army at the Sachsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv (SHStA) at Dresden. The reports of the Saxon military plenipotentiary at General Headquarters are in 11250 Sachsischer Militarbevollmachtigter in Berlin Nr. 71. Geheimakten A: Verschiedenes. Third Army Commander Max von Hausen left two sets of personal recollections: 12693 Personalnachla Max Klemens Lothar Freiherr von Hausen (18461922) Nr. 38 and Nr. 43b; and 12693 "Meine Erlebnisse u. Erfahrungen als Oberbefehlshaber der 3. Armee im Bewegungskrieg 1914" Nr. 43a. The latter was most valuable as it contains the general's handwritten memoirs, penned in July 1918; much of this material (and especially the critical sections) was exorcised from his published memoir, Erinnerungen an den Marnefeldzug 1914 Erinnerungen an den Marnefeldzug 1914 (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1920). I also worked through the war diary of Third Army Supreme Command, 11353 Armee-Oberkommando 3. Unfortunately, the files for its Strategic (Ia) and Tactical (Ib) Sections were lost, most likely during Allied bombing raids on Potsdam in 1945 (see below). Fortunately, I was able to compensate for this by researching the records of the General Commands of Third Army, 11355 Generalkommando des XII Armee-Korps, as well as those of XII Reserve Corps, 11356 Generalkommando des XII Reservekorps Nrs. 139 and 273, which contain copies of Hausen's most important orders. The SHStA also has several superb collections of war diaries and letters: 11372 Militargeschichtliche Sammlung, Nrs. 103, 105, and 371. All service records were cross-checked in the (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1920). I also worked through the war diary of Third Army Supreme Command, 11353 Armee-Oberkommando 3. Unfortunately, the files for its Strategic (Ia) and Tactical (Ib) Sections were lost, most likely during Allied bombing raids on Potsdam in 1945 (see below). Fortunately, I was able to compensate for this by researching the records of the General Commands of Third Army, 11355 Generalkommando des XII Armee-Korps, as well as those of XII Reserve Corps, 11356 Generalkommando des XII Reservekorps Nrs. 139 and 273, which contain copies of Hausen's most important orders. The SHStA also has several superb collections of war diaries and letters: 11372 Militargeschichtliche Sammlung, Nrs. 103, 105, and 371. All service records were cross-checked in the Ehrenrangliste des ehemaligen Deutschen Heeres auf Grund der Ranglisten von 1914 Ehrenrangliste des ehemaligen Deutschen Heeres auf Grund der Ranglisten von 1914 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1926), 2 vols. Saxon regimental histories were published as (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1926), 2 vols. Saxon regimental histories were published as Erinnerungsblatter deutscher Regimenter Sachsischer Armee Erinnerungsblatter deutscher Regimenter Sachsischer Armee (Dresden: v. Baensch, 192139), 88 vols. (Dresden: v. Baensch, 192139), 88 vols.

While it was widely a.s.sumed by Western historians that the Royal Air Force's bombings of the Kriegsgeschichtliche Forschungsanstalt on 14 February 1945 and of the Reichsarchiv on 14 April 1945 (both at Potsdam) had totally destroyed the archives of the Prussian army, that in fact was not the case. Although East German officials steadfastly maintained for half a century that as a "peaceful socialist country" they maintained no "military archives," a great number of files from the former Kriegsgeschichtliche Forschungsanstalt had escaped the bombing and been taken to Moscow by the Red Army. In 1988 the Soviet Union returned forty tons of doc.u.ments-including some three thousand Prussian and German army files-to the Militararchiv der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, also at Potsdam.

To both the surprise and the delight of scholars, in 1994 these doc.u.ments were removed to the BA-MA in Freiburg, where they were initially deposited as Special Collection W-10 and where they are now being recataloged as RH 61: Kriegsgeschichtliche Forschungsanstalt des Heeres, Teil 1, Teil 2. The unfortunate outcome is a confusing crescendo of old "W-10" and new "RH 61" file numbers. For prewar planning by the Prussian General Staff, the most important collections include: 96 Aufmarschanweisungen fur die Jahre 1893/94 bis 1914/15; 406 Die militarpolitische Lage Deutschlands in den letzten 5 Jahren vor dem Kriege; and 50315 Gemeinsame Kriegs...o...b..reitungen Deutschland-osterreich-Ungarn. Frage eines gemeinsamen Oberbefehls im Kriege. As well, much of Alfred von Schlieffen's war planning survived in N 323/9, Nachla Boetticher, Gr. Generlstabsreise 1905.

Fragmentary doc.u.mentary records for the first year of the war in general and for the Battle of the Marne in particular are in a series of compilations in RH 61: 83 Vorgange im Groen Hauptquartier des Generalstabes 19141915; 84 Beurteilung der Lage zwischen den Flugeln der 1. und 2. Armee AM 9.9.1914; 161 Die Fahrten Moltkes, Dommes, Steins und Tappens zur Front AM 11., 12., 13. und 14.9.1914; 948 Der Krieg im Westen 19141916; 50443 Die Finanzierung des ersten Kriegsjahres 1914/15; 50603 Kriegsverl.u.s.te, Verstarkungen, Munitionsverbrauch und Kriegsgefangene im Ersten Weltkrieg; 50631 Tagebucher Beseler; 50634 Generaloberst v. Einem; 50635 Falkenhayn-Tagebuch; 50652 Kriegserinnerungen von General v. Kuhl; 50656 Tagebuch v. Plessen; 50661 Kriegserinnerungen und Kriegstagebuch des Generalleutnants v. [sic] [sic] Tappen; 50676 Der Krieg im Westen 19141916; 50677 Auszuge aus Feldbriefen von Januar 1914-November 1918; 50730 Der Chef des Generalstabes von Moltke; 50739 Generalleutnant von Stein, der Generalquartiermeister der sechs ersten Kriegs-wochen; 50775 Die Verl.u.s.te an Pferden 19141918; 50850 Die Tatigkeit der Feldfliegerverbande der 1. und 2. Armee 2.-9. September 1914; and 51060064 Die OHL und die Marne-Schlacht vom 4.9.9.1914. Countless others are to be found in the chapter notes. Tappen; 50676 Der Krieg im Westen 19141916; 50677 Auszuge aus Feldbriefen von Januar 1914-November 1918; 50730 Der Chef des Generalstabes von Moltke; 50739 Generalleutnant von Stein, der Generalquartiermeister der sechs ersten Kriegs-wochen; 50775 Die Verl.u.s.te an Pferden 19141918; 50850 Die Tatigkeit der Feldfliegerverbande der 1. und 2. Armee 2.-9. September 1914; and 51060064 Die OHL und die Marne-Schlacht vom 4.9.9.1914. Countless others are to be found in the chapter notes.

During the 1920s, the senior commanders of especially the Bavarian and Prussian armies conducted a vitriolic paper war concerning both roles and responsibilities for the campaign in the west in 1914. A great many of their personal papers were circulated to fellow officers and to the Reichsarchiv at Potsdam. The result was a plethora of war diaries copied and annotated by postwar investigators. Wherever possible, I used only the original war diaries.

Given that neutral Belgium was truly a victim rather than an instigator of the July Crisis, I eschewed research in the General State Archives at Brussels and instead relied on several solid histories based on that country's doc.u.mentary record for 1914: emile Joseph Galet, S. M. le Roi Albert, commandant en chef devant l'invasion allemande S. M. le Roi Albert, commandant en chef devant l'invasion allemande (Paris: Plon, 1931); Marie-Rose Thielemans and Emile Vandewoulde, (Paris: Plon, 1931); Marie-Rose Thielemans and Emile Vandewoulde, Le Roi Albert au travers de ses lettres inedites, 18821916 Le Roi Albert au travers de ses lettres inedites, 18821916 (Brussels: Office international de librairie, 1982); Luc de Vos, (Brussels: Office international de librairie, 1982); Luc de Vos, Het effectief van de Belgische krijgsmacht en de militiewetgeving, 18301914 Het effectief van de Belgische krijgsmacht en de militiewetgeving, 18301914 (Brussels: Koninklijk Legermuseum, 1985); and (Brussels: Koninklijk Legermuseum, 1985); and Histoire de l'armee belge Histoire de l'armee belge (Brussels: Editions Centre de Doc.u.mentation historique des forces armees, 198288), 2 vols. The German invasion and occupation of 1914 are detailed at length by Jeff Lipkes, (Brussels: Editions Centre de Doc.u.mentation historique des forces armees, 198288), 2 vols. The German invasion and occupation of 1914 are detailed at length by Jeff Lipkes, Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914 Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914 (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007). (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007).

The major doc.u.mentary collections that I have worked through over the past three decades in Great Britain are mostly at the National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office), Kew. They include the files of the Foreign Office: 800/49 Various Ministers' and Officials' Papers Grey, France 19051906; 800/87 Admiralty 19051913; 800/94 Foreign Office, memoranda 19121914; 800/100 Prime Minister 19091916. Also, those of the Cabinet: CAB 2 Committee of Imperial Defence and Standing Defence Subcommittee, Minutes 19021936; CAB 4 Committee of Imperial Defence, Miscellaneous Memoranda 19031938; and CAB 42 War Council and Successors 19141916. Of special interest in the latter group were the files pertaining to Despatch of the British Expeditionary Force (CAB 42/1/3) and to Home Defence (CAB 42/1/4). CAB 2/2 includes the minutes of the critical meeting on strategy of the CID on 23 August 1911. Of value at the Bodleian Library, Oxford University, are the Papers of Herbert Henry Asquith 18921928, especially A.2 Cabinet letters: Copies of Asquith's cabinet letters to the King, 190816.

For France, Dr. Stephanie Cousineau of the University of Northern British Columbia conducted research at the Service Historique de la Defense (SHD), formerly the Service historique de l'armee de terre, at the Chateau de Vincennes. Its vast holdings include the formal correspondence between the War Ministry (Messimy, Millerand) and the Grand quartier general (Joffre), as well as that for the military governor of Paris (Gallieni) for August and September 1914. Specifically, the personal collections researched were K 79 boxes 1 and 2, K 88 box 1, K 93 box 1, K 97 boxes 1, 2, 4, and 5, K 268 box 1, and K 802 box 1; the general collections included 5 N 66, 6 N 9, 7 N 4, 16 N 1551 as well as 1552 and 1674, 19 N 1142 and 1539, 21 N 15, 22 N 99 and 420, and 24 N 385 and 468. A good deal of the this material was published between 1922 and 1937 in the French official history, Les armees francaises dans la grande guerre Les armees francaises dans la grande guerre (see below). Most important for this book were the narrative volumes (1, 2, and 3) of (see below). Most important for this book were the narrative volumes (1, 2, and 3) of tome tome 1, the single annex of doc.u.ments for volume 1, the two annexes for volume 2, and the four annexes for volume 3. SHD at Vincennes also houses a vast treasure trove of private 1, the single annex of doc.u.ments for volume 1, the two annexes for volume 2, and the four annexes for volume 3. SHD at Vincennes also houses a vast treasure trove of private papiers papiers of many of the commanding generals of 1914. The most important are those for Fabry, Ferry, Foch, Gra.s.set, Joffre, Journee, Regnault, Petain, Pierrefeu, Pugens, and Ruffey; as well, there is the George Collection dealing with the Battle of Mulhouse; the Papiers Sauve (170th Infantry Regiment) in the Archives de Castelnau; and the Papiers Ferry (Grand Couronne). It is a mixed bag at best: some are repet.i.tious, others mere summaries of battle orders, and many are postwar self-justifications and scurrilous attacks on Joffre. of many of the commanding generals of 1914. The most important are those for Fabry, Ferry, Foch, Gra.s.set, Joffre, Journee, Regnault, Petain, Pierrefeu, Pugens, and Ruffey; as well, there is the George Collection dealing with the Battle of Mulhouse; the Papiers Sauve (170th Infantry Regiment) in the Archives de Castelnau; and the Papiers Ferry (Grand Couronne). It is a mixed bag at best: some are repet.i.tious, others mere summaries of battle orders, and many are postwar self-justifications and scurrilous attacks on Joffre.

Dr. Cousineau also researched war letters of common soldiers at the Historial de la Grande Guerre at the Chateau de Peronne and at the Doc.u.ment Service of Le Memorial de Verdun. The ma.s.sive, annotated collection of war letters by Jean Norton Cru was recently reprinted: Temoins: Essai d'a.n.a.lyse et de critique des souvenirs de combatants edites en francais de 1915 a 1928 Temoins: Essai d'a.n.a.lyse et de critique des souvenirs de combatants edites en francais de 1915 a 1928 (Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 2006). Other published collections of war letters include (Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 2006). Other published collections of war letters include La derniere lettre ecrite par des soldats francais tombes au champ d'honneur, 19141918 La derniere lettre ecrite par des soldats francais tombes au champ d'honneur, 19141918 (Paris: Flammarion, (Paris: Flammarion, 1921); Paroles de poilus: lettres et carnets du front 19141918 1921); Paroles de poilus: lettres et carnets du front 19141918, eds. Jean-Pierre Gueno and Yves Laplume (Paris: Librio, 1998); Les violettes des tranchees: lettres d'un poilu qui Les violettes des tranchees: lettres d'un poilu qui n'aimait pas la guerre n'aimait pas la guerre, ed. etienne Tanty (Paris: editions-Italiques, 2002); "Si je reviens comme je l'espere": lettres du front et de l'arriere "Si je reviens comme je l'espere": lettres du front et de l'arriere, eds. Madeleine and Antoine Bosshard (Paris: B. Gras-set, 2003); and Mon papa en guerre: lettres de poilus, mots d'enfants 19141918 Mon papa en guerre: lettres de poilus, mots d'enfants 19141918, ed. Jean-Pierre Gueno (Paris: Librio, 2004).

Of course, military historians for a long time have had access to official as well as semiofficial histories of the Great War undertaken by the warring nations after 1918. These include: Baden. Die Badener im Weltkrieg 1914/1918 Die Badener im Weltkrieg 1914/1918, ed. Wilhelm Muller-Loebnitz (Karlsruhe: G. Braun, 1935).Bavaria. Die Bayern im Groen Krieg 19141918. Auf Grund der amtlichen Kriegsakten dargestellt Die Bayern im Groen Krieg 19141918. Auf Grund der amtlichen Kriegsakten dargestellt (Munich: Verlag des Bayerischen Kriegsarchivs, 1923), 3 vols. (Munich: Verlag des Bayerischen Kriegsarchivs, 1923), 3 vols.--. Das Bayernbuch vom Weltkriege 19141918. Ein Volksbuch Das Bayernbuch vom Weltkriege 19141918. Ein Volksbuch, ed. Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen (Stuttgart: Chr. Belser, 1930), 2 vols.--. Die Schlacht in Lothringen und in den Vogesen. Die Feuertaufe der Bayerischen Armee Die Schlacht in Lothringen und in den Vogesen. Die Feuertaufe der Bayerischen Armee, ed. Karl Deuringer (Munich: Max Schick, 1929), 2 vols.Belgium. La campagne de l'armee belge (31 juillet 19141er janvier 1915) d'apres les doc.u.ments officials La campagne de l'armee belge (31 juillet 19141er janvier 1915) d'apres les doc.u.ments officials (Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1915). In English: (Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1915). In English: The War of 1914: Military Operations of Belgium in Defence of the Country and to Uphold Her Neutrality: Report Compiled by the Commander-in-Chief of the Belgian Army, for the Period July 31st to December 31st, 1914 The War of 1914: Military Operations of Belgium in Defence of the Country and to Uphold Her Neutrality: Report Compiled by the Commander-in-Chief of the Belgian Army, for the Period July 31st to December 31st, 1914 (London: W. H. & L. Collingridge, 1915). (London: W. H. & L. Collingridge, 1915).France. Armee. Service historique. Les armees francaises dans la grande guerre Les armees francaises dans la grande guerre (Paris: Imprimerie nationale 192237), 11 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale 192237), 11 tomes tomes and 111 annexes. and 111 annexes.Germany. Marine-Archiv. Der Krieg in der Nordsee Der Krieg in der Nordsee (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 192137), 6 vols. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 192137), 6 vols.--. Reichsarchiv. Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Die militarischen Operationen zu Lande Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Die militarischen Operationen zu Lande (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 192556), 14 vols. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 192556), 14 vols.--. Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Kriegsrustung und Kriegswirtschaft Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Kriegsrustung und Kriegswirtschaft (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1930), 2 vols. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1930), 2 vols.--. Schlachten des Weltkrieges in Einzeldarstellungen Schlachten des Weltkrieges in Einzeldarstellungen (Oldenburg and Berlin: Gerhard Stalling, 192133), 38 vols. (Oldenburg and Berlin: Gerhard Stalling, 192133), 38 vols.--. Der Sanitatsdienst im Gefechts-und Schlachtenverlauf im Weltkriege 1914/1918 Der Sanitatsdienst im Gefechts-und Schlachtenverlauf im Weltkriege 1914/1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 193438), vol. 2. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 193438), vol. 2.--. Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934), vol. 3. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934), vol. 3.--. Great Britain. History of the Great War: Military Operations History of the Great War: Military Operations, ed. J. E. Edmonds (London: Macmillan, 192248), 23 vols.--. History of the Great War: Naval Operations History of the Great War: Naval Operations, eds. J. Corbett and H. Newbolt (London: Longmans, Green, 192031), 5 vols.--. Saxony. Sachsen in groer Zeit. Gemeinverstandliche sachsische Kriegsgeschichte und vaterlandisches Gedenkwerk des Weltkrieges Sachsen in groer Zeit. Gemeinverstandliche sachsische Kriegsgeschichte und vaterlandisches Gedenkwerk des Weltkrieges, ed. Johann Edmund Hottenroth (Leipzig: R. Max Lippold, 1923), 3 vols.--. Die Marneschlacht insbesondere auf der Front der deutschen dritten Armee Die Marneschlacht insbesondere auf der Front der deutschen dritten Armee, ed. Artur Baumgarten-Crusius (Leipzig: Lippold, 1919).Wurttemberg. Wurttembergs Heer im Weltkrieg Wurttembergs Heer im Weltkrieg (Stuttgart: Berger, 1939), 20 vols. (Stuttgart: Berger, 1939), 20 vols.

Additionally, some contemporary doc.u.ments were published in the United States: Source Records of the Great War Source Records of the Great War, ed. Charles F. Horne (USA: National Alumni, 1923), 7 vols. Two compilations stand out for France: Histoire ill.u.s.tree de la guerre de 1914 Histoire ill.u.s.tree de la guerre de 1914, ed. Gabriel Hanotaux (Paris: Gounouilhou, 191524), 17 vols.; and La grande guerre sur le front occidental La grande guerre sur le front occidental, ed. Barthelemy Edmond Palat (Paris: Chapelot, 191729), 14 vols.

The princ.i.p.al leaders of the governments and armies of 1914 also left a flood of memoirs and personal papers. The most important Belgian works include those of King Albert I, Les carnets de guerre d'Albert 1er, roi des Belges Les carnets de guerre d'Albert 1er, roi des Belges (Brussels: C. Dessart, 1953); of his military advisers, Antonin Selliers de Moranville, (Brussels: C. Dessart, 1953); of his military advisers, Antonin Selliers de Moranville, Du haut de la tour de Babel: Commentaire sur la preparation a la guerre et la situation strategique de la Belgique en 1914 Du haut de la tour de Babel: Commentaire sur la preparation a la guerre et la situation strategique de la Belgique en 1914 (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1925); Louis de Ryckel, (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1925); Louis de Ryckel, Memoires du lieutenant general Baron de Ryckel Memoires du lieutenant general Baron de Ryckel (Paris: Chapelot, 1920); emile J. Galet, (Paris: Chapelot, 1920); emile J. Galet, Albert, King of the Belgians, in the Great War Albert, King of the Belgians, in the Great War (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931); and of the commandant at Liege, Gerard Leman, (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931); and of the commandant at Liege, Gerard Leman, La rapport du general Leman sur la defense de Liege en aout 1914 La rapport du general Leman sur la defense de Liege en aout 1914 (Brussels: Palais des academies, 1960). (Brussels: Palais des academies, 1960).

Britain's statesmen and soldiers likewise did not spare with their reminiscences. Important collections include John French, 1914 1914 (London: Constable, 1919), 2 vols.; Douglas Haig, (London: Constable, 1919), 2 vols.; Douglas Haig, War Diaries and Letters, 19141918 War Diaries and Letters, 19141918, eds. Gary Sheffield and John Bourne (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005); David Lloyd George, War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, 19141918 War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, 19141918 (London: Nicholson & Watson, 193336), 6 vols.; Archibald Murray, (London: Nicholson & Watson, 193336), 6 vols.; Archibald Murray, Sir Archibald Murray's Despatches Sir Archibald Murray's Despatches (London and Toronto: J. M. Dent, 1920); Horace L. Smith-Dorrien, (London and Toronto: J. M. Dent, 1920); Horace L. Smith-Dorrien, Memories of Forty-Eight Years' Service Memories of Forty-Eight Years' Service (London: J. Murray, 1925); (London: J. Murray, 1925); Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, ed. C. E. Callwell (London: Ca.s.sell, 1927), 2 vols.; Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis The World Crisis (New York: Scribner, 192331), 6 vols.; and (New York: Scribner, 192331), 6 vols.; and H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley, eds. Michael Brock and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).

For France, the most important works on military matters include Yvon Dubail, Quatre annees de commandement, 191418: Journal de campagne Quatre annees de commandement, 191418: Journal de campagne (Paris: Fournier, 1920); Louis Conneau, (Paris: Fournier, 1920); Louis Conneau, Historique des corps de cavalerie commandes par le general Conneau du 13 aout 1914 au 2 mars 1917 Historique des corps de cavalerie commandes par le general Conneau du 13 aout 1914 au 2 mars 1917 (Paris: Plon, 1924); emile Fayolle, (Paris: Plon, 1924); emile Fayolle, Cahiers secrets de la grande guerre Cahiers secrets de la grande guerre (Paris: Plon, 1964); Ferdinand Foch, (Paris: Plon, 1964); Ferdinand Foch, Memoires pour server a l'histoire de la guerre de 19141918 Memoires pour server a l'histoire de la guerre de 19141918 (Paris: Plon, 1931), 2 vols.; Joseph Gallieni, (Paris: Plon, 1931), 2 vols.; Joseph Gallieni, Memoires du marechal Gallieni: defense du Paris (25 aout11 septembre 1914) Memoires du marechal Gallieni: defense du Paris (25 aout11 septembre 1914) (Paris: Payot, 1920); Charles Julien Huguet, (Paris: Payot, 1920); Charles Julien Huguet, Britain and the War: A French Indictment Britain and the War: A French Indictment (London: Ca.s.sell, 1928); Joseph Joffre, (London: Ca.s.sell, 1928); Joseph Joffre, Memoires du marechal Joffre (19101917) Memoires du marechal Joffre (19101917) (Paris: Plon, 1932), 2 vols.; Fernand de Langle de Cary, (Paris: Plon, 1932), 2 vols.; Fernand de Langle de Cary, Souvenirs de commandement, 19141916 Souvenirs de commandement, 19141916 (Paris, Payot, 1935); Charles Lanrezac, (Paris, Payot, 1935); Charles Lanrezac, Le plan de campagne francais et le premier mois de la guerre (2 aout3 septembre 1914) Le plan de campagne francais et le premier mois de la guerre (2 aout3 septembre 1914) (Paris: Payot, 1921); Charles Mangin, (Paris: Payot, 1921); Charles Mangin, Lettres de guerre, 19141918 Lettres de guerre, 19141918 (Paris: Fayard, 1950); Adolphe Messimy, (Paris: Fayard, 1950); Adolphe Messimy, Mes souvenirs Mes souvenirs (Paris: Plon, 1937); Raymond Poincare, (Paris: Plon, 1937); Raymond Poincare, Au service de la France-neuf annees de souvenirs Au service de la France-neuf annees de souvenirs (Paris: Plon, 192633), 10 vols.; and Poincare, (Paris: Plon, 192633), 10 vols.; and Poincare, Comment fut declaree la guerre de 1914 Comment fut declaree la guerre de 1914 (Paris: Flammarion, 1939). (Paris: Flammarion, 1939).

German commanders spent much of the decade of the 1920s writing memoirs to justify their actions during the war in general, and during the campaign of 1914 in particular. Those of the chiefs of the General Staff include the (posthumously published) recollections of Chief of the General Staff Helmuth von Moltke. Erinnerungen, Briefe, Dok.u.mente, 18771916. Ein Bild vom Kriegsausbruch, erster Kriegsfuhrung und Personlichkeit des ersten militarischen Fuhrers des Krieges Helmuth von Moltke. Erinnerungen, Briefe, Dok.u.mente, 18771916. Ein Bild vom Kriegsausbruch, erster Kriegsfuhrung und Personlichkeit des ersten militarischen Fuhrers des Krieges, ed. Eliza von Moltke (Stuttgart: Der Kommende Tag, 1922); Helmuth von Moltke, 18481916. Dok.u.mente zu seinem Leben und Wirken Helmuth von Moltke, 18481916. Dok.u.mente zu seinem Leben und Wirken, ed. Thomas Meyer (Basel: Perseus Verlag, 1993), 2 vols.; and Erich von Falkenhayn, Die Oberste Heeresleitung, 19141916, in ihren wichtigsten Entschliessungen Die Oberste Heeresleitung, 19141916, in ihren wichtigsten Entschliessungen (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920). (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920).

The collections by army commanders include Crown Prince Wilhelm, Meine Erinnerungen aus Deutschlands Heldenkampf (Berlin: Meine Erinnerungen aus Deutschlands Heldenkampf (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1923); Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, E. S. Mittler, 1923); Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, Mein Kriegstagebuch Mein Kriegstagebuch (Munich: Deutscher National Verlag, 1929), 3 vols.; Karl von Bulow, (Munich: Deutscher National Verlag, 1929), 3 vols.; Karl von Bulow, Mein Bericht zur Marneschlacht Mein Bericht zur Marneschlacht (Berlin: A. Scherl, 1919); Karl von Einem, (Berlin: A. Scherl, 1919); Karl von Einem, Erlebnisse und Betrachtungen aus der Zeit des Weltkrieges Erlebnisse und Betrachtungen aus der Zeit des Weltkrieges (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1919), and (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1919), and Ein Armeefuhrer erlebt den Weltkrieg. Personliche Aufzeichnungen Ein Armeefuhrer erlebt den Weltkrieg. Personliche Aufzeichnungen (Leipzig: Hase & Koehler, 1938); Max von Gallwitz, (Leipzig: Hase & Koehler, 1938); Max von Gallwitz, Meine Fuhrertatigkeit im Weltkriege 1914/16 Meine Fuhrertatigkeit im Weltkriege 1914/16 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1929); Max von Hausen, (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1929); Max von Hausen, Erinnerungen an den Marnefeldzug 1914 Erinnerungen an den Marnefeldzug 1914 (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1920), and (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1920), and Generaloberst Max Freiherr von Hausen, ein deutscher Soldat. Nach seinen Tagebuchern, Aufzeichnungen und Briefen Generaloberst Max Freiherr von Hausen, ein deutscher Soldat. Nach seinen Tagebuchern, Aufzeichnungen und Briefen, ed. Artur Brabant (Dresden: v. Baensch, 1926); and Alexander von Kluck, Der Marsch auf Paris und die Marneschlacht 1914 Der Marsch auf Paris und die Marneschlacht 1914 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920). Some diaries and letters from the kaiser's military entourage have recently been sorted and edited by Holger Afflerbach, (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920). Some diaries and letters from the kaiser's military entourage have recently been sorted and edited by Holger Afflerbach, Kaiser Wilhelm II. als Oberster Kriegsherr im Ersten Weltkrieg. Quellen aus der militarischen Umgebung des Kaisers 19141918 Kaiser Wilhelm II. als Oberster Kriegsherr im Ersten Weltkrieg. Quellen aus der militarischen Umgebung des Kaisers 19141918 (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2005). (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2005).

Important memoirs by General Staff officers involved in the decision-making process of 1914 include Max Bauer, Der grosse Krieg in Feld und Heimat. Erinnerungen und Betrachtungen Der grosse Krieg in Feld und Heimat. Erinnerungen und Betrachtungen (Tubingen: Osiander'sche Buchhandlung, 1921); Wilhelm Groener, (Tubingen: Osiander'sche Buchhandlung, 1921); Wilhelm Groener, Lebenserinnerungen. Jugend, Generalstab, Weltkrieg Lebenserinnerungen. Jugend, Generalstab, Weltkrieg, ed. Friedrich Frhrr. Hiller von Gaertringen (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1967); Hermann von Kuhl, Der Marnefeldzug, 1914 Der Marnefeldzug, 1914 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921); Fritz von Loberg, (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921); Fritz von Loberg, Meine Tatigkeit im Weltkrieg, 19141918 Meine Tatigkeit im Weltkrieg, 19141918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1939); Erich Ludendorff, (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1939); Erich Ludendorff, Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 19141918 Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 19141918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1919); Hermann von Stein, (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1919); Hermann von Stein, Erlebnisse und Betrachtungen aus der Zeit des Weltkrieges Erlebnisse und Betrachtungen aus der Zeit des Weltkrieges (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1919); Gerhard Tappen, (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1919); Gerhard Tappen, Bis zur Marne 1914. Beitrage zur Beurteilung der Kriegfuhrung bis zum Abschluss der Marne-Schlacht Bis zur Marne 1914. Beitrage zur Beurteilung der Kriegfuhrung bis zum Abschluss der Marne-Schlacht (Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling, 1920); and Rudolf von Xylander, (Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling, 1920); and Rudolf von Xylander, Deutsche Fuhrung in Lothringen 1914. Wahrheit und Kriegsgeschichte Deutsche Fuhrung in Lothringen 1914. Wahrheit und Kriegsgeschichte (Berlin: Junker und Dunnhaupt, 1935). (Berlin: Junker und Dunnhaupt, 1935).

NOTES.

PROLOGUE: "A Drama Never Surpa.s.sed" "A Drama Never Surpa.s.sed"

1. Die Badener im Weltkrieg 1914/1918 Die Badener im Weltkrieg 1914/1918, ed. Wilhelm Muller-Loebnitz (Karlsruhe: G. Braun, 1935), 2021. The Peugeot Memorial at Joncherey today memorializes the spot.

2. Holger H. Herwig, "The Marne," Holger H. Herwig, "The Marne," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History (Winter 2000): 1011. (Winter 2000): 1011.

3. Ritter to Hermann Witte, 15 May 1917. Ritter to Hermann Witte, 15 May 1917. Gerhard Ritter. Ein politischer Historiker in seinen Briefen Gerhard Ritter. Ein politischer Historiker in seinen Briefen, eds. Klaus Schwabe and Rolf Reichardt (Boppard: H. Boldt, 1984), 20203.

4. Report for Report for Collier's Weekly; Collier's Weekly; cited in Mark Sullivan, cited in Mark Sullivan, Our Times, 19001925 Our Times, 19001925 (New York and London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936), 5:26. (New York and London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936), 5:26.

5. "Foreword" to Edmund Spears, "Foreword" to Edmund Spears, Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1930), vii. (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1930), vii.

6. A first effort was undertaken by Basil Liddell Hart, A first effort was undertaken by Basil Liddell Hart, Reputations, Ten Years After Reputations, Ten Years After (Boston: Little, Brown, 1928). (Boston: Little, Brown, 1928).

7. Joffre, 1:420. Joffre, 1:420.

8. Sewell Tyng, Sewell Tyng, The Campaign of the Marne 1914 The Campaign of the Marne 1914 (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 81. (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 81.

9. Die graue Exzellenz: Zwischen Staatsrason und Vasallentreue. Aus den Papieren des kaiserlichen Gesandten Karl Georg von Treutler Die graue Exzellenz: Zwischen Staatsrason und Vasallentreue. Aus den Papieren des kaiserlichen Gesandten Karl Georg von Treutler, ed. Karl-Heinz Janen (Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna: Ullstein, 1971), 167.

10. BA-MA, Nachla.s.s Admiral Georg Alexander von Muller, N 159, 4:292. Diary entry for 4 September 1914. BA-MA, Nachla.s.s Admiral Georg Alexander von Muller, N 159, 4:292. Diary entry for 4 September 1914.

11. Cited in Holger H. Herwig, Cited in Holger H. Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 19141918 The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 19141918 (London: Arnold, 1997), 406. (London: Arnold, 1997), 406.

12. This is the "minimalist" war-aims program that Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg drafted on 9 September, the day of climax for the Battle of the Marne. See Fritz Fischer, This is the "minimalist" war-aims program that Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg drafted on 9 September, the day of climax for the Battle of the Marne. See Fritz Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht. Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18 Griff nach der Weltmacht. Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18 (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1961), 113ff (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1961), 113ff 13. Les batailles de la Marne de l'Ourcq a Verdun (1914 et 1918) Les batailles de la Marne de l'Ourcq a Verdun (1914 et 1918) (Soteca: editions, 2004), 11. (Soteca: editions, 2004), 11.

14. Tyng, Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 342ff 15. To the best of my knowledge, the concept was first popularized by Gustave Babin in To the best of my knowledge, the concept was first popularized by Gustave Babin in L'Ill.u.s.tration L'Ill.u.s.tration on 11 October 1915. on 11 October 1915.

16. Louis E. Muller, Louis E. Muller, Joffre et la Marne Joffre et la Marne (Paris: G. Cres, 1931), 113ff. (Paris: G. Cres, 1931), 113ff.

17. WK, 4:541. WK, 4:541.

18. Erich Ludendorff, Erich Ludendorff, Das Marne-Drama. Der Fall Moltke-Hentsch Das Marne-Drama. Der Fall Moltke-Hentsch (Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag, 1934). (Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag, 1934).

19. Fritz Fischer's "Introduction" to Karl Lange, Fritz Fischer's "Introduction" to Karl Lange, Marneschlacht und deutsche offentlichkeit 19141939. Eine verdrangte Niederlage und ihre Folgen Marneschlacht und deutsche offentlichkeit 19141939. Eine verdrangte Niederlage und ihre Folgen (Dusseldorf: Bertelsmann Universitatsverlag, 1974), 7. (Dusseldorf: Bertelsmann Universitatsverlag, 1974), 7.

CHAPTER 1. 1. War: "Now or Never" War: "Now or Never"

1. Cited in Zara Steiner, Cited in Zara Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War Britain and the Origins of the First World War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977), 215. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977), 215.

2. J. J. Ruedorffer [Kurt Riezler], J. J. Ruedorffer [Kurt Riezler], Grundzuge der Weltpolitik der Gegenwart Grundzuge der Weltpolitik der Gegenwart (Stuttgart and Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1914), 219. (Stuttgart and Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1914), 219.

3. Christopher Andrew, "France and the German Menace," in Ernest R. May, ed., Christopher Andrew, "France and the German Menace," in Ernest R. May, ed., Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence a.s.sessment Before the Two World Wars Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence a.s.sessment Before the Two World Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 144. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 144.

4. Holger H. Herwig, Holger H. Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 19141918 The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 19141918 (London: Arnold, 1997), 67. (London: Arnold, 1997), 67.

5. Werner Maser, Werner Maser, Adolf Hitler. Legende, Mythos, Wirklichkeit Adolf Hitler. Legende, Mythos, Wirklichkeit (Munich: Bechtle, 1974), 12. (Munich: Bechtle, 1974), 12.

6. Graydon A. Tunstall Jr., "Austria-Hungary," in Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig, eds., Graydon A. Tunstall Jr., "Austria-Hungary," in Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig, eds., The Origins of World War I The Origins of World War I(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 11249.

7. Letter dated 28 June 1914. Gina von Hotzendorf, Letter dated 28 June 1914. Gina von Hotzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hotzendorf Sein geistiges Vermachtnis Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hotzendorf Sein geistiges Vermachtnis (Leipzig: Grethlein, 1935), 114. (Leipzig: Grethlein, 1935), 114.

8. Hugo Hantsch, Hugo Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold. Grandseigneur und Staatsmann Leopold Graf Berchtold. Grandseigneur und Staatsmann (Graz: Styria Verlag, 1963), 2:55859. (Graz: Styria Verlag, 1963), 2:55859.

9. Dated 18 August 1914. Gina von Hotzendorf, Dated 18 August 1914. Gina von Hotzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad Mein Leben mit Conrad, 118.

10. Dated 30 June 1914. Dated 30 June 1914. Juli 1914. Die europaische Krise und der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs Juli 1914. Die europaische Krise und der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs, ed. Imanuel Geiss (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1965), 3940. Italics in the original.

11. Franz Joseph's letter to Wilhelm II, 5 July 1914. HHStA, PA VII Gesandschaft Berlin 196. Franz Joseph's letter to Wilhelm II, 5 July 1914. HHStA, PA VII Gesandschaft Berlin 196.

12. osterreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 19141918 osterreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 19141918, eds. Edmund Glaise von Horstenau and Rufolf Kiszling (Vienna: Verlag der Militarwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, 193138), 8:25061, 30607, 319ff., 381.

13. Amba.s.sador Hans von Schoen to Minister-President Count Georg Hertling, 18 July 1914; Geiss, Amba.s.sador Hans von Schoen to Minister-President Count Georg Hertling, 18 July 1914; Geiss, ed., Juli 1914 ed., Juli 1914, 110.

14. Protokolle des Geheimen Ministerrates der osterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (19141918) Protokolle des Geheimen Ministerrates der osterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (19141918), ed. Miklos Komjathy (Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1966), 14150.

15. Cited in Geiss, Cited in Geiss, ed., Juli 1914 ed., Juli 1914, 68. Berchtold had, in fact, developed this stratagem already on 8 July 1914.

16. Cited in Samuel R. Williamson Jr., Cited in Samuel R. Williamson Jr., Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War (New Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991), 204. York: St. Martin's Press, 1991), 204.

17. Bunsen to Grey, 8 August 1914. HHStA, PA VIII England, Berichte 1913, Weisungen Varia 1914. Bunsen to Grey, 8 August 1914. HHStA, PA VIII England, Berichte 1913, Weisungen Varia 1914.

18. Williamson, Williamson, Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, 1, 6.

19. Fritz Fischer, Fritz Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht. Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18 Griff nach der Weltmacht. Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18 (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1961); expanded in Fischer, (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1961); expanded in Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen. Die deutsche Politik von 1911 bis 1914 Krieg der Illusionen. Die deutsche Politik von 1911 bis 1914 (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1969). (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1969).

20. John C. G. Rohl, "Admiral von Muller and the Approach of War, 19111914," John C. G. Rohl, "Admiral von Muller and the Approach of War, 19111914," Historical Journal Historical Journal 12 (1969): 65173. 12 (1969): 65173.

21. For the "September program," see Fischer, For the "September program," see Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht Griff nach der Weltmacht, 113ff.

22. Fischer, Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen Krieg der Illusionen, 684.

23. Bethmann Hollweg, 7 April 1913. Bethmann Hollweg, 7 April 1913. Verhandlungen des Reichstages. XII. Legislaturperiode, I. Session Verhandlungen des Reichstages. XII. Legislaturperiode, I. Session, 189:451213; Wolfgang J. Mommsen, "The Topos of Inevitable War in Germany in the Decade Before 1914," in Volker R. Berghahn and Martin Kitchen, eds., Germany in the Age of Total War Germany in the Age of Total War (London: Croom Helm, 1981), 2345. (London: Croom Helm, 1981), 2345.

24. Herwig, Herwig, First World War First World War, 22; and Herwig, "Germany," in Hamilton and Herwig, eds., Origins of World War I Origins of World War I, 166ff.

25. Herwig, Herwig, First World War First World War, 2122.

26. Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, Betrachtungen zum Weltkriege Betrachtungen zum Weltkriege (Berlin: Reimer Hobbing, 191921), 2:133. (Berlin: Reimer Hobbing, 191921), 2:133.

27. Herwig, Herwig, First World War First World War, 20; and Herwig, "Germany," in Hamilton and Herwig, eds., Origins of World War I Origins of World War I, 166.

28. Letter dated 14 March 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/406, "Die militarpolitische Lage Deutschlands in den letzten 5 Jahren vor dem Kriege," 46. Letter dated 14 March 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/406, "Die militarpolitische Lage Deutschlands in den letzten 5 Jahren vor dem Kriege," 46.

29. Memorandum dated 28 July 1914. Moltke, 37. Memorandum dated 28 July 1914. Moltke, 37.

30. Diary entry dated 28 July 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn. Diary entry dated 28 July 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn.

31. Stig Forster, "Der deutsche Generalstab und die Illusion des kurzen Krieges, 18711914: Metakritik eines Mythos," Stig Forster, "Der deutsche Generalstab und die Illusion des kurzen Krieges, 18711914: Metakritik eines Mythos," Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen 54 (1995): 92. 54 (1995): 92.

32. Julikrise und Kriegsausbruch 1914. Eine Dok.u.mentensammlung Julikrise und Kriegsausbruch 1914. Eine Dok.u.mentensammlung, ed. Imanuel Geiss (Hanover: Verlag fur Literatur und Zeitgeschehen, 1964), 2:299.

33. Ibid., 2:373. Ibid., 2:373.

34. Ibid. Ibid.

35. Diary entry dated 1 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn. Diary entry dated 1 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn.

36. Herwig, Herwig, First World War First World War, 2829.

37. Diary entry dated 2 August 1914. Bernd F. Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente zu Kriegsausbruch und Kriegsverlauf 1914," Diary entry dated 2 August 1914. Bernd F. Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente zu Kriegsausbruch und Kriegsverlauf 1914," Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen 25 (1979): 142. 25 (1979): 142.

38. Evelyn Princess Blucher, Evelyn Princess Blucher, An English Wife in Berlin: A Private Memoir of Events, Politics, and Daily Life in Germany Throughout the War and the Social Revolution of 1918 An English Wife in Berlin: A Private Memoir of Events, Politics, and Daily Life in Germany Throughout the War and the Social Revolution of 1918 (London: Constable, 1920), 14. (London: Constable, 1920), 14.

39. The following is from Moltke's notes of November 1914. Moltke, 1923. The following is from Moltke's notes of November 1914. Moltke, 1923.

40. Diary entry dated 1 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn. Diary entry dated 1 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn.

41. Notes by Moltke's adjutant, Hans von Haeften, dated November 1914. Notes by Moltke's adjutant, Hans von Haeften, dated November 1914. Helmuth von Moltke 18181916. Dok.u.mente zu seinem Leben und Wirken Helmuth von Moltke 18181916. Dok.u.mente zu seinem Leben und Wirken, ed. Thomas Meyer (Basel: Perseus, 1993), 1:404.

42. Eugenia C. Kiesling, "France," in Hamilton and Herwig, eds., Eugenia C. Kiesling, "France," in Hamilton and Herwig, eds., Origins of World War I Origins of World War I, 22765.

43. Robert Doughty, Robert Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 53. (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 53.

44. Joffre, 1:128. Joffre, 1:128.