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129. War diary dated 8 September 1914. SHStA, 11356 Generalkommando des XII. Reservekorps 139, 2324. War diary dated 8 September 1914. SHStA, 11356 Generalkommando des XII. Reservekorps 139, 2324.

130. Alexander von Kluck, Alexander von Kluck, Der Marsch auf Paris und die Marneschlacht 1914 Der Marsch auf Paris und die Marneschlacht 1914 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920), 118; Gustave de Cornulier-Luciniere, (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920), 118; Gustave de Cornulier-Luciniere, Le role de la cavalerie francaise a l'aile gauche de la premiere bataille de la Marne Le role de la cavalerie francaise a l'aile gauche de la premiere bataille de la Marne (Paris: Perrin, 1919); Sewell T. Tyng, "A French Cavalry Raid at the Marne," (Paris: Perrin, 1919); Sewell T. Tyng, "A French Cavalry Raid at the Marne," The Cavalry Journal The Cavalry Journal 43 (1934): 1924; and AFGG, 3:141. 43 (1934): 1924; and AFGG, 3:141.

131. Gallieni, Gallieni, Memoires Memoires, 162.

132. General Instruction No. 7 dated 7 September 1914. AFGG, 3-1:554; Joffre, 1:413. General Instruction No. 7 dated 7 September 1914. AFGG, 3-1:554; Joffre, 1:413.

133. War diary dated 8 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50850, Die Tatigkeit der Feldfliegerverbande der 1. und 2. Armee 29 September 1914, 52. War diary dated 8 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50850, Die Tatigkeit der Feldfliegerverbande der 1. und 2. Armee 29 September 1914, 52.



134. Kluck, Kluck, Marsch auf Paris Marsch auf Paris, 108.

135. WK, 4:200. WK, 4:200.

136. Gallieni to Maunoury, 8 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:35. Gallieni to Maunoury, 8 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:35.

137. Maunoury telegram to GQG, 6:40 PM, 8 September 1914. Ibid., 3:156. Maunoury telegram to GQG, 6:40 PM, 8 September 1914. Ibid., 3:156.

138. Telephone, Joffre to Maunoury, 8 September 1914, ibid., 3-2:438; Joffre to Millerand, 8 September 1914, SHD, 5 N 66; Joffre, 1:413. Also Barthelemy Palat, Telephone, Joffre to Maunoury, 8 September 1914, ibid., 3-2:438; Joffre to Millerand, 8 September 1914, SHD, 5 N 66; Joffre, 1:413. Also Barthelemy Palat, La grande guerre sur le front occidental La grande guerre sur le front occidental (Paris: Chapelot, 191729), 6:281. (Paris: Chapelot, 191729), 6:281.

139. WK, 4:202. WK, 4:202.

140. Ibid., 4:207. Ibid., 4:207.

141. Kuhl, Kuhl, Marnefeldzug Marnefeldzug, 216.

142. Kluck, Kluck, Marsch auf Paris Marsch auf Paris, 121.

143. WK, 4:211. WK, 4:211.

CHAPTER 9. 9. Decision: The Marne Decision: The Marne.

1. Cited in Karl Lange, Cited in Karl Lange, Marneschlacht und deutsche offentlichkeit 19141939. Eine verdrangte Niederlage und ihre Folgen Marneschlacht und deutsche offentlichkeit 19141939. Eine verdrangte Niederlage und ihre Folgen (Dusseldorf: Bertelsmann Universitatsverlag, 1974), 19. Original in Edward Jeno Egan-Krieger, (Dusseldorf: Bertelsmann Universitatsverlag, 1974), 19. Original in Edward Jeno Egan-Krieger, Nach 50 Jahren! Die Wahrheit uber die Marneschlacht setzt sich durch! Nach 50 Jahren! Die Wahrheit uber die Marneschlacht setzt sich durch! (Bernstein/Burgenland: Selbstverlag, 1965). I am indebted to Annika Mombauer for alerting me to Egan-Krieger's presence at the Marne. He was then a captain. Born in 1886, he died in 1965 after serving in the rank of Generalleutnant in the Luftwaffe in World War II. (Bernstein/Burgenland: Selbstverlag, 1965). I am indebted to Annika Mombauer for alerting me to Egan-Krieger's presence at the Marne. He was then a captain. Born in 1886, he died in 1965 after serving in the rank of Generalleutnant in the Luftwaffe in World War II.

2. WK, 4:223ff. WK, 4:223ff.

3. Peyton C. March, Peyton C. March, The Nation at War The Nation at War (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1932), 1617. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1932), 1617.

4. The only published study of the "Hentsch mission" before the bombing of the Prussian military records at Potsdam in 1945 was by one of the Reichsarchiv staff: Wilhelm Muller-Loebnitz, The only published study of the "Hentsch mission" before the bombing of the Prussian military records at Potsdam in 1945 was by one of the Reichsarchiv staff: Wilhelm Muller-Loebnitz, Die Sendung des Oberstleutnants Hentsch am 8.10. September 1914. Auf Grund der Kriegsakten und personlicher Mitteilungen Die Sendung des Oberstleutnants Hentsch am 8.10. September 1914. Auf Grund der Kriegsakten und personlicher Mitteilungen (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1922). (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1922).

5. Mutius to Reichsarchiv, 16 March 1923. BA-MA, RH 61/51063, Die OHL und die Marneschlacht vom 4.9.9.1914. The Reichsarchiv's doc.u.mentary collection on the Marne is in five folders: RH 61/5106051064. Mutius to Reichsarchiv, 16 March 1923. BA-MA, RH 61/51063, Die OHL und die Marneschlacht vom 4.9.9.1914. The Reichsarchiv's doc.u.mentary collection on the Marne is in five folders: RH 61/5106051064.

6. Hermann von Kuhl, Hermann von Kuhl, Der Marnefeldzug, 1914 Der Marnefeldzug, 1914 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921), 228. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921), 228.

7. Tappen to Reichsarchiv, 10 March 1925. BA-MA, RH 61/51060. Tappen to Reichsarchiv, 10 March 1925. BA-MA, RH 61/51060.

8. The report is in Muller-Loebnitz, The report is in Muller-Loebnitz, Sendung des Oberstleutnants Hentsch Sendung des Oberstleutnants Hentsch, 5759. For a recent a.n.a.lysis, see Hans Plote, "Considerations sur la mission Hentsch," Les batailles de la Marne de l'Ourcq a Verdun (1914 et 1918) Les batailles de la Marne de l'Ourcq a Verdun (1914 et 1918) (Soteca: editions, 2004), 89145. (Soteca: editions, 2004), 89145.

9. Annika Mombauer, Annika Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 259; and Mombauer, "The Battle of the Marne: Myths and Reality of Germany's 'Fateful Battle,'" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 259; and Mombauer, "The Battle of the Marne: Myths and Reality of Germany's 'Fateful Battle,'" The Historian The Historian 68 (2006): 75658. 68 (2006): 75658.

10. Haeften to Tappen, 24 June 1920. BA-MA, N 56/2 Nachla Tappen. Haeften to Tappen, 24 June 1920. BA-MA, N 56/2 Nachla Tappen.

11. Plote, "Considerations sur la mission Hentsch," 110. Plote, "Considerations sur la mission Hentsch," 110.

12. Hermann Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann Mertz von Quirnheim, Der Fuhrerwille in Entstehung und Durchfuhrung Der Fuhrerwille in Entstehung und Durchfuhrung (Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling, 1932), 70. (Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling, 1932), 70.

13. Following from WK, 4:223ff. Following from WK, 4:223ff.

14. Major Max von Bauer heard the same from Colonel Tappen that morning. BA-MA, RH 61/51061, "Die Marneschlacht," ma.n.u.script dated 1930. Major Max von Bauer heard the same from Colonel Tappen that morning. BA-MA, RH 61/51061, "Die Marneschlacht," ma.n.u.script dated 1930.

15. BA-MA, RH 61/51061, Major von Rauch to Reichsarchiv, citing Captain Konig, 25 January 1925; and RH 61, 51064, Wilhelm II to Reichsarchiv, 3 June 1925. BA-MA, RH 61/51061, Major von Rauch to Reichsarchiv, citing Captain Konig, 25 January 1925; and RH 61, 51064, Wilhelm II to Reichsarchiv, 3 June 1925.

16. All times of arrival and departure are from the log of Hentsch's driver, Ernst von Marx. BA-MA, RH 61/51063, Marx to Reichsarchiv, 24 March 1919. All times of arrival and departure are from the log of Hentsch's driver, Ernst von Marx. BA-MA, RH 61/51063, Marx to Reichsarchiv, 24 March 1919.

17. Ibid., 51062, Koeppen's reports to the Reichsarchiv of 23 and 28 February as well as 5 March 1925; and Rauch to Reichsarchiv, 25 January 1925, ibid., 51063. Ibid., 51062, Koeppen's reports to the Reichsarchiv of 23 and 28 February as well as 5 March 1925; and Rauch to Reichsarchiv, 25 January 1925, ibid., 51063.

18. WK, 4:232. WK, 4:232.

19. Ibid. Ibid.

20. "Meine Erlebnisse u. Erfahrungen als Oberbefehlshaber der 3. Armee im Bewegungskrieg, 1914," SHStA, 12693 Personalnachla Max Klemens Lothar Freiherr von Hausen (18461922), 43a, 198. "Meine Erlebnisse u. Erfahrungen als Oberbefehlshaber der 3. Armee im Bewegungskrieg, 1914," SHStA, 12693 Personalnachla Max Klemens Lothar Freiherr von Hausen (18461922), 43a, 198.

21. WK, 4:232. WK, 4:232.

22. Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. Ein Armeefuhrer erlebt den Weltkrieg. Personliche Aufzeichnungen des Generalobersten v. Einem Ein Armeefuhrer erlebt den Weltkrieg. Personliche Aufzeichnungen des Generalobersten v. Einem, ed. Junius Alter (Leipzig: v. Hase & Koehler, 1938), 53.

23. Ibid., 234. Ibid., 234.

24. Following from WK, 4:23542. Following from WK, 4:23542.

25. Konig to Reichsarchiv, 30 March 1925 and 13 January 1926. BA-MA, RH 61/51062. Konig to Reichsarchiv, 30 March 1925 and 13 January 1926. BA-MA, RH 61/51062.

26. Diary notes dated 11 September 1914. Hans Koeppen, "The Battle of the Marne, 8th and 9th of September, 1914," Diary notes dated 11 September 1914. Hans Koeppen, "The Battle of the Marne, 8th and 9th of September, 1914," The Army Quarterly The Army Quarterly 28 (July 1934): 300. 28 (July 1934): 300.

27. Konig's report to the Reichsarchiv, 8 March 1919. BA-MA, RH 61/51062. Konig's report to the Reichsarchiv, 8 March 1919. BA-MA, RH 61/51062.

28. Louis Koeltz, Louis Koeltz, Le G.Q.G. allemand et la bataille de la Marne Le G.Q.G. allemand et la bataille de la Marne (Paris: Payot, 1931), 383. (Paris: Payot, 1931), 383.

29. Following from WK, 4:244ff. Following from WK, 4:244ff.

30. Moltke, 385. Moltke, 385.

31. Report 10 AM, 9 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50850, Die Tatigkeit der Feldfliegerverbande der 1. und 2. Armee 29 September 1914, 62. Report 10 AM, 9 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50850, Die Tatigkeit der Feldfliegerverbande der 1. und 2. Armee 29 September 1914, 62.

32. Alexander von Kluck, Alexander von Kluck, Der Marsch auf Paris und die Marneschlacht 1914 Der Marsch auf Paris und die Marneschlacht 1914 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920), 121; Koeltz, (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920), 121; Koeltz, Le G.Q.G. allemand Le G.Q.G. allemand, 384. Should read "Dormans."

33. WK, 4:26970. WK, 4:26970.

34. "Die Nachrichtenverbindungen zwischen den Kommandobehorden wahrend des Bewegungskrieges 1914," General Schniewindt 1928. HStA, M 738 Sammlung zur Militargeschichte 36. "Die Nachrichtenverbindungen zwischen den Kommandobehorden wahrend des Bewegungskrieges 1914," General Schniewindt 1928. HStA, M 738 Sammlung zur Militargeschichte 36.

35. Sewell Tyng, Sewell Tyng, The Campaign of the Marne, 1914 The Campaign of the Marne, 1914 (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 279. (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 279.

36. Lauenstein to his wife, 11 September 1914, BA-MA, RH 61/50676, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916; Stein to Reichsarchiv, 3 July 1920, BA-MA, RH 61/51063. Lauenstein to his wife, 11 September 1914, BA-MA, RH 61/50676, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916; Stein to Reichsarchiv, 3 July 1920, BA-MA, RH 61/51063.

37. Einem to Reichsarchiv, 8 March 1920. BA-MA, N 324/26, Nachla v. Einem. Einem to Reichsarchiv, 8 March 1920. BA-MA, N 324/26, Nachla v. Einem.

38. Eugen Bircher, Eugen Bircher, Die Krisis in der Marneschlacht. Kampfe der II. und III. deutschen Armee gegen die 5. und 9. franzosische Armee am Pet.i.t Morin und in den Marais de St. Gond Die Krisis in der Marneschlacht. Kampfe der II. und III. deutschen Armee gegen die 5. und 9. franzosische Armee am Pet.i.t Morin und in den Marais de St. Gond (Berlin and Leipzig: Ernst Bircher, 1927), 27072. (Berlin and Leipzig: Ernst Bircher, 1927), 27072.

39. Cited in Paul Le Seur, Cited in Paul Le Seur, Aus Meines Lebens Bilder Buch Aus Meines Lebens Bilder Buch (Ka.s.sel: J. G. Oncken, 1955), 159. (Ka.s.sel: J. G. Oncken, 1955), 159.

40. Koeppen interview at the Reichsarchiv, 28 August 1920. BA-MA, RH 61/84, Beurteilung der Lage zwischen den Flugeln der 1. und 2. Armee am 9.9.1914. Koeppen interview at the Reichsarchiv, 28 August 1920. BA-MA, RH 61/84, Beurteilung der Lage zwischen den Flugeln der 1. und 2. Armee am 9.9.1914.

41. Hentsch's report dated 15 September 1914. WK, 4:256. Hentsch's report dated 15 September 1914. WK, 4:256.

42. From ibid., 4:25965. From ibid., 4:25965.

43. Kuhl, Kuhl, Marnefeldzug Marnefeldzug, 21920.

44. WK, 4:253. WK, 4:253.

45. Ludendorff to Hindenburg, 24 May 1917. BA-MA, RH 61/51062. Ludendorff to Hindenburg, 24 May 1917. BA-MA, RH 61/51062.

46. Marx to Reichsarchiv, 24 March 1919. BA-MA, RH 61/51063. Also WK, 4:266. Marx to Reichsarchiv, 24 March 1919. BA-MA, RH 61/51063. Also WK, 4:266.

47. Kluck, Kluck, Marsch auf Paris Marsch auf Paris, 12426.

48. Lyncker diary entry dated 9 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916. Lyncker diary entry dated 9 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916.

49. Stein to Reichsarchiv, 6 October 19125. BA-MA, RH 61/51063. Stein to Reichsarchiv, 6 October 19125. BA-MA, RH 61/51063.

50. Ibid. Ibid.

51. Diary entry dated 9 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50661, Kriegserinnerungen des Generalleutnants v. Diary entry dated 9 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50661, Kriegserinnerungen des Generalleutnants v. [sic] [sic] Tappen. Tappen.

52. WK, 4:32728. WK, 4:32728.

53. Ibid., 4:328. Ibid., 4:328.

54. Ibid. Ibid.

55. Graevenitz to Marchtaler, 11 September 1914. HStA, M 1/2 Berichte des Militarbevollmachtigten beim Grossen Hauptquartier und des stellv. Militarbevollmachtigten in Berlin, September 1914, vol. 55. Graevenitz to Marchtaler, 11 September 1914. HStA, M 1/2 Berichte des Militarbevollmachtigten beim Grossen Hauptquartier und des stellv. Militarbevollmachtigten in Berlin, September 1914, vol. 55.

56. Bircher, Bircher, Krisis in der Marneschlacht Krisis in der Marneschlacht, 26869.

57. Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Also Crown Prince Rupprecht von Bayern, Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Also Crown Prince Rupprecht von Bayern, Mein Kriegstagebuch Mein Kriegstagebuch (Munich: Deutscher National Verlag, 1923), 1:103. (Munich: Deutscher National Verlag, 1923), 1:103.

58. Hans von Zwehl, Hans von Zwehl, Erich v. Falkenhayn, General der Infanterie. Eine biographische Studie Erich v. Falkenhayn, General der Infanterie. Eine biographische Studie (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1926), 66. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1926), 66.

59. Wenninger diary dated 7, 10, and 16 September 1914. BHStA-KA, HS 2543, Tagebucher General von Wenninger. Wenninger diary dated 7, 10, and 16 September 1914. BHStA-KA, HS 2543, Tagebucher General von Wenninger.

60. Diary entries dated 9 and 12 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50676, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916. Diary entries dated 9 and 12 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50676, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916.

61. Lyncker diary dated 9, 10, and 13 September 1914. Ibid. Lyncker diary dated 9, 10, and 13 September 1914. Ibid.

62. Overall for 5 September, the French official history lists seventy-five infantry and ten cavalry divisions for Germany and eighty-five infantry and ten cavalry divisions for France. AFGG, 2:811, 818. Overall for 5 September, the French official history lists seventy-five infantry and ten cavalry divisions for Germany and eighty-five infantry and ten cavalry divisions for France. AFGG, 2:811, 818.

63. Ibid., 3:71. Ibid., 3:71.

64. Joffre to Millerand, 8 September 1914. SHD, 5 N 66. Joffre to Millerand, 8 September 1914. SHD, 5 N 66.

65. Tyng, Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 251.

66. AFGG, 3-1:554. AFGG, 3-1:554.

67. Special Order No. 19. Ibid., 3-2:2223. Special Order No. 19. Ibid., 3-2:2223.

68. Fifth Army Order, 7 September 1914. Ibid., 3:236. Fifth Army Order, 7 September 1914. Ibid., 3:236.

69. M. v. Poseck, M. v. Poseck, Die Deutsche Kavallerie 1914 in Belgien und Frankreich Die Deutsche Kavallerie 1914 in Belgien und Frankreich (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921), 10102. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921), 10102.

70. HGW-MO, 1:33739. HGW-MO, 1:33739.

71. Hew Strachan, Hew Strachan, The First World War The First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1:260. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1:260.

72. Cited in Tyng, Cited in Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 333.

73. Ibid., 334; AFGG, 3:288. Ibid., 334; AFGG, 3:288.

74. Christian Mallet, Christian Mallet, Impressions and Experiences of a French Trooper, 19141915 Impressions and Experiences of a French Trooper, 19141915 (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1916), 39. (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1916), 39.

75. Cited in Strachan, Cited in Strachan, First World War First World War, 1:260.

76. Franchet d'Esperey, 9 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:528. Also Edward Spears, Franchet d'Esperey, 9 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:528. Also Edward Spears, Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1930), 44647. (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1930), 44647.

77. Instruction particuliere No. 20, 9 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:446. Also Joffre to Millerand, 9 September 1914. SHD, 5 N 66. Instruction particuliere No. 20, 9 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:446. Also Joffre to Millerand, 9 September 1914. SHD, 5 N 66.

78. Joffre to all commanders, 9 September 1914. SHD, 16 N 1674. Joffre to all commanders, 9 September 1914. SHD, 16 N 1674.

79. Langle de Cary to Joffre, 8 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:87. Langle de Cary to Joffre, 8 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:87.

80. WK, 4:11516, 118. WK, 4:11516, 118.

81. Sarrail's General Operations Order No. 32. AFGG, 2-2:79091. Sarrail's General Operations Order No. 32. AFGG, 2-2:79091.

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