The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 167

19. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves.

Capsule acutely 3-winged.

[+][+] Stem or scape from a bulb or corm; capsule many-seeded.

20. Erythronium. Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower solitary. Seeds angled, obovoid.

21. Lilium. Stem leafy from a scaly bulb. Seeds horizontal, flattened.

[*][*][*] Fruit a berry; stem from a tuber-like rootstock, bearing 1 or 2 whorls of leaves; flowers terminal; stigmas sessile.

22. Medeola. Leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Perianth-segments similar, colored, deciduous.

23. Trillium. Leaves (3) in a terminal whorl. Flower solitary; outer sepals leaf-like, persistent.

SERIES C. Floral bracts green or greenish (rarely scarious), or none.

Stamens at the base of the distinct 1--several-nerved persistent perianth-segments; anthers small, versatile. Styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Capsule mostly septicidal. Seeds with a loose testa or appendaged. Leaves with transverse veinlets (except in n. 24 and 25).

[*] Stems leafy or bracteate, from a thick tuberous rootstock; flowers racemose; anthers 2-celled; stigmas linear.

24. Helonias. Leaves radical, oblanceolate. Flowers perfect. Capsule broadly obovate, many-seeded.

25. Chamaelirium. Stem very leafy. Flowers dicious. Capsule oblong, many-seeded.

26. Xerophyllum. Stem very leafy; leaves very narrow. Flowers perfect.

Capsule few-seeded.

[*][*] Stems distichously equitant-leafy, from a creeping rootstock; flowers on bracteolate pedicels, racemose; anthers 2-celled; stigmas small, terminal; seeds often appendaged.

27. Tofieldia. Bractlets 3, verticillate. Styles short. Seeds horizontal.

28. Narthecium. Bractlet linear. Stigma slightly lobed. Seeds ascending.

[*][*][*] Anthers heart- or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled and peltate after opening; stigmas terminal; capsule 3-beaked by the persistent styles; seeds angled or flattened and margined.

[+] Stems tall, leafy, from a thick rootstock, p.u.b.escent above; flowers polygamous, racemose-paniculate; seeds flat, winged.

29. Melanthium. Sepals free from the ovary, their long claws bearing the filaments.

30. Veratrum. Sepals without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary. Leaves strongly nerved and plicate.

[+][+] Root mostly bulbous; glabrous; flowers racemose or panicled; seeds narrow, angled; leaves linear.

31. Stenanthium. Sepals lanceolate, ac.u.minate, without glands.

32. Zygadenus. Sepals oblong to ovate, glandular toward the base.

33. Amianthium. Flowers in a dense raceme. Sepals ovate-oblong, glandless, free from the ovary. Cells of the capsule widely divergent, 1--2-seeded.

1. SMLAX, Tourn. GREENBRIER. CAT-BRIER.

Flowers dicious in umbels or axillary peduncles, small, greenish or yellowish, regular, the perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Filaments linear, inserted on the very base, the introrse anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base, apparently 1-celled. Ovary of fertile flowers 3-celled (1-celled, with single stigma, in n. 11); stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, pendulous, orthtropous; fruit a small berry.--Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, usually climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

-- 1. _Stems herbaceous, not p.r.i.c.kly; flowers carrion-scented; ovules 2 in each cell; leaves membranous, mucronate-tipped; berries bluish-black with a bloom._

1. S. herbacea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem climbing, 3--15 high; _leaves ovate or rounded, mostly heart-shaped_ or truncate at base, abruptly acute to short-ac.u.minate, _7--9-nerved_, smooth; petioles --1' long; peduncles elongated (3--4' long, or sometimes even 6--8' and much longer than the leaves), 20--40-flowered; seeds 6.--Moist meadows and river-banks; common, from the Atlantic to Minn., Mo., and Tex. June.

Very variable.--Var. p.u.b.eRULeNTA, Gray, has the leaves more or less soft-downy beneath.

2. S. tamniflia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing; leaves _mostly 5-nerved_, smooth, broadly ovate to lanceolate, truncate or cordate at base, abruptly acute to ac.u.minate, some of them _hastate with broad rounded lobes_; peduncles longer than the petioles; berry smaller, 2--3-seeded.--Pine-barrens, N. J. to S. C.

3. S. ecirrhata, Watson. Erect, --3 high, _without tendrils_ (or only the uppermost petioles tendril-bearing), glabrous; lower leaves reduced to narrow scale-like bracts, the rest thin, 5--7-nerved, _broadly ovate-elliptical_ to roundish, acute, mostly cordate at base, 2--5'

long, sometimes verticillate, spa.r.s.ely p.u.b.escent beneath; peduncles about equalling the petioles (1--2' long), on the lower part of the stem; umbels 10--20-flowered; berry 3-seeded.--Md. to S. C., west to Mich. and Mo. May, June.

-- 2. _Stems woody, often p.r.i.c.kly; ovules solitary; glabrous throughout._

[*] _Leaves ovate or roundish, etc., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at base, and 5--9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous._

[+] _Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles (2--6"), flattened; leaves thickish, green both sides._

4. S. Walteri, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, p.r.i.c.kly near the base or unarmed; _leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat heart-shaped_ or rounded at base (3--4' long); _berries coral-red_.--Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

5. S. rotundiflia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER. HORSE-BRIER.) Stem armed with scattered p.r.i.c.kles, as well as the terete branches; branchlets more or less 4-angular; _leaves ovate or round-ovate_, often broader than long, slightly heart-shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2--3' long); _berries blue-black_, with a bloom.--Moist thickets, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Tex. Very variable, pa.s.sing into var. QUADRANGULaRIS, Gray, which has branches, and especially branchlets, 4-angular, and is more common west.

[+][+] _Peduncle longer than but seldom twice the length of the short petiole, flattened; leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent; berries black, with a bloom._

6. S. glauca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets armed with scattered stout p.r.i.c.kles, or naked; _leaves ovate_, rarely subcordate, _glaucous beneath_ and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked.--Dry thickets, E. Ma.s.s. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Tex.

7. S. bna-nox, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branchlets spa.r.s.ely armed with short rigid p.r.i.c.kles; _leaves_ varying from round-heart-shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and halberd-shaped or 3-lobed, _green and shining both sides_, cuspidate-pointed, the margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. tamnoides, _Man._; probably not _L._)--Thickets; Nantucket, Ma.s.s. (_L. L. Dame_); N. J. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and Tex.

[+][+][+] _Peduncle 2--4 times the length of the petiole; leaves ample (3--5' long), thin or thinnish, green both sides; berries black; stem terete and branchlets nearly so._

8. S. hispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated; stem (climbing high) below densely _beset with long and weak blackish bristly p.r.i.c.kles_, the flowering branchlets mostly naked; _leaves_ ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed, slightly rough-margined, _membranaceous and deciduous_; peduncles 1--2' long; sepals lanceolate, almost 3"

long.--Moist thickets, Conn. to Va., west to Minn. and Tex. June.

9. S. Pseudo-Chna, L. _Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed_, or with very few weak p.r.i.c.kles; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture; peduncles flat (2--3' long).--Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Mo. July.

[*][*] _Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at base into a short petiole, 3--5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without tendrils; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the petioles, terete; the umbels sometimes panicled; branches terete, unarmed._

10. S. lanceolata, L. _Leaves thinnish_, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or lance-oblong; _stigmas 3; berries dull red_.--Rich woods and margins of swamps, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. June.

11. S. lauriflia, L. _Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen_, varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear (2--5' long); _stigmas solitary_ and _ovary 1-celled; berries black_ when ripe, 1-seeded, maturing in the second year.--Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. July, Aug.

2. aLLIUM, L. ONION. GARLIC.

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very base, 1-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent; the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at base. Style persistent, but jointed upon the very short axis of the ovary, thread-like; stigma simple. Capsule lobed, loculicidal, 3-valved, with 1--2 ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell.--Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb; flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblets; spathe scarious, 1--2-valved. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)

-- 1. _Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a rhizome; coats membranous._