The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 132

3. Catalpa. Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees; leaves simple.

1. BIGNNIA, Tourn.

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Capsule linear, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and part.i.tion. Seeds transversely winged.--Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, terminating in a tendril. (Named for the _Abbe Bignon_.)

1. B. capreolata, L. (CROSS-VINE.) Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resembling stipules; peduncles few and cl.u.s.tered, 1-flowered; corolla orange, 2' long; pod 6' long; seeds with the wing 1' long.--Rich soil, Va. to S. Ill and south to Fla. and La. April.

Climbing tall trees; a transverse section of the wood showing a cross.

2. TeCOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the part.i.tion at right angles to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged.--Woody, with compound leaves, climbing by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican name.)

1. T. radcans, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Leaves pinnate; leaflets 9--11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; stamens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (2--3' long); pod oblanceolate, 4--5' long.--Moist soil, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex. Common in cultivation farther north.

3. CATaLPA, Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling; the undulate 5-lobed spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4; the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the part.i.tion at right angles to the valves. Seeds winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe.--Trees, with ovate or cordate and mainly opposite leaves. (The aboriginal name.)

1. C. specisa, Warder. A large and tall tree, with thick bark; leaves ample, heart-shaped, long-ac.u.minate; corolla 2' long, nearly white, inconspicuously spotted, with obconical tube and slightly oblique limb, the lower lobe emarginate; capsule thick.--Low rich woodlands, S. Ind.

to Tenn., Mo., and Ark. May.

C. BIGNONIODES, Walt., of Ga., Ala. and Miss., very widely cultivated, and formerly including the above species, is a low much branched tree, with thin bark, smaller (1' long) thickly spotted corolla (with oblique limb and lower lobe entire), and a much thinner capsule.

ORDER 79. PEDALIaCEae.

_Herbs, with chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the preceding Order, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former being 1-celled, the latter fleshy-drupaceous, with wingless seeds and thick entire cotyledons._--Ovary (in ours) 1-celled, with 2 parietal intruded placentae expanded into 2 broad lamellae or united into a central columella.

1. MARTNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT.

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Fruit fleshy, the flesh at length falling away in 2 valves; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the horns, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each placenta, leaving a s.p.a.ce in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a thick roughened coat.--Low branching annuals, clammy-p.u.b.escent, exhaling a heavy odor, stems thickish; leaves simple, rounded; flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to _Prof. John Martyn_, of Cambridge, England.)

1 M. proboscidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or undulate, the upper alternate; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yellow and purple; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked.--Banks of the Mississippi and its lower tributaries, from S. Ind., Ill., and Iowa, to northern Mexico. Also cultivated and naturalized farther north.

ORDER 80. ACANTHaCEae. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

_Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are convolute or imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4--12-) seeded capsule; seeds anatropous, without alb.u.men, usually flat and supported by hooked projections of the placentae (retinacula)._--Flowers commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form; stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and part.i.tion. Cotyledons broad and flat.--Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the world; represented in gardens by THUNBERGIA, which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks.

[*] Corolla not obviously bil.a.b.i.ate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading; stamens 4.

1. Calophanes. Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2--4-seeded.

2. Ruellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6--20-seeded.

[*][*] Corolla bil.a.b.i.ate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading; stamens 2.

3. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded.

1. CALoPHANES, Don.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; its lobes elongated setaceous-ac.u.minate or aristiform. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, the anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base.

Ovules a single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2--4-seeded.--Low branching perennials, p.u.b.escent or hirsute, with proportionally large axillary nearly sessile flowers (solitary or few), and blue corolla. (Name from ?a???, _beautiful_, and fa???, _to appear_.)

1. C. oblongiflia, Don. Stems visually erect and simple, --1 high; leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (1' long or less); corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 1' long; calyx-lobes nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute.--Pine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla.

2. RUeLLIA, Plumier.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, the cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Capsule narrow, in our species somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8--12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat, when wet exhibiting under the microscope innumerable tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals.--Perennials, with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary cl.u.s.ters, sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, _John Ruelle_.)

1. R. cilisa, Pursh. _Hirsute_ with soft whitish hairs (1--3 high); _leaves nearly sessile, oval_ or ovate-oblong (1--2' long); flowers 1--3 and almost sessile in the axils; _tube of the corolla_ (1--1' long) fully _twice the length of the setaceous calyx-lobes_; the throat short.--Dry ground, Mich. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

June--Sept.--Var. AMBiGUA, Gray. Sparingly hirsute-p.u.b.escent or glabrate; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled, larger; tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.--Va. and Ky. to Ala.

Appearing like a hybrid with the next.

2. R. strepens, L. _Glabrous or sparingly p.u.b.escent_ (1--4 high); _leaves narrowed at base into a petiole_, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2--5' long); _tube of the corolla_ (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion, _slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes_.--Rich soil, Penn. to Wisc., south to Fla. and Tex.

July--Sept.--Var. CLEISTaNTHA, Gray. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous.--Common with the ordinary form.

3. DIANTHeRA, Gronov. WATER-WILLOW.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched; the lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled, the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Capsule obovate, flattened, contracted at base into a short stalk, 4-seeded.--Perennial herbs, growing in water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name formed of d??, _double_, and ??????, _anther_; the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)

1. D. Americana, L. Stem 1--3 high; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled; corolla 4--5"

long.--In water, N. W. Vt. to Wisc., south to S. C. and Tex. July--Sept.

ORDER 81. VERBENaCEae. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

_Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2--4-celled_ (in Phryma 1-celled) _fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets_; differing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil.--Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no alb.u.men.--A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly represented in cool regions.

Tribe I. VERBENEae. Ovary 2--4-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule in each cell.

1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets.

2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets.

3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets.

Tribe II. PHRYMEae. Ovary 1-celled; ovule erect, orthotropous.