The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 120

May, June.--Corolla bright blue, 6" broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal ciliate folds, covering as many externally keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.

-- 2. COSMaNTHUS. _Ovules and seeds as in -- 1; corolla almost rotate, with fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within; filaments villous-bearded, rarely exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping._

2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Spa.r.s.ely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched (8--12' high); _lobes of the stem-leaves 5--9, oblong or lanceolate, acute; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue_, varying to white (about ' in diameter).--Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Minn., and southward. April--June.

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or ascending (5--8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3--5-divided into roundish leaflets; the upper 5--7-cleft or cut-toothed, the _lobes obtuse; raceme 3--10-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse_, becoming spatulate; _corolla white_ (3--4" broad).--Woods, high mountains of Va. to Ala. May.

-- 3. COSMANTHODES. _Ovules and seeds 2--8 on each placenta; corolla rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages._

4. P. parviflra, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading (3--8' high); leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3--5 short lobes; racemes solitary, loosely 5--15-flowered, pedicels filiform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla open-campanulate, bluish-white (4--6" broad); filaments hairy; capsule globular, 6--12-seeded, a half shorter than the calyx.--Shaded banks, Penn. and Ohio to Mo., south to S. C. and Tex. April--June.

Var. hirsuta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing in more open dry soil; corolla larger, 5--7" in diameter; seeds 4--8.--Prairies and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. Tex.; also Va. and Ga.

5. P. Covillei, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2--5-flowered; calyx-lobes linear, in fruit 3" long or more; corolla tubular-campanulate with erect limb; filaments glabrous; capsule depressed-globose; seeds 4, large.--Larkspur Island in the Potomac, five miles above Washington. (_F. V. Coville._)

-- 4. EuTOCA. _Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta; corolla rotate-campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellae within._

6. P. Franklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6--15' high), rather stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue.--Sh.o.r.es of L. Superior, thence north and westward.

5. HYDRLEA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule globular, 2-celled, with very large and fleshy many-seeded placentae, thin-walled, 2--4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed.--Herbs or scarcely shrubby, growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from ?d??, _water_), with entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and cl.u.s.tered blue flowers.

1. H. affnis, Gray. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creeping base, armed with small axillary spines; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted cl.u.s.ters; divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose capsule.--Banks of streams, S. Ill. to Tex.

ORDER 72. BORRAGINaCEae. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

_Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla_ (except in Echium), _5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply 4-lobed ovary_ (_as in_ l.a.b.i.atae), _forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets_.--Alb.u.men none. Cotyledons plano-convex; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.)

Tribe I. HELIOTROPIEae. Ovary not lobed; fruit separating into 2--4 nutlets.

1. Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1--2-celled.

Tribe II. BORRAGINEae. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded nutlets in fruit; style rising from the centre between them.

[*] Corolla and stamens regular.

[+] Nutlets armed, attached laterally; corolla short, closed by 5 scales.

2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered with barbed p.r.i.c.kles.

3. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed p.r.i.c.kles.

[+][+] Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally.

4. Krynitzkia. Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets attached along the inner angle.

5. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue.

Nutlets fleshy, attached just above the base.

[+][+][+] Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining.

[++] Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6.

6. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested.

7. Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading; the throat either naked or with low crests.

8. Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute.

[++][++] Scar large and excavated.

9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales.

[*][*] Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal.

10. Lycopsis. Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included.

11. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.

ASPERuGO PROc.u.mBENS, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn.

1. HELIOTRPIUM, Tourn. TOURNSOLE, HELIOTROPE.

Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or capitate. Fruit 2--4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets.--Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient name, from ?????, _the sun_, and t??p?, _a turn_, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.)

-- 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. _Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled 1-seeded nutlets. Style short._

[*] _Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes._

H. EUROPae'UM, L. Erect annual (6--18' high), h.o.a.ry-p.u.b.escent; leaves oval, long-petioled; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy.--Waste places, southward; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. H. Cura.s.savic.u.m, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascending; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in pairs.--Sandy seash.o.r.e, Va.; saline soils, S. Ill., and south and westward.

[*][*] _Inflorescence not at all scorpioid; flowers scattered._

2. H. tenellum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, slender, strigose-canescent; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins; flowers often bractless.--Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., south to Ala. and Tex.

-- 2. EuPLOCA. _Fruit didymous, the 2 carpels each splitting into two 1-seeded nutlets; style elongated; flowers scattered, large._

3. H. convolvulaceum, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and h.o.a.ry, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short-petioled; flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6" broad, the strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals.--Sandy plains, Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers.

-- 3. TIARiDIUM. _Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels, with sometimes a pair of empty false cells; style very short; flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes._

H. iNDIc.u.m, L. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indic.u.m, _DC._)--Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to Mo., and southward. (Adv. from India.)