The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 38

=Bib.=: Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Inglis, John.= =MS= Opposes sale by Hudson's Bay Company of land in Red River valley to Selkirk, 146.

=Ingraham, Captain.= =D= Explores coast of Queen Charlotte Islands in 1791, 25; describes geography and natural history of the islands and language, manners, and customs of the natives, 25.

=Innocent XI, Pope= (1611-1689). Benedetto Odescalchi; elected pope, 1676. =Index=: =L= Misunderstanding with Louis XIV, 20.

=Inst.i.tut Canadien.= A literary and scientific society, founded at Montreal in 1844, and incorporated in 1852. It included among its early members most of the leaders of the more progressive and independent element in Quebec political life, among them A. A. Dorion, Eric Dorion, Joseph Doutre, Rodolphe Laflamme, and Wilfrid Laurier. The success of the parent society led to the founding of similar Inst.i.tuts throughout the province. Although popular among the laity, these societies encountered the determined opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, led by Bishop Bourget of Montreal. The outside societies yielded to clerical pressure, but the Montreal Inst.i.tut stood upon its rights. The fight went on for many years, but finally most of the Roman Catholic members dropped out, and the books and papers were transferred to the Fraser Inst.i.tute. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.

=Intendant.= An office created originally by Richelieu, in France, and transferred to New France. The first intendant of Canada was Robert, appointed in 1663, who was succeeded two years later by the ablest occupant of the office, Jean Talon. The intendant was charged with the supervision of practically all the civil affairs of the colony, including the administration of justice, but his most important function, from the point of view of the court, was to act as a virtual spy upon the acts of the governor. Inevitably, harmony was impossible between these two officials, and the history of New France is punctuated with their perpetual quarrels. =Index=: =F= Jean Talon appointed as, 51; office revived, 105; Jacques d.u.c.h.esneau appointed, 108; Jacques de Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207. _See also_ under names of individual intendants. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Old Regime_; Munro, _The Office of Intendant in New France_ in _The American Historical Review_, October, 1906.

=Intendant's Palace.= =Bk= In Quebec, completely destroyed in siege of 1775, 90.

=Intemperance.= =S= A prevailing vice in Upper Canada, 71, 72. _See_ Liquor question; Brandy question.

=Intercolonial Railway.= Surveys proposed by the government of Canada in 1863. Three engineers were to be appointed, one by the Imperial government, one by Canada, and one by the Maritime Provinces. They all nominated the same man, Sandford Fleming, by whom the surveys were accordingly carried out. The railway was made a condition of the union of the Maritime Provinces with Canada, and the work of construction was pushed forward, the line being formally opened July 1, 1876. In 1871 the Prince Edward Island Railway was begun, and in 1873 it became a portion of the Intercolonial system. Other extensions and branches were built or acquired, the line finally running from Sydney and Halifax to Montreal.

=Index=: =Md= Negotiations for, begun, 45, 117; arranged for, by British North America Act, 151; difficulty in selecting route, 152,153; northern route finally adopted, 153. =E= Project to combine with Grand Trunk, 100; history of negotiations after failure of larger scheme, 100-101.

=H= Recommended in Durham's Report, 118; company formed in London, 118-119; "Robinson Line" surveyed, 119; Joseph Howe's connection with (_see_ under Howe); new route proposed, 141-143; Imperial guarantee refused, 143. =BL= Brought under consideration, 1849, 287; Hincks on, 332. =B= Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, 143; George Brown a convert to the scheme, 166; opposed by Dorion, 175. =C= Cartier advocates roundabout route, for military and political reasons, 49-50; Major Robinson's report, 49. =T= Proposal to build through St. John Valley, 26; delegates consult British government, 26; arrangements made with Jackson. 27; British government refuses to guarantee interest, 45; St. John to Shediac line, 46-47; history of, 53-58, 90, 111-112, 116, 119, 122. =Bib.=: Fleming, _The Intercolonial_; Fleming, _Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial Railway_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2.

=Interpreters.= =Ch= Brule, Marsolet, _et al._, 144.

=Irish Immigrants.= =E= Measures for their relief, 1847-1848, 46-47; bring plague to Canada, 47-48; prominent victims, 48; Elgin persuades British government to reimburse Canada for expenses incurred in relief work. 48-49.

=Iroquet.= Algonquian chief. =Index=: =Ch= Urges Champlain to attack the Iroquois, 48; his son meets Champlain, 51; a leader of the Hurons, 69; chief of the Pet.i.te Nation--captures small party of Iroquois, 102; adopts an Iroquois prisoner as his son, 104. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Iroquois.= A confederation of tribes, at first five, the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, to which the Tuscarora was added after 1726, as well as the remnants of many other tribes. They were known to the English colonists as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations. They called themselves _Ongwanonsionni_, "we are of the extended lodge." When they first came into contact with Europeans, they occupied the country between Lake Champlain and the Genesee River, and this remained their home territory, but they ranged far and wide, carrying their conquering raids eastwards to the Kennebec, westwards to Lake Michigan, north to the Hudson Bay watershed, and south to the Tennessee. They numbered about 16,000 in 1677, and after dropping to 10,000 in the next century, they returned to their original strength at the opening of the twentieth century. About two-thirds are on reservations in Canada; the remainder in New York. =Index=: =F= Champlain joins Hurons and Algonquians in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly exterminate Hurons, 26, 35; demand establishment of French colony in their country, 40; their confederacy, of what tribes composed, 41; attack remnant of Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; checked at Long Sault on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard and his companions, 44; Governor Courcelles marches against, 52; similar expedition led by Tracy, 53; invited by Frontenac to conference, 79; consent to make a peace including Indian allies of French, 82; under La Barre's administration, seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's expedition against, 183; Denonville's, 207-214; capture of a number of peaceful Iroquois for king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; ma.s.sacre of Lachine, 224; send envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence, 239; worsted in skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of Schenectady ma.s.sacre, 248; ill-treat emba.s.sy from Frontenac, 262; renew their attacks, 307; party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three prisoners burnt alive, 309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319; expedition against (Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga orator, Teganissorens (Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against, 350. =Ch= Champlain a.s.sists his Indian allies against, 49; originally settled on the St.

Lawrence, 50; form great confederation of five tribes, 50; attacked by Montaignais, a.s.sisted by Champlain, near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; again, by Hurons, a.s.sisted by Champlain, on the Oswego River, 102; make an attack near Quebec, 139; emba.s.sy sent to, 163. =Hd= Destroy mission at Three Rivers, 43; in general alliance with British, 148; country of, pillaged by Butler's Rangers, 151. =WM= Traditional foes of the French, 16. =L= Destroy Huron mission, 5; converted settlements of, 9; their extermination of the Hurons, 39; heroic resistance offered to, at the Long Sault, 72; depredations committed by, 191; La Barre's expedition against, 193; threatening att.i.tude of, 213; Denonville's expedition against, 215; negotiations with, 216; descend on Lachine, 225; ravage surrounding country, 227; Frontenac marches against, 233. =Bk= Their lands encroached upon by Americans, 149; attacked by United States troops at Tippecanoe, 174-176; their bitter sense of wrong, 177; obtain grant of land on the Grand River, 189; effect on, of Hull's advance into Canada, 214; greatly impressed by the capture of Detroit, 263.

_See_ Senecas; Mohawks; Onondagas; Cayugas; Oneidas. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_; Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_; Colden, _History of the Five Nations_; McKenzie, _The Six Nations Indians in Canada_; Hale, _Iroquois Book of Rites_; Parkman, _Old Regime_, _Jesuits in North America_, _Frontenac_, and _Half Century of Conflict_; Fiske, _New France and New England_.

=Irving, Jacob aemilius= (1797-1856). Born at Charleston, South Carolina.

Entered the army at an early age; severely wounded at Waterloo; presented with freedom of Liverpool for gallant conduct during the French war. Came to Canada, 1834; served during the Rebellion of 1837; appointed first warden for the district of Simcoe; appointed to the Legislative Council of Canada, 1843. =Index=: =BL= Appointed to Legislative Council, Upper Canada, 177. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Irving, Paulus aemilius= (1714-1796). Served under Wolfe at Quebec; administered government of Canada, 1765; appointed lieutenant-governor of Guernsey, 1771; and afterwards governor of Upnor Castle, Kent.

=Index=: =Dr= Becomes administrator, 23; protests, as member of Council, against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39.

=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Isbister, Alexander K.= (1820-1883). Born in the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company; employed by the Company, 1838-1840, in the Mackenzie River district. Went to England, about 1841; educated there, and practised law in London. A half-breed himself, he ably pressed the cause of the Indians and half-breeds upon the attention of the British government. Also gave evidence before the parliamentary Committee of 1857. For some years master of the Stationers' School in England and Dean of the College of Preceptors. Left a large sum of money to found scholarships in connection with the University of Manitoba. =Index=: =B= A native of the North-West Territories--his good work on behalf of the Red River Settlement, 212; Brown's high opinion of, 212; suggests annexation by Canada of western territory, 213. =Bib.=: _Report on Hudson's Bay Company_, 1857; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Isis.= =Dr= British war vessel, arrival of, 137.

=Isle aux Noix.= On the Richelieu River. =Index=: =Hd= Fortifications of, 125, 133; Sherwood and Ira Allen in conference at, 204; refugees transported to, 250.

=Jack, William Brydone= (1819-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at St.

Andrews University. Came to New Brunswick as professor of mathematics at King's College, 1840. When King's College received its charter as University of New Brunswick in 1861, appointed president. Retired from office, 1885.

=Jackson.= =T= British Member of Parliament, and capitalist, his company offers to build railways in New Brunswick, 26; visits the province, 27; agreement with government, 27.

=Jackson, Francis James= (1770-1814). British diplomatist. =Index=: =Bk= Succeeds W. Erskine as British minister at Washington, 122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Jackson, Sir Richard Downes.= Served in Peninsular campaign; commander-in-chief of forces in Canada. Administrator, 1841-1842. Died at Montreal. =Index=: =BL= Carries on government after Sydenham's death, 113. =Sy= Commander of forces, appointed administrator for Lower Canada, 194. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Jacob, Dr.=, of Salisbury. =Sy= Maternal grandfather of Sydenham, 4.

=Jacques.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.

=Jacques Cartier River.= A tributary of the St. Lawrence, north sh.o.r.e, above Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Retreat of French army to, 212, 216, 217; retreat described as disorderly flight, 217.

=James Bay.= Southern extension of Hudson Bay, discovered in 1610, by Henry Hudson who wintered there, 1610-1611, with the _Discovery_. The bay was named after Captain Thomas James of Bristol, who explored the west coast in 1631.

=Jameson, Anna Brownell= (1794-1860). Author. Married Robert Jameson, afterwards vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity of Upper Canada.

=Index=: =E= On Upper Canadian schoolmasters, 87; compares conditions on both sides of boundary, to the detriment of Canada, 191-192. =Bib.=: Works: _Diary of an Ennuyee_; _Characteristics of Women_; _Visits and Sketches_; _Essays_; _Sacred and Legendary Art_; _Legends of the Madonna_; _History of Our Lord_; _Early Italian Painters_; _Sketches in Canada_; _Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Jameson, Robert Simpson.= A member of the English bar. Reporter in Lord Eldon's Court, 1824. Married Anna Brownell Murphy, 1826. Judge in the Island of Dominica, 1829; retired, 1833, and returned to England.

Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada by the Imperial government, 1833, and took up his residence at York. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1833. Member of the a.s.sembly, 1835-1837. Appointed vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity. Died in Toronto, 1854. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Jamet, Father Denis.= =Ch= Recollet missionary and commissary of the order in Canada, 85; returns to France, where he remains, 111, 112.

=Jarvis, F. S.= =Sy= Gentleman usher of black rod, 334.

=Jarvis, William.= =S= Recommended by Simcoe as clerk of Council, 46; provincial secretary, 79, 178.

=Jarvis, W. B.= =Mc= Loyalists retreat under, 373.

=Jay, John= (1745-1829). American statesman and jurist. =Index=: =Dr= Negotiates treaty with Great Britain, 283, 286. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Jay's Treaty.= Between Great Britain and the United States; negotiated Nov. 19, 1794. Provided for the evacuation by Great Britain of the western posts; the settlement by commission of pecuniary claims between the two countries; the appointment of a joint commission to determine the ident.i.ty of the St. Croix River; and closer commercial relations.

Negotiated by John Jay on behalf of the United States, and Lord Grenville representing Great Britain. =Index=: =S= Between Britain and the United States, 142. =Dr= Copies of, circulated in Canada, 290; ratified, 291. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Jefferson, Thomas= (1743-1826). Third president of the United States.

=Index=: =Dr= His hostility to Great Britain, 273, 274, 281; his defeat for the presidency, in 1797, 298. =Bk= Purchases Louisiana from France, 41, 42; his embargo on United States ships trading to British ports, 85, 108; withdraws embargo, 114; confident of easy conquest of Canada, 259, 285. =D= His influence in determining policy of United States as to the Pacific coast, 64-66; sends Lewis and Clark overland to Pacific, 66.

=Bib.=: His _Works_, ed. by Henry A. Washington, were published by order of Congress, in 9 vols., 1853. _See also_ Randolph, _Memoirs, Correspondence and Miscellanies of Jefferson_. For biog., _see_ Randall, _Life of Jefferson_; Tucker, _Life of Thomas Jefferson_; Parton, _Life of Thomas Jefferson_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Jemseg.= On Jemseg Creek, Queen's County, New Brunswick. =Index=: =F= For a time headquarters in Acadia, 270.

=Jenkins, William.= =T= Teacher in Gagetown Grammar School, New Brunswick, 5; conducts large school in Quebec, 6; visited by Sir Leonard Tilley in 1858, 6; dies in 1863, 6.

=Jersey Volunteers.= =Dr= Loyalists, 202.

=Jervis, John.= _See_ St. Vincent.

=Jesuits' Estates Act.= Pa.s.sed by the Mercier government in Quebec, 1888. Following the suppression of the Society of Jesus by the pope, in 1773, the property of the order in Canada became vested in the crown, and was set apart for purposes of education in the province of Quebec.

By the British North America Act, it was vested in the provincial government. The Mercier Act authorized payment of $400,000 as compensation to the Jesuits for the lands confiscated by the crown. An agitation in Ontario for disallowance of the Act, was followed by a formal motion in the Dominion House, by Colonel O'Brien, but only thirteen members voted for disallowance. =Index=: =Md= Origin, 286; claimed by Society of Jesus, 286; Act pa.s.sed by Quebec Legislature authorizing payment for lands Jesuits held before the conquest, 286, 287; motion favouring federal disallowance, proposed, 288, 289; motion defeated, 289; agitation ends by formation of Equal Rights a.s.sociation and later by the Protestant Protective a.s.sociation, 289. =Dr= Proposal to apply revenues of, to educational purposes, 230; General Amherst's claim to, 230. =BL= Revenue from, 18. =Bk= Appropriation of property a grievance with French-Canadians, 77. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; Grant and Hamilton, _Princ.i.p.al Grant_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Jesuit Missions.= =L= Zeal of the missionaries compared with that of the Apostles, 61; among the Iroquois, 64-67; wide extension of, 103; to the Algonquians, destroyed by drunkenness, 175. =F= Pure lives of missionaries produces good effect, 168. _See_ under names of individual missionaries. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_. _See also_ Jesuits.

=Jesuit Relations.= _The Relations_ were published in Paris, by the provincial of the order, in small annual volumes. The original narratives were written in Canada, or in one or other of the remote mission fields, by the devoted missionaries, and are invaluable as a record of the condition and character of the various Indian tribes in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. =Index=: =Ch= Promoted immigration to Canada, 250; describe religious condition of the colony, 256-258; also last days of Champlain, 262, 263. =F= Parkman on, 30; Rochemonteix on, 30; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 30; their influence in securing support for the missions, 30-31. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations and Allied Doc.u.ments, 1610-1791_, ed. by Thwaites, Cleveland, 1896-1901, 73 vols.; _Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols.

=Jesuits.= The first missionaries of the order, Lalemant, Ma.s.se, and Brebeuf, arrived in Canada in 1625. Work among the Algonquians began that year; and among the Hurons in 1626. The mission to the Iroquois dates from 1642. With the Iroquois mission are particularly a.s.sociated the names of Jogues, Le Moyne, Ragueneau, Fremin, and De Carheil; and with the mission to the Hurons, those of Brebeuf, Lalemant, Chabanel, Garnier, and Chaumonot. _See also_ under names of individual missionaries. =Index=: =Hd= Their mission at Three Rivers, 43; an unworthy member of the order, 48-49; suspected of sympathy with rebels, 130, 181; engage in the ginseng trade, 148; vestibule of their church turned into theatre, 306-307. =F= Arrival of, 17; return after restoration of Canada to France, 25; Frontenac's att.i.tude towards, 113; their missions, 166. =L= Their devotion to the cause of missions, 4, 5; recommend Laval as vicar apostolic, 26; re-establish mission in Iroquois country, 73; place church at Quebec under patronage of Immaculate Conception, and St. Louis, 85; works of piety inst.i.tuted by, 86. =Dr= Expelled from France, controversy respecting their property in Canada, 23; pet.i.tion the king for restoration of their property, 35. =Ch= Recollets decide to ask a.s.sistance of, 150; not favoured by the traders, 152; arrival of, at Quebec, 153; their convent robbed by English, 196; embark for Tadousac on board Kirke's ship, 196; sail for France, 206; take charge of Quebec mission on restoration of the country to France, 225; establish their convent of Notre Dame des Anges, 227; their convent at Quebec, 228, 229; give banquet to Emery de Caen, temporary governor, 228; found missions at Three Rivers and in Huron country, 228; also at Miscou and Cape Breton, 229. =D= As factors in spread of civilization in America, 2-3. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations and Allied Doc.u.ments_, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Rochemonteix, _Les Jesuites et la Nouvelle France_; Kip, _Early Jesuit Missions_; Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_.