The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 37

Surrendered Detroit to General Brock, 1812; tried by court-martial, and sentenced to be shot; sentence commuted. Resided at Newton, Ma.s.s., until his death. =Index=: =Bk= Marches north, 203; crosses Detroit River and occupies Sandwich, 208, 213; his proclamation to the people of Canada, 213, 217, 235; his baggage and stores captured, 218; his supplies under Major Van Horne captured, 237; re-crosses river to Detroit, 238; summoned to surrender, and refuses, 251; surrenders with his whole army, 255; sent to Montreal as prisoner of war, 261, 265; released on parole, 283; makes bad impression on English officers, 283; court-martialled, sentenced to death, but sentence remitted, 283, 284. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.

Biog._; Campbell, _Life and Services of General William Hull_; Cruikshank, _General Hull's Invasion of Canada in 1812_ (R. S. C., 1907-1908).

=Humbert.= =W= Candidate in St. John County, opposes responsible government, 64.

=Hume, Joseph= (1777-1855). Born at Montrose, Scotland. Studied medicine; entered the service of the East India Company, 1797; returned to England, 1808. Entered Parliament, 1812, but on account of his independent principles compelled to resign his seat. Again elected, 1818, and continued a member of the House of Commons until his death. A strong Radical in his opinions and effected many useful reforms.

=Index=: =BL= Correspondence with Mackenzie and Papineau, 229. =Mc= Lays Mackenzie's pet.i.tion before the House, 222; presents case against Upper Canadian officials, 231; suggests independence of Canada, 250; his "baneful domination" letter, 262-263; thanked by Mackenzie, 289; predicts civil war, 326; letter to Mackenzie, on the Rebellion, and question of amnesty, 475-479; urges amnesty for Mackenzie, 480. =Sy= An a.s.sociate of Sydenham's, 13; proposes reduction of corn duties, 39; his speech on union resolutions in House of Commons, 122. =B= Attacks Metcalfe's policy, 23. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Humphreys, Captain.= =Bk= Captain of _Leopard_, fires on _Chesapeake_, 83.

=Hundred a.s.sociates.= _See_ Company of New France.

=Hundredth Regiment.= =Bk= Quartered in Quebec and Montreal, 74; disaster to, by shipwreck, 74.

"=Hungry Year.=" =S= Year 1787, so called from failure of harvest, 65, 69.

=Hunt, Thomas Sterry= (1826-1892). Born in Norwich, Conn. Came to Canada, 1847, at the invitation of Sir William E. Logan, to accept the position of chemist and mineralogist to the Geological Survey, which he held until 1872. Also occupied the chair of chemistry in Laval University, 1856-1862; and in McGill University, 1862-1868. In 1872 professor of geology in the Ma.s.sachusetts Inst.i.tute of Technology.

Author of several scientific works, and a large number of papers contributed to learned societies and scientific periodicals. Died in New York. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Hunter, Peter= (1746-1805). =Bk= Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada and commander of forces in British North America, 45; calls attention of home government to lack of proper accommodation for provincial government and Legislature, 50; a Scotsman, previously governor of Barbados, 51; death of, 69. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_.

=Hunter.= =Bk= British sloop, her boats capture United States schooner _Cayahoga_, with stores of General Hull, 218.

=Hunter, Captain of.= =WM= Obtains information as to movements of French provision boats, 172.

=Hunters' Lodges.= =Mc= Convention of, 440; attack on Prescott, 442.

=Hunting Permits.= =F= Issue of, sanctioned, 125; number to be issued annually limited, 128; issue of, becomes a form of patronage, 129.

=Huntington, Herbert.= =H= Appointed to Executive Council, Nova Scotia, 47; sent as delegate to England, to urge concession of responsible government, 51, 56; candidate for speakership, 1843, 75; advocates non-sectarian education, 82; member of Uniacke government, 110; finance minister, 112; acts as Joseph Howe's second in duel, 236. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Huntington, Lucius Seth= (1827-1886). Born at Compton, Quebec. Studied law, and engaged in journalism, in the Eastern Townships. Elected to the Legislature for Shefford, 1861; solicitor-general, 1863-1864. Advocated independence of Canada. Became president of the Council, in the Mackenzie government, 1874-1875; and postmaster-general, 1875-1878.

Defeated for Shefford, 1882, and retired from public life. Died in New York. =Index=: =C= Brings charges against government in connection with Pacific Scandal, 53. =Md= Prefers his charges in the House of Commons, 201-203. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Buckingham and Ross, _Alexander Mackenzie_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A.

Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.

=Huot, P. G.= =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24.

=Huron Indians.= Name applied by the French to a confederacy of four Iroquoian tribes. When French missionaries and explorers first went among them, they occupied the country about Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. They had been at enmity with the Iroquois for many years, and had repeatedly ravaged their country. Finally the Iroquois determined to make an end of the Hurons. They invaded their country in force in 1648, and in 1650 had destroyed all their villages, killed most of the inhabitants, and driven the remnant far to the westward. A few of the Hurons escaped to Quebec, and settled at the mission of Lorette. In the seventeenth century their population was estimated at from 20,000 to 35,000. In 1905 there remained a total of 832, in Canada and the United States. =Index=: =F= Destruction of, by Iroquois, 26, 35; join Frontenac's expedition to Cataraqui, 79; dread being abandoned to Iroquois, 222. =L= Extermination of, by the Iroquois, 39; devotion displayed by a band of, 64; desert Dollard at Long Sault, 70; burnt by their enemies, 72. =Ch= Champlain visits country of, 88; their cultivation of the soil, 89; their language very widely spoken, 90; their mode of life, 94; customs and beliefs, 95-100. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Huron, Lake.= Area 23,200 square miles. Discovered by Le Caron, 1615, and first seen by Champlain the same year. The route of missionaries, explorers, and fur traders lay along the north sh.o.r.e of the lake, or the south sh.o.r.e of Manitoulin Island, to Michilimackinac and Sault Ste.

Marie, at the western end.

=Huskisson, William= (1770-1830). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= Criticizes British commercial policy, 12; president of Board of Trade, 15; colonial secretary, 16; resigns, 16; commends Poulett Thomson's speech on Navigation Acts, 17; his proposals in regard to silk industry, 18; death of, 25. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Hutcheson, Major.= =Hd= Haldimand's secretary, 108, 110, 112; in charge of Louis Haldimand, at Boston, 294.

=Hutchinson, Richard.= =T= Of Miramichi, member of Smith government, New Brunswick, represents lumber interests, 91, 92.

=Hutchinson, Thomas= (1711-1780). =Hd= Governor of Ma.s.sachusetts, quoted, 84. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'= (1661-1706). Third son of Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Entered the French navy, returning to Canada in 1683. Three years later accompanied De Troyes in the expedition against the English on Hudson Bay, and took part in the capture of Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Returned to Quebec in 1687; and the following year was again on the bay. In 1689 captured the _Hampshire_, and brought her to Quebec with her cargo of furs. In 1690 took part in the raid on Schenectady; and the same year captured Fort Severn on Hudson Bay. In 1694 sailed to the bay with a French fleet, and captured Fort Nelson. Two years later captured Pemaquid; and, sailing to Newfoundland, captured St. John's and raided the villages along the coast. In 1697 again sailed to Hudson Bay, defeated a superior fleet, and recaptured Fort Nelson. The following year sailed from Brest in command of an expedition to discover the mouth of the Mississippi and plant a colony there, in both of which he was successful. The remaining years of his life spent in building up the colony of Louisiana. =Index=: =F= Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; joins war party against Schenectady, 235; arrives from Hudson Bay with two captured vessels, 325; takes Fort Pemaquid, 331; exploits in Hudson Bay, 342-350; sails for France, and returns with two French ships, 343; captures Fort Nelson, 345; sails for France, 346; attacks English settlements in Newfoundland, 346; takes St. John's, 347; in his ship _Pelican_ successfully engages three English vessels, 349; sails for France, 349.

=L= Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204; his exploits in Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, 232; subsequent services and death of, 233. =Bib.=: Reed, _First Great Canadian_; Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_; Desmazures, _Histoire du Chevalier d'Iberville_; Gayarre, _History of Louisiana_; Margry, _Decouvertes des Francais_; Wallace, _Louisiana under the French_; Martin, _History of Louisiana_; Bacqueville de la Potherie, _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_; Jeremie, _Relation du Detroit et de la Baye d'Hudson_ (Bernard, _Recueil de Voiages au Nord_). _See also_ bibliography at the end of Reed's work.

=Ihonatiria.= =Ch= Jesuit mission to Hurons founded at, 228.

=ile a la Crosse.= Lake and trading-post. The lake is on the upper waters of the Churchill River, in about long. 108. Its name is derived from the Indian game of lacrosse, which was very popular there. The first trading-post was built on a peninsula on the western side of the lake by Thomas Frobisher in 1776. Other forts were built there later by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, the lake being a strategic point in the western fur trade.

=ile-aux-Coudres.= On north sh.o.r.e of the St. Lawrence, above Murray Bay.

=Index=: =WM= Arrival of British advance squadron at, 83; camp established on, 89; capture by Canadians of two British officers on, 89.

=ile-aux-Noix.= =WM= Fortified post on Lake Champlain frontier, 146, 158, 233.

=ile Jesus.= At the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence.

=Index=: =L= Seigniory of Beaupre exchanged by Laval for, 58; obtained by Laval in exchange for Island of Orleans, 138.

=ile Perce.= =L= Recollet mission at, 111.

=ile Royale.= A large island in Lake Superior, United States territory.

Mentioned in Carver's _Travels_ and other early narratives.

=Illinois Indians.= Of Algonquian stock. First mentioned in the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1660 as living south-west of Green Bay. They ranged throughout the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, and down the west bank of that river as far as the Des Moines; and have been described by Allouez, Marquette, Hennepin, Rasles, and other early French explorers. Hara.s.sed on one side by the Sioux and Foxes, and on the other by the Iroquois, their numbers were reduced from six or eight thousand, at the end of the seventeenth century, to less than two thousand about 1750. The murder of Pontiac by one of their warriors brought upon them a war of extermination. To-day only a handful remain, in Oklahoma. =Index=: =F= Allies of the French against the Iroquois, 144. =L= La Salle forms alliance with, 148. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.

=Immaculate Conception.= =L= Church at Quebec placed under patronage of, 85. =Ch= Church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance consecrated under name of, 240; feast of, observed by people of Quebec, 240.

=Immigration.= =Mc= To colonies in 1820, state of, 88. _See also_ Irish Immigrants.

=Imperial Conference.= Held in London, 1887. Canada was represented by Sir Alexander Campbell and Sandford Fleming. Among the questions discussed were those of inter-Imperial defence and trade, the Pacific cable, etc. Another conference was held in Ottawa in 1894 (_see_ Colonial Conference, 1894); and another in London in June, 1896, Canada being represented by Sir Mackenzie Bowell and Sandford Fleming. At an adjourned meeting in October, 1896, Sir Donald Smith and Hon. A.G. Jones represented the Dominion, Mr. Fleming being present in an advisory capacity. On the occasion of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee, 1897, another conference was held in London, Joseph Chamberlain presiding, and the self-governing colonies being represented by their premiers. Again, in 1902, the colonial premiers met in London, under the presidency of Joseph Chamberlain. The London Conference of 1907, presided over by Lord Elgin, discussed various Imperial questions, but was chiefly memorable because of the decision to hold similar meetings every four years, and to provide a permanent bureau at London devoted specifically to the interests of the Empire.

=Imperial Federation.= Advocated by Thomas Pownall, governor of Ma.s.sachusetts Bay, in 1764. He proposed a scheme by which "Great Britain may be no more considered as the Kingdom of this Isle alone, with many appendages of provinces, colonies, settlements, and other extraneous parts, but as a grand marine dominion, consisting of our possessions in the Atlantic and in America united into one Empire." Subsequently proposed by Joseph Howe, in 1855, and again in 1863; also by Thomas Chandler Haliburton and other Canadian statesmen and writers. =Index=: =B= Elgin's conception of, 33; advocated by Edward Blake, 240. =H= Joseph Howe a pioneer in the movement for, 174. =Bib.=: Denison, _Struggle for Imperial Unity_; Macphail, _Essays in Politics_; Bra.s.sey, _Imperial Federation and Colonization_; Ewart, _Kingdom of Canada_, _Imperial Federation_, etc.; Parkin, _Imperial Federation_; Young, _A Pioneer of Imperial Federation in Canada_; Milner, _Speeches in Canada_; _The Empire and the Century_; Argyll, _Imperial Federation_.

=Imperial Federation League.= Formed in Canada at a meeting in Montreal, in May, 1885. A conference to the same end had been held in London, in July, 1884. The league in Canada changed its name, in 1896, to the British Empire League in Canada, at the suggestion of Sir Charles Tupper. _See_ Denison.

=Incarnation, Marie de L'.= _See_ Marie de L'Incarnation.

=Inches, Dr.= =T= Attends Sir Leonard Tilley in his last illness, 145.

=Independence.= =B= George Brown writes Macdonald of widespread sentiment in England in 1864 in favour of British American colonies securing complete autonomy, 167; and the Canada First party, 236, 237, 238, 239; advocated by Goldwin Smith, 238, 239. =P= Advocated by Papineau, 167. =Mc= Declaration of, July, 1837, its history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330; object of a.s.sociation of Canadian Refugees, 449.

=Indians.= =Ch= Superst.i.tions of, 10, 12; council held to consider best policy to adopt in dealing with them, 108-111; murders committed by, 115; their great esteem for Champlain, 159; difficulty of educating their children, 233. =S= Their general friendliness to Upper Canada settlers, 62; their good conduct rewarded, 62; lands allotted to on Grand River, 74; schools and churches provided for, 74; Simcoe's estimate of, 75; engagements made with, faithfully kept, 76; their lands encroached upon by Americans, 119; their defeat of expedition under St.

Clair, 121; great council of, 122, 124; failure of negotiations with American commissioners, 123-125. =WM= Generally friendly to France, 17; appearance of, on field of battle, 31; swell army of Montcalm at Fort Carillon, 38; their habits in camp, 39; Christian Indians different from the pagans, 39; attack British boats, 40; general meeting of, called by Montcalm, 40-42; repulse British force on left bank of Montmorency, 129; scalp the wounded after battle, 142; paid well for prisoners, but less amount for scalps, 150; fly from battlefield, 202; form part of Levis's army, 245; in battle of Ste. Foy, 265. =Hd= Their lands secured by treaty, 12; allies of the French, 13, 16, 21; help Pouchot at Niagara, 25; Sir William Johnson's following of, 28, 29; irregular traffic with, prohibited, 32, 54; fears of an uprising among, 55; impressed by enlistment of French-Canadians under British flag, 57; in Florida, 66, 71, 73; Haldimand's treatment of, 91-93, 131, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153, 157, 258-259, 266, 347; uncertain allies, 126, 137, 170, 260; rebels try to gain for France, 127-128, 134, 136, 279; indignant at terms of peace between Britain and colonies, 256-257; American cruelty towards, 307.

=F= Menacing att.i.tude of, 17; defrauded by traders, 18, 154; not readily receptive of Christian doctrine, 167. =Dr= Those with Burgoyne worse than useless, 178; ignored in treaty of peace between Britain and American colonies, 231; their lands invaded by frontiersmen, 233; attacked by American troops, 234; trouble with western tribes, 249, 262, 276. =L= Violent effects of intoxicating liquor upon, 36, 37; three of the nations sue for peace, 53; conversion of, very precarious, 62; difficult to civilize them, 63, 126; sincere devotion of many, 64. _See_ Abnaki; Algonquian; Cree; Creek; Delaware; Dene; Etchemin; Huron; Illinois; Iroquois; Micmac; Ottawa; Tete de Boule. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Brinton, _The American Race_; Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_; Catlin, _Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians_; Drake, _Aboriginal Races of North America_; Lafitau, _Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_; Maclean, _Canadian Savage Folk_; Morgan, _Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United States_.

=Indian Department.= =S= In Upper Canada, independent of the governor, 126-127.

=Indian Posts in West.= =Dr= Temporary retention of, by Great Britain, 231.

=Inflexible.= =Dr= Largest vessel of flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.

=Inglis, Charles= (1734-1816). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to America; taught school in Pennsylvania for a time, and then took holy orders. In 1764 became a.s.sistant to Dr. Auchmuty, rector of Trinity Church, New York, and in 1777 succeeded him as rector. His sympathies being with the mother country, removed to Nova Scotia after the Revolution, and thence to England. First bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over practically all British North America, 1787. One of the notable events of his episcopate was his establishment of King's College, Windsor. In 1793 his huge diocese divided by the creation of the diocese of Quebec, of which Jacob Mountain (_q.v._) became first bishop. =Index=: =Dr= Appointed bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over Quebec, 241.