The Liberty Amendments Part 8

3. Ibid., 704705 (internal citations omitted).

4. Randy E. Barnett, "The Original Meaning of the Commerce Clause," 68 University of Chicago Law Review 101, 104 (Winter 2001) (emphasis in original).

5. Ibid., 11415.

6. Ibid., 116.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid., 124.

9. Robert H. Bork and Daniel E. Troy, "Locating the Boundaries: The Scope of Congress's Power to Regulate Commerce," 25 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 849, 863864 (Summer 2002).

10. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble Cla.s.sics, 2006), 235.

11. Ibid., 259.

12. According to the historian Andrew C. McLaughlin, "the cardinal principle of the Spanish colonial policy was monopoly and seclusion." Andrew C. McLaughlin, The Confederation and the Const.i.tution 17831789 (New York: Collier Books, 1962), 71. The British, furthermore, prohibited the importation of American whale oil to promote British fishing and restricted American shipping from the British West Indies. Ibid., 6061.

13. Ibid., 86.

14. As a result, the framers specifically prohibited the states from issuing bills of credit, or to "make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts" in Article I, Section 10 of the Const.i.tution.

15. Joseph Story, A Familiar Exposition of the Const.i.tution of the United States, 163 (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1986), 13940.

16. Justice Thomas's concurring opinion in United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 585587 (1995), supports this understanding and provides citations to the state ratification conventions. See, e.g., Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Const.i.tution, Jonathan Elliot, ed., vol. 2 (Washington, DC: United States Congress, 1836), 57 (T. Dawes at Ma.s.sachusetts convention); ibid., 336 (M. Smith at New York convention).

17. See, e.g., Federalist 36: "Is the knowledge of local circ.u.mstances, as applied to taxation, a minute topographical acquaintance with all the mountains, rivers, streams, highways, and bypaths in each State; or is it a general acquaintance with its situation and resources . . . with the state of its agriculture, commerce, manufactures . . . with the nature of its products and consumptions . . . with the different degrees and kinds of its wealth, property, and industry?" The Federalist Papers, 188 (emphasis added). Hamilton distinguished between agriculture and commerce in Federalist 60: "The several States are in various degrees addicted to agriculture and commerce. In most, if not all of them, agriculture is predominant. In a few of them, however, commerce nearly divides its empire, and in most of them has a considerable share of influence." Ibid., 334. For a comprehensive a.n.a.lysis of the original meaning of the Commerce Clause and its terminology, see Randy E. Barnett, "The Original Meaning of the Commerce Clause," 68 University of Chicago Law Review 101 (Winter 2001).

18. The report from the partic.i.p.ants, including Hamilton and Madison, stated that "the power of regulating trade is of such comprehensive extent, and will enter so far into the general System of the federal government, that to give it efficacy, and to obviate questions and doubts concerning its precise nature and limits, may require a correspondent adjustment of other parts of the Federal System." "Proceedings of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government, Sep. 11, 1786," in The Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Const.i.tution, 2nd ed., Jonathan Elliot, ed., vol. 1 (New York: Burt Franklin, 1888), 118.

19. James Madison, "Vices of the Political System of the United States," in Writings, Jack N. Rakove, ed. (New York: Library of America, 1999), 71.

20. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985), 14.

21. Hamilton, The Federalist Papers, 63.

22. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1, 190 (1824).

23. Ibid., 19495 (emphasis added).

24. Railroad Retirement Bd. v. Alton R. Co., 295 U.S. 330, 374 (U.S. 1935).

25. A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495, 546 (1935).

26. Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 308 (1936).

27. NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1, 37 (1937).

28. Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942).

29. Ibid., 128.

30. Ibid., 125.

31. Maryland v. Wirtz, 392 U.S. 183, 194 (1968).

32. Ibid., 198.

33. Perez v. United States, 402 U.S. 146, 154 (1971).

34. Ibid., 157.

35. United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 558559 (1995) (internal citations omitted).

36. Ibid., 61920 (internal citations omitted).

37. Ibid., 614.

38. Ibid., 608.

39. Ibid., 574.

40. Ibid.

41. Berger, "Judicial Manipulation of the Commerce Clause," 715 (internal citations omitted).

42. United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 617618 (2000).

43. Ibid., 65859.

44. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. __ (2012) (internal citations omitted).

45. As an important aside, observe how judicial review today is mostly exercised to endorse expanded federal governmental authority.

46. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 40th anniversary ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 8.

8. An Amendment to Protect Private Property 1. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, Peter Laslett, ed., 138 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 360.

2. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 3rd ed., Thomas M. Cooley, ed., vol. 1 (Chicago: Callaghan, 1884), 138.

3. Ibid.

4. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers, No. 54 (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble Cla.s.sics, 2006), 305.

5. Ibid.

6. Gouverneur Morris, "Political Enquiries," University of Chicago, The Founders' Const.i.tution, Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., ch. 16, doc. 8, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/doc.u.ments/v1ch16s8.html (April 18, 2013).

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Virginia Declaration of Rights 1 (1776).

10. John Adams, "Defence of the Const.i.tutions of Government of the United States," The Founders' Const.i.tution, ch. 16, doc. 15, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/doc.u.ments/v1ch16s15.html.

11. U.S. Const.i.tution, Fifth Amendment.

12. See Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1028 (1992).

13. Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 415 (1922).

14. Penn Central Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 124 (1978).

15. Ibid.

16. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1017 n. 8 (1992).

17. Concrete Pipe and Products of California, Inc. v. Construction Laborers Pension Trust for Southern California, 508 U.S. 602, 645 (1993).

18. Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 544 U.S. 528, 538539 (2005) (citing in part Penn Central Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 124 (1978)).

19. "Executive Order 12630: Governmental actions and interference with const.i.tutionally protected property rights," 53 Fed. Reg. 8859 (March 18, 1988).

20. Report, "Regulatory Takings Implementation of Executive Order on Government Actions Affecting Private Property Use," Government Accountability Office, September 2003, http://www.gao.gov/a.s.sets/240/239832.pdf (April 18, 2013).

9. An Amendment to Grant the States Authority to Directly Amend the Const.i.tution 1. U.S. Const.i.tution, Art. V.

2. "Measures Proposed to Amend the Const.i.tution," United States Senate, http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/three_column_table/measures_proposed_to_amend_const.i.tution.htm (April 18, 2013).

3. Woodrow Wilson, Const.i.tutional Government in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1908), 16.

4. Ibid., 57.

5. U.S. Const.i.tution, Tenth Amendment.

6. Mark R. Levin, Liberty and Tyranny (New York: Threshold Editions, 2009), 56.

7. Ibid. (citing Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. 539 [1842] and Dred Scott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. 393 [1857]).

8. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).

9. Charles Paul Freund, "Dixiecrats Triumphant: The Menacing Mr. Wilson," Reason, Dec. 18, 2002, http://reason.com/archives/2002/12/18/dixiecrats-triumphant (April 18, 2013).

10. Abraham Lincoln, "Speech at Lewistown, Illinois, Aug. 17, 1858," in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 2 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 54647.

11. William P. Ruger and Jason Sorens, "Freedom in the 50 States: Third Edition (2013)," Mercatus Center, April 2013, http://freedominthe50states.org/download/Freedom_50_States_2013_summary.pdf (April 11, 2013).

12. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble Cla.s.sics, 2006), 21314.

13. Ibid., 259.

14. "Ma.s.sachusetts Ratification Convention, Feb. 6, 1788," in Founding America: Doc.u.ments from the Revolution to the Bill of Rights (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble, 2006), 591.

15. Ibid., 59293.

16. Ibid., "Virginia Ratification Convention, June 27, 1788," 594.

17. Ibid., 59597.

18. Ibid., "New York Ratification Convention, July 26, 1788," 601604.

19. James Madison, "Speech to Congress Proposing Const.i.tutional Amendments," in Writings, Jack N. Rakove, ed. (New York: Library of America, 1999), 438.

20. Ibid., 449.

21. Mark R. Levin, Ameritopia (New York: Threshold Editions, 2011), 18586.

22. Levin , Liberty and Tyranny, 193.

23. Madison, The Federalist Papers, 288.

24. U.S. Const.i.tution, Art. V.

25. Madison, Writings, 364.

10. An Amendment to Grant the States Authority to Check Congress 1. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Const.i.tution of the United States, vol. 3, 1821, University of Chicago, The Founders' Const.i.tution, Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/doc.u.ments/a5s12.html (April 19, 2013).

2. Peter James Stanlis, Edmund Burke: The Enlightenment and Revolution (Edison, NJ: Transaction, 1991), 213, citing Edmund Burke, "A Letter to a n.o.ble Lord," in Works, vol. 5 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1904), 186.

3. John Adams, "Letter to Thomas Jefferson, November 13, 1815," in The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams, Lester J. Cappon, ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), 456.

4. Thomas Jefferson, "Letter to James Madison, December 20, 1787," in The Debate on the Const.i.tution (New York: Library of America, 1993), 213.

5. Peter Roff, "Pelosi: Pa.s.s Health Reform So You Can Find Out What's In It," U.S. News & World Report, Politics blog, March 9, 2010, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/peter-roff/2010/03/09/pelosi-pa.s.s-health-reform-so-you-can-find-out-whats-in-it (April 19, 2013).

6. U.S. Const.i.tution, Art. I, Section 7, Cl. 2.

7. Draft Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, Landmark Legal Foundation, http://www.landmarklegal.org/uploads/Landmark%20Complaint%20(00013086-2).pdf (April 18, 2013).

8. Shailagh Murray, "On Hill, Clinton gives a health care pep talk," Washington Post, Nov. 11, 2009, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-11-11/politics/36893630_1_health-care-bill-bill-clinton-senate-floor (April 19, 2013).

9. "Dodd-Frank, Still Wrong for America," Heritage Foundation, Fact Sheet 108, July 17, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/factsheets/2012/07/dodd-frank-still-wrong-for-america (April 19, 2013).

10. Amy Payne, "Morning Bell: Dodd-Frank Financial Regulations Strangling Economy," Heritage Foundation, The Foundry blog, July 20, 2012, http://blog.heritage.org/2012/07/20/morning-bell-dodd-frank-financial-regulations-strangling-economy (April 19, 2013).

11. Ammon Simon, "Dodd-Frank at Two: Bad for Business and the Const.i.tution," National Review Online, Bench Memos, July 25, 2012, http://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/312267/dodd-frank-two-bad-business-and-const.i.tution-ammon-simon (April 19, 2013).