The Liberty Amendments Part 7

3. Ibid.

4. Chris c.o.x, "The con game we call Congress: In the still of the night, members raised pay, raided the Treasury," Orange County Register, November 26, 1989, p. 3G.

5. D. Andrew Austin and Mindy R. Levit, "The Debt Limit: History and Recent Increases," Congressional Research Service, Feb. 7, 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31967.pdf (March 17, 2013).

6. "Fiscal Year 2013, Historical Tables, Budget of the U.S. Government," Office of Management and Budget, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files...o...b..budget/fy2013/a.s.sets/hist.pdf (March 17, 2013).

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Keith Hennessey, "CBO's new deficit estimate," Your Guide to American Economic Policy, May 15, 2013, http://keithhennessey.com/2013/05/15/cbos-new-deficit-estimate (May 27, 2013). Therefore, the nation's fiscal situation remains grim and is getting much worse, only slightly slower, as large annual federal deficits continue to mount.

10. "NCSL Fiscal Brief: State Balanced Budget Provisions," National Conference of State Legislatures, October 2010, http://www.ncsl.org/doc.u.ments/fiscal/statebalancedbudgetprovisions2010.pdf (March 17, 2013).

11. "Fiscal Year 2013, Historical Tables, Budget of the U.S. Government," Office of Management and Budget, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files...o...b..budget/fy2013/a.s.sets/hist.pdf (March 17, 2013).

12. "Debt Position and Activity Report," United States Department of the Treasury, http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/pd_debtposactrpt_1212.pdf (March 17, 2013).

13. Romina Boccia, "Obama: Don't Worry About $16 Trillion Debt," Heritage Foundation, The Foundry blog, Sept. 19, 2012, http://blog.heritage.org/2012/09/19/obama-dont-worry-about-16-trillion-debt (March 17, 2013).

14. "The 2012 Long-Term Budget Outlook," Congressional Budget Office, June 2012, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/06-05-Long-Term_Budget_Outlook_2.pdf (March 17, 2013).

15. "2012 Annual Report of the Boards of Trustees of the Federal Hospital Insurance and Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Funds," April 23, 2012, http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/economic-policy/ss-medicare/Doc.u.ments/TR_2012_Medicare.pdf (March 17, 2013).

16. "The 2012 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds," April 25, 2010, http://www.ssa.gov/oact/tr/2012/tr2012.pdf (March 17, 2013).

17. "Alert 496: Alert GAAP-Based U.S. Budget Deficit-Actual 2012 Federal Budget Deficit Hit $6.9 Trillion," American Business a.n.a.lytics & Research LLC, Jan. 17, 2013, http://www.shadowstats.com/article/no-496-alert-gaap-based-us-budget-deficit (March 17, 2013).

18. Nikola G. Swann, "Research Update: United States of America Long-Term Rating Lowered to 'AA+' on Political Risks and Rising Debt Burden; Outlook Negative," Standard & Poor's, Aug. 5, 2011, http://www.standardandpoors.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobheadername3=MDT-Type&blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blob headervalue2=inline%3B+filename%3DUnitedStatesofAmerica LongTermRatingLoweredToAA.pdf&blobheadername2=Content-Disposition&blobheadervalue1=application%2Fpdf&blobkey= id&blobheadername1=content-type&blobwhere=1243942987733&blobheadervalue3=UTF-8 (March 17, 2013).

19. Nikola G. Swann, "Research Update: U.S. 'AA+/A-1+' Unsolicited Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Remains Negative on Continued Political and Fiscal Risks," Standard & Poor's, June 8, 2012, http://www.standardandpoors.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobheadername3=MDT-Type&blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobheadervalue2=inline%3B+filename%3DUS_Unsolicited_Ratings_Affirmed_6_8_12.pdf&blobheadername2=Content-Disposition&blobheadervalue1=application%2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobheadername1=content-type&blobwhere=1244131049439&blobheadervalue3=UTF-8 (March 17, 2013).

20. "The federal government's Long-Term Fiscal Outlook," Government Accountability Office, Fall 2012 Update, http://www.gao.gov/a.s.sets/660/650466.pdf (March 17, 2013).

21. "What is the purpose of the Federal Reserve System?," Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_12594.htm (March 17, 2013).

22. Charles Kadlec, "The Federal Reserve's Explicit Goal: Devalue the Dollar 33%," Forbes, Feb. 6, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/charleskadlec/2012/02/06/the-federal-reserves-explicit-goal-devalue-the-dollar-33 (April 8, 2013).

23. Jeff c.o.x, "Time Bomb? Bankers Pressured to Buy Government Debt," CNBC, May 31, 2012, http://www.cnbc.com/id/47633576/Time_Bomb_Banks_Pressured_to_Buy_Government_Debt (March 17, 2013).

24. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Henry Reeve, trans., Phillips Bradley, ed., vol. 1 (New York: Library of America, 2004), 242.

25. Robert Yates, "Brutus Essay No. 6," Debates on the Const.i.tution, vol. 1 (New York: Library of America, 1993), 61819.

26. Ibid., "Brutus Essay No. 1," 16667.

27. Ibid., 167.

28. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble Cla.s.sics, 1987), 23031.

29. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Const.i.tution of the United States, 4th ed., Thomas M. Cooley, ed., vol. 1, 923 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1873) (citing Thomas Jefferson).

30. Amos Singletary, Debates on the Const.i.tution, 906.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 222, 225.

33. Story, Commentaries, 927.

34. Ibid., 909.

35. Ibid., 922.

36. Charlotte A. Twight, Dependent on D.C.: The Rise of Federal Control Over the Lives of Ordinary Americans (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 99 (quoting House Committee on Ways and Means, Income Tax Letter from Commissioner of Revenue, 41st Cong., 3d sess., January 23, 1871, House Mis. Doc. No. 51, p. 1).

37. Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429 (1895).

38. "Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History," Tax Foundation, Sept. 9, 2011, http://taxfoundation.org/sites/taxfoundation.org/files/docs/fed_individual_rate_history_nominal%26adjusted-20110909.pdf (March 17, 2013).

39. William McBride, "CBO Report Shows Increasing Redistribution in the Tax Code Despite No Long-term Trend in Income Inequality," Tax Foundation, July 24, 2012, http://taxfoundation.org/article/cbo-report-shows-increasing-redistribution-tax-code-despite-no-long-term-trend-income-inequality (April 11, 2013).

40. "The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2008 and 2009," Congressional Budget Office, July 2012, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/43373-06-11-HouseholdIncomeandFedTaxes.pdf (March 18, 2013).

41. "Putting a Face on America's Tax Return: Chart 29," Tax Foundation, Sept. 24, 2012, http://taxfoundation.org/article/putting-face-americas-tax-returns-chart-29 (March 17, 2013).

42. "Who Pays Income Taxes and How Much?," National Taxpayers Union, http://www.ntu.org/tax-basics/who-pays-income-taxes.html (March 17, 2013).

43. Scott A. Hodge, "No Country Leans on Upper-Income Households as Much as U.S.," Tax Foundation, March 21, 2011, http://www.ntu.org/tax-basics/who-pays-income-taxes.html (March 17, 2013).

44. Isaac M. O'Bannon, "2003 Federal Income Tax Tables Released," CPA Practice Advisor, Jan. 15, 2013, http://www.cpapracticeadvisor.com/news/10853734/2013-federal-income-tax-tables-released (April 8, 2013).

45. Editorial, "Mrs. Pelosi's VAT-The Speaker floats a middle-cla.s.s tax hike," Wall Street Journal, Oct. 8, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703298004574457512007010416.html (March 17, 2013).

46. Sara Hansard, "House Democrats Contemplate Abolishing 401(k) Tax Breaks," Workforce Management, Oct. 16, 2008, updated Sept. 15, 2011, http://www.workforce.com/article/20081016/NEWS01/310169987/house-democrats-contemplate-abolishing-401-k-tax-breaks# (March 17, 2013).

47. Joshua Green, "The Liberal Plan to End the Mortgage-Interest Deduction," BloombergBusinessweek, On Politics, Dec. 5, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-05/the-liberal-plan-to-end-the-mortgage-interest-deduction (March 17, 2013).

48. Sarah Parna.s.s, "Eliminating Charitable Deduction Would Help Budget, Hurt Charities," ABC News, Dec. 6, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/eliminating-charitable-deduction-budget-hurt-charities/story?id=17889183 (March 17, 2013).

49. Joel Griffith, "Krugman: U.S. Needs Death Panels, Sales Taxes," Breitbart, Feb. 5, 2013, http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/02/04/Krugman-Death-panels-and-sales-taxes-is-how-we-do-this (March 17, 2013).

50. "2012 Annual Report to Congress," Internal Revenue Service, National Taxpayer Advocate, Dec. 31, 2012, http://www.taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/userfiles/file/2012-Annual-Report-to-Congress-Executive-Summary.pdf (March 17, 2013).

51. James Bovard, "A Brief History of IRS Political Targeting," Wall Street Journal, May 14, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324715704578482823301630836.html (May 27, 2013).

52. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. __ (2012), Slip Op., No. 11-393, June 28, 2012.

53. Ibid. (Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito, JJ. dissenting) (Slip Op., 2425).

54. Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration Report, "Affordable Care Act: Planning Efforts for the Tax Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Appear Adequate; However, the Resource Estimation Process Needs Improvement," Ref. No. 2012-43-064, June 24, 2012, http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2012reports/201243064fr.pdf.

55. I do not object to "the Fair Tax," which functions as a national sales tax and eliminates all forms of revenue-based taxation, should it be a preferred amendment by delegates to a state convention. See "The Fair Tax Plan," Americans for Fair Taxation, http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=HowFairTaxWorks (April 8, 2013).

6. An Amendment to Limit the Federal Bureaucracy 1. U.S. Const.i.tution, Art. I, Section 1.

2. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble Cla.s.sics, 2006), 27677.

3. Ibid., 275.

4. James Madison, "Debate in Virginia Ratifying Convention," in The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Const.i.tution, 2nd ed., Jonathan Elliot, ed., vol. 3 (U.S. Congress, 1836), 514.

5. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, chap. 11, 141 (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble, 2004).

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid., 134.

8. Ibid., 142.

9. Charles de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, Anne M. Cohler, Basia C. Miller, and Harold S. Stone, eds., part 2, book 2, chapter 6 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

10. Madison, The Federalist Papers, 288.

11. Field v. Clark, 143 U.S. 649, 692 (1892).

12. Woodrow Wilson, Const.i.tutional Government in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1908), 5657.

13. Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton R. Co., 295 U.S. 330 (1935).

14. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935).

15. Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238 (1936).

16. Jones v. Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 37 (1937).

17. Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942).

18. James M. Landis, The Administrative Process (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1938).

19. Ma.s.sachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, 549 U.S. 497 (2007).

20. Nicole v. Crain & W. Mark Crain, "The Impact of Regulatory Costs on Small Firms," Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, September 2010, http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/The%20Impact%20of%20Regulatory%20Costs%20on%20Small%20Firms%20(Full).pdf (April 18, 2013).

21. "Piling On: The Year in Regulation," American Action Forum, Regulation, January 14, 2013, http://americanactionforum.org/topic/piling-year-regulation (April 18, 2013).

22. Clyde Wayne Crews Jr., "Ten Thousand Commandments: An Annual Snapshot of the Federal Regulatory State-2012 Edition," Compet.i.tive Enterprise Inst.i.tute, http://cei.org/sites/default/files/Wayne%20Crews%20-%2010,000%20Commandments%202012_0.pdf (April 18, 2013).

23. Ibid.

24. Brian Walsh, "Overcriminalization: An Explosion of Federal Criminal Law," Heritage Foundation, April 27, 2011, http://www.heritage.org/research/factsheets/2011/04/overcriminalization-an-explosion-of-federal-criminal-law (April 18, 2013).

25. Barack Obama, "Remarks by the President in the State of the Union Address," White House, Feb. 12, 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/remarks-president-state-union-address (April 18, 2013).

26. See generally, Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 553 et. seq.) 27. 5 U.S.C. 801802.

28. 5 U.S.C. 706.

29. 5 U.S.C. 706.

30. Whitman v. American Trucking a.s.sociations Inc., 531 U.S. 457, 474 (2001).

31. Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). The legal doctrine takes its name from this case because this was the first time this particular regulatory interpretation was applied.

32. The Clean Air Act was officially enacted by Congress in 1963 as a research program. The 1970 amendments established the regulatory program pertaining to pollution thresholds.

33. Clean Air Act (CAA) 165(a)(1), 169(2)(c).

34. Clean Air Act (CAA) 169(1).

35. 74 Fed. Reg. 55, 300-55, 303.

36. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148,124 Stat. 119, to be codified as amended at scattered sections of the Internal Revenue Code and in 42 U.S.C. (2010).

37. Peter Ferrara, The Obamacare Disaster: An Appraisal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Chicago: Heartland Inst.i.tute, 2010), v.

38. Curtis W. Copeland, "New Ent.i.ties Created Pursuant to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act," Congressional Research Service, July 8, 2010, http://a.s.sets.opencrs.com/rpts/R41586_20110113.pdf (April 18, 2013).

39. "Obamacare Burden Tracker," House of Representatives Ways and Means, Education and the Workforce, and Energy and Commerce Committees, http://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/republicans.energycommerce.house.gov/files/a.n.a.lysis/20120206ACATracker.pdf (April 18, 2013).

40. Charlie Spiering, "Photo: 828 pages of new Obamacare regulations in just one day," Washington Examiner, March 12, 2013, http://washingtonexaminer.com/photo-828-pages-of-new-obamacare-regulations-in-just-one-day/article/2524020 (April 18, 2013).

41. "IRS aims to clarify investment income tax under healthcare law," Reuters, Dec. 3, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/03/us-usa-tax-irs-idUSBRE8B21HA20121203.

42. Diane Cohen and Michael F. Cannon, "The Independent Payment Advisory Board, PPACA's Anti-Const.i.tutional and Authoritarian Super-Legislature," Cato Inst.i.tute, Policy a.n.a.lysis, June 14, 2012, http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-a.n.a.lysis/independent-payment-advisory-board-ppacas-anticonst.i.tutional-authoritarian-superlegislature (April 18, 2013).

43. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Pub.L. 111-203, H.R. 4173.

44. See 12 U.S.C. 5491 (2013).

45. 12 U.S.C. 5491 et. seq. (2013).

46. See Complaint, Compet.i.tive Enterprise Inst.i.tute et. al. v. Timothy Geithner et al., http://cei.org/sites/default/files/SNB%20v%20Geithner%20-%20Complaint.PDF (April 18, 2013).

7. An Amendment to Promote Free Enterprise 1. U.S. Const.i.tution, Art. I, Section 8.

2. Raoul Berger, "Judicial Manipulation of the Commerce Clause," 74 Texas Law Review 695, 702703 (March, 1996) (internal citations omitted).