The Iowa Part 15

[48] The present spelling of the name was first used by Lieut. Albert M.

Lea in his NOTES ON THE WISCONSIN TERRITORY, 1836, wherein he referred to the country west of the Mississippi as the "Ioway District", suggested by the Ioway river. This point will be brought out fully in the new edition of Lea's Notes now in preparation by the Ioway Club, edited by L. A. Brewer.

[49] The tribe has long since been divided and now occupies lands in the Potawatomi and Great Nemaha Agency in Kansas and the Sauk and Fox Agency in Oklahoma. See Kappler. LAWS AND TREATIES, 2 vols., Washington, 1903.

[50] Benard de la Harpe, a French officer who came to Louisiana in 1718.

His Narrative of Le Sueur's Expedition is included by French in his HIST. COLL. OF LOUISIANA, Part III, page 19 _et seq._, and is also given by Shea, EARLY VOYAGES UP AND DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI, Albany, 1861, reprint, 1908. For a lengthy bibliographical note of this work, see A.

McF. Davis in Winsor's NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY, Vol. V, page 63.

[51] Pierre Charles le Sueur, a French geologist, member of Iberville's Expedition of 1698, and sent primarily to report on the "green earth"

(copper mines), known to him through previous researches in 1695.

[52] At the best information concerning the expedition of Le Sueur is scant. The most important source is the work of one Penicaut, Perricaut or Perricault (see A. McF. Davis in Winsor's NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY, Vol. V, page 71), a carpenter who accompanied the Iberville party from France in 1698 and remained in Louisiana until 1781. The most complete form in which we are able to read the JOURNAL is in Margry's DeCOUVERTES ET eTABLISs.e.m.e.nTS DES FRANcAIS DANS L'OUEST ET DANS LE SUD DE L'AMeRIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE, Vol. V, page 319 _et seq._ Penicaut's ANNALS OF LOUISIANA (1698-1722) are translated in their entirety in French's HIST. COLL. OF LOUISIANA, _New Series_, Vol. I, but this translation must be read with caution as French was not the most careful of translators.

[53] In a communication from Mr. W. H. Holmes, former Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, with reference to the Penicaut ma.n.u.script, he states that no translation from this source has been made and that French (HIST. COLL.) is unreliable. For the printed form, in the French language, Margry's DeCOUVERTES (ETC.), Vol.

V, is the authority.

[54] Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, a French traveller, born October 29, 1682, at St. Quentin, died, 1761. His most important work of American interest bears the following t.i.tle: HISTOIRE ET DESCRIPTION GeNeRALE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, AVEC LE JOURNAL HISTORIQUE D'UN VOYAGE FAIT PAR ORDRE DU ROI DANS L'AMeRIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE. Paris, 1744.

Several editions of the work, in three and six volumes respectively, were issued in Paris during this year. JOURNAL D'UN VOYAGE (ETC.), usually forms the last volume, with a separate t.i.tle page. During 1761 this portion was published in English in London, two volumes, but it was not until 1865-72 that the HISTOIRE proper was translated, and at that time by J. G. Shea (New York, 6 vols.). Foster is obviously in error as to the date mentioned (1722). Charlevoix's work was not ready for publication at that time, though he had no doubt finished it in 1724, at which date he issued simultaneously, the JOURNAL which was addressed to the d.u.c.h.ess de Lesdiguieres. Some partial reprints of Charlevoix do not contain the linguistic portions.

[55] Here the writer no doubt refers to the mutilated and meretricious issue of the Lewis and Clark JOURNALS, published by William Fisher of Baltimore during 1812. As a contribution to the literature of the subject, the volume is entirely devoid of worth and statements concerning linguistics or events have little value. Coues, in his edition of the Lewis and Clark TRAVELS, gives full details of this publication. See also the present writer's BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, _Literary Collector_, March, 1902. In Thwaites'

edition of the ORIGINAL JOURNALS OF LEWIS AND CLARK, 1904, (Vol. I, page 45), Ayauway is noted, as an early form of spelling.

[56] It is difficult to determine exactly the work here referred to.

Without doubt in this instance, as in those which follow, Foster had access to Rev. S. R. Riggs's GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY OF THE DAKOTA LANGUAGE, published by the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution as one of the Contributions to Knowledge, in 1852. Dr. Riggs was a close student of Siouan linguistics and published much material on the subject, his DAKOTA-ENGLISH DICTIONARY being exhaustively edited with great care by J. O. Dorsey and published in final form in 1892 by the Bureau of American Ethnology. A comprehensive list of the published and ma.n.u.script material by Riggs, who was ably a.s.sisted by his wife, will be found in Pillings's SIOUAN BIBLIOGRAPHY, page 60 _et seq._, and in the S. D.

HIST. COLL., Vol. II. At various intervals through the original work, Foster acknowledges his indebtedness to the first volume of the MINN.

HIST. SOC. COLL. In this there is an excellent article by Riggs ent.i.tled THE DAKOTA LANGUAGE, from which considerable a.s.sistance was no doubt obtained.

[57] According to J. O. Dorsey in BULL. 30, B. A. E., their tribal tradition is, that after separating from the parent stock they "received the name of Pahoja, or Gray Snow." See also W J McGee, 15th Rept., B. A.

E., 1897, who says: "Iowa or Pa-qo-tce signifies 'Dusty Heads'." See also ON THE ORIGIN OF THE OTOS, JOWAYS AND MISSOURIS, etc., in Maximilian's TRAVELS (Vol. III, Clark's reprint, page 313). This purports to be a tradition communicated to Maj. Jonathan L. Bean, of Pennsylvania, Gov. Sub. Agent to the Sioux, 1827-34. The Iowa are designated as Pa-ho-dje, or Dust Noses.

[58] Rev. William Hamilton and Rev. Samuel McCleary Irvin, Presbyterian missionaries to the Iowa and Sauk and Fox Indians located near the mouth of the Great Nemaha river. They established what was known as the Ioway and Sac Mission Press at their station in 1848, issuing therefrom several volumes now of great rarity including AN IOWAY GRAMMAR and THE IOWAY PRIMER, the latter in two editions. (See ill.u.s.tration). For a complete list of their writings see Pilling, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SIOUAN LANGUAGES, p. 31 _et seq._ There is an autobiography of Hamilton in Nebraska State Historical Society REPORTS, Vol. I, 1885, first series.

[59] See the map by Waw-Non-Que-Skoon-a.

[60] See note 47. Several references are made to the Iowa tribe at an [Sidenote: +Andre, 1676+] earlier date than here mentioned. Father Louis Andre, who came to Canada during 1669, and was at Green Bay, Wis., from 1671 to 1681, designates the Nadoessi Mascouteins, which name was applied to the Iowa because of their relations for a time with the Sioux, as living about 200 leagues from that place, in 1676. (See article by Father A. E. Jones, in _U. S. Cath. Hist. Mag._, No. 9, 1889). Father Andre died in Quebec in 1715. [Sidenote: +Membre, 1680+]

Even before the date of Le Sueur we have a reference by Father Zen.o.bius Membre in 1680, placing the Oto and Iowa in three great villages built near a river "which empties in the river Colbert [Mississippi] on the west side above the Illinois, almost opposite the mouth of the Wisconsin." More than this he appears to locate a part of the Ainove [Sidenote: +Perrot, 1685+] (no doubt Aioue) to the west of the Milwaukee river in Wisconsin. Perrot (MEMOIRS), apparently locates them, in 1685, on the plains in the vicinity of the p.a.w.nee. Marquette's map of 1674-79 gives the Pahoutet (Iowa), Otontanta (Oto), Maha (Omaha) a position on the Missouri river, but this is done by mere chance and without authority. La Salle, writing Hennepin August 22, 1682, mentions both Oto and Iowa under Otontanto and Aiounonea.

[61] It has often been a matter for conjecture why Le Sueur should have given himself so much concern over a mine of "green earth" as the discovery does not seem to be one meriting a great amount of distinction. Not long since, however, certain mineral specimens of metallic substance, apparently a sort of iron or copper ore, were found in the banks of the Le Sueur river (so-called by J. N. Nicollet, and on a map published in 1773, the river St. Remi), near the confluence with the Blue Earth river. Penicaut in his relation speaks of the deposit extending many miles on the banks of the river (MINN. HIST. SOC. COLL., Vol. III, page 8), and it is therefore not improbable that the intrepid explorer had in mind something more real than colored marls of blue, green or yellow, which owed their color to the silicate of iron, and which were, when free from sand, highly prized and used for paint by the Indians. As an article of trade they were of value, but even this point does not fully explain the expedition. (See MS. in _Ministere des Colonies_, Paris, Vol. XV, c. 11, fol. 39). In a letter from the Intendant Champigny to the French Minister, also in this collection in Paris, the former says, "I think that the only mines that he (Le Sueur) seeks in those regions are mines of beaver skins." For a lengthy sketch of the material first referred to, see MINN. HIST. SOC. COLL., Vol. I, 1902, reprint, also in Neill, HISTORY OF MINNESOTA, 3d edition, 1878, page 165, note.

[62] See note 50.

[63] In Shea's VOYAGES UP AND DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI, Albany, 1861 (1902).

[64] The ma.n.u.script here referred to was found in 1869 in Paris, among a collection of similar material, and purchased by the Library of Congress. It consists of 452 pages, antique writing, and was first published in Margry's DeCOUVERTES, (ETC.), in French. Portions of it have been printed by the MINN. HIST. SOC. COLL., Vol. III, Part I, and the whole work included by B. F. French, in translation, in his HIST.

COLL. OF LOUISIANA.

[65] Edward Duffield Neill, born Philadelphia, August 9, 1823, died St.

Paul, September 26, 1893. Presbyterian minister in St. Paul, 1849-60; private secretary to President Johnson, 1865-69; consul to Dublin, 1869-70 and later president of Macalester College, St. Paul. Published extensively in American history and his HISTORY OF MINNESOTA (last edition, 1887), is considered of highest authority. See Dr. Alexander Nicolas De Menil's LITERATURE OF THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY (St. Louis, 1904), for a sketch of this writer and of many others whose names are prominent in the history of the middle west.

[66] Le Sueur was commandant at Chequamegon for a considerable time, beginning in 1693. During that year he erected two forts, one near the present site of Red Wing, Minnesota, and one on Madeline Island, believing this necessary in order to keep open the Bois Brule and St.

Croix trading route. See WIS. HIST. COLL., Vol. XVI, page 173. For a sketch of Chagaouamegong (now corruptly written Chequamegon), see the excellent little volume by Rev. Chrysostom Verwyst, O. S. F., ent.i.tled MISSIONARY LABORS OF FATHERS MARQUETTE, MENARD, AND ALLOUEZ IN THE LAKE SUPERIOR REGION, 1886, pp. 181-182, also WIS. HIST. COLL., Vol. I, which gives the Indian nomenclature, showing the early form, Chegoiwegon.

[67] A mistake taken bodily from Neill's HISTORY OF MINNESOTA, first edition, which was corrected in a later edition to "Fort Perrot on the west side of the Mississippi, on a prairie, just below the expansion of the stream known as Lake Pepin."

[68] Nicolas Perrot, one of the most prominent of the early voyageurs and very well acquainted with the northwestern tribes, gained their confidence and good-will from the beginning. He was born in 1644 and employed by the Jesuits from 1660-65, later connecting himself with the Ottawa fur-trade. He is probably better known, however, as an explorer, and in 1685 was employed by the government of Canada as commandant in the northwest. During his last years he composed his MEMOIRS which remained in ma.n.u.script until 1864, at which time they were published with copious notes by Tailhan. Perrot died August 13, 1717. See Stickney, PARKMAN CLUB PAPERS, Milwaukee, 1896.

[69] Pierre de Fevre de La Barre, successor of Frontenac, as governor of Canada, and in turn followed by Denonville. An ignorant and by no means worthy occupant of the position.

[70] A small, square-ended barge equipped with both oars and sail.

[71] Nineteen men. La Harpe's NARRATIVE. Penicaud.

[72] _Ibid_. Gives the date as 29th.

[73] Gabriel Marest, S. J., who came to Canada in 1694 and died at the Kaskaskia Mission, September 15, 1714. Practically his whole life was spent among the Kaskaskia Indians of Illinois, once the leading tribe of the Illinois Confederacy, and he taught among them continually.

[74] "This does not accord with the general tradition that the Dakota were always enemies of the Sioux, nevertheless the name Nadoessi Mascouteins seems to have been applied to the Iowa by the earlier missionaries because of their relations for a time with the Sioux."

Cyrus Thomas, BULL. 30, B. A. E., 1907.

[75] This statement is wholly without foundation. Iberville was the third son of a burgher of Dieppe one Charles Le Moyne, father of fourteen children, who migrated from his native country to Canada in 1640, at which place he joined the Jesuits. Sieur d' Bienville together with his brother were leaders in that conflict with the English in the Hudson Bay region (see Winsor, NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY, Vol. IV), and it is not exaggeration to term Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville, as one of the most noted Canadian naval officers of his time. His death occurred from yellow fever, July 9, 1706, at Havana. _Cf._ THE FIRST GREAT CANADIAN. By Charles B. Reed, Chic., 1910; also WIS. HIST. COLL., Vol. XVI. Certain writers affirm the relations between Sauvole and the others here mentioned, notably Gayarre, in his HISTORY OF LOUISIANA, Vol. I, page 58. Later authorities, however, as Hamilton, COLONIAL MOBILE, page 32, take opposite views. See note 51 for a sketch of Le Sueur.

[76] Gen. Lewis Ca.s.s, on his return from France in 1842, brought certain French ma.n.u.scripts among which was a census of Indian tribes, compiled by one M. Chauvignerie. Schoolcraft gives this in full in his monumental work on the Indians of North America. (Vol. III, pages 553-557).

[77] There is no authority for this statement. See note 50. Le Sueur came to Canada as a young man and became a fur trader. During 1693 and for a few years thereafter he was commandant at Chequamegon and discovering lead mines on the upper Mississippi he made efforts to secure permission to work them, but without success. Little is known of his last years and his death occurred while on the ocean, probably before 1710.

[78] It is doubtful that Le Sueur gave a.s.sistance as here stated. The map in question is CARTE DU CANADA OU DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE ET DES DeCOUVERTES QUE Y ONT ETe FAITES. Par Guillaume Del'Isle. Paris, l'auteur 1703. (19-1/2 25-1/2). There is a reproduction, reduced, in Neill's MINNESOTA, 3d edition, and Milburn's THE LANCE, CROSS AND CANOE, p. 72, on which is to be found the following note:

"The ma.n.u.script from which the above Map was prepared, was found in the 'Bibliotheque du roi,' in Paris in a volume of La Harpe's journeys of 1718-1722. It is said to bear date the year 1700. If so, it is evident that after the original preparation and before publication some one has added matter subsequently ascertained, for the Map above contains items of as late a date as 1717. Also is to be noted the fact that while all the other parts of the Map are in the French language, one single English phrase is to be found in the lower right-hand corner, to-wit: 'De Soto landed 31 May, 1538.' This would indicate that some one other than the original draftsman had taken part in its creation and at a time subsequent to its original preparation."

Claude and Guillaume Delisle-father and son-were the most noted French cartographers of their day. There have been reissues of the map in question, corrected to date. For a sketch of Delisle see C. A.

Walckenaer, VIES DE PLUSIEURS PERSONNAGES CeLeBRES, 1830; and Vincent Dutouret, EXAMEN SUR TOUTES LES CARTES GeNeRALES DES QUATRE PARTIES DE LE TERRE, MISES AU JOUR, PAR FEU DELISLE, DUPUIS 1700, JUS'QU EN 1725, POUR SERVIR D'ECLAIRCISs.e.m.e.nT SUR LA GEOGRAPHIS, 1728.

[79] Plate 30.

[80] Vol. III, page 262.

[81] For an extended account of the Radisson-Groseillers controversy see MEMOIRS OF EXPLORATIONS IN THE BASIN OF THE MISSISSIPPI, Vol. VI, MINNESOTA, by J. V. Brower, and particularly RADISSON AND GROSEILLIERS, by Henry Colin Campbell, issued as No. 2 of the _Parkman Club Publications_, Milwaukee, 1896.

Pierre Esprit Radisson was a native of St. Malo in Brittany and in 1651 settled with his parents at Three Rivers on the St. Lawrence. Medard Chouart, Sieur des Groseilliers, was born in Brie, France, though the exact dates in both cases are not known. It is supposed that these two adventurers died in Great Britain at an advanced age as they had served in the interest of the French and British as policy dictated. In the Minnesota monograph above referred to, Mr. Benjamin Sulte, one of the leading Canadian authorities on the early French explorations, gives in detail a vast amount of highly important material concerning the Radisson-(Chouart) Groseillers connection and a more popular though somewhat biased exposition of the same subject is given by Miss Agnes C.

Laut in her PATHFINDERS OF THE WEST, part I.

Radisson's highly important account of his wanderings are in ma.n.u.script in The Bodleian Library, and include the record of his first four voyages, including two journeys westward in company with Groseilliers, and his subsequent Hudson Bay experiences are in the British Museum. In 1885 _The Prince Society_ of Boston published the work in its entirety and to the lasting benefit of American history.

For further reference to this matter see WIS. HIST. COLL., Vol. XI, and also the same Society's PROCEEDINGS, for 1895.

[82] Daniel Greysolon du Luth (Lhut) was for a time commandant of the northwest. Coming to Canada as an officer from France about 1676 he conducted an expedition against the Sioux in 1678 and a year later took formal possession of their country for France. He spent several years as an explorer and fur trader, and in 1689 returned to the St. Lawrence.

His death occurred in 1710. See MINN. HIST. COLL., Vol. I. His name is spelled Du Luth, Du Lut, Dulhut, De Luth, Dulud and Du Luhd in the old doc.u.ments. The city of Duluth, St. Louis Co., Minnesota, founded in 1856, was named after the explorer at the suggestion of Rev. J. G.

Wilson of Logansport, Indiana. See Stennett, HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE PLACE NAMES CONNECTED WITH THE C. & N. W. R. R., ETC., Chic., 1908.