The History of London Part 29

~transmission~: handing down from father to son.

~externally~: outwardly.

~St. Katharine's~, ~Ratcliff~, ~Shadwell~, ~Stepney~, are all in the East End of London.

~jurisdiction~: legal authority.

59. UNDER GEORGE II. PART V.

~Lighters~: large boats or barges used in unloading ships.

~bleaching-grounds~: where cloth was laid out to be bleached or whitened by the wind and sun.

~hopbines~: the stalks of hop plants.

~transportation~: conveying convicted criminals abroad. Till 1869 convicts were sent to Australia; now they are kept in convict prisons at home.

~cla.s.sification~: dividing and arranging into cla.s.ses.

~embezzle~: to steal something entrusted to one's care.

~press-gang~: a party of sailors under an officer who forcibly took men to serve in the Royal Navy.

~anarchy~: absence of rule, disorder.

~Gordon Riots~: in 1780, led by the fanatic Lord George Gordon. The mob raised the cry of 'No Popery' on account of a law then proposing to remove hardships from Roman Catholics. Riot and plunder were the real object of the mob. The disorder had to be suppressed by military force.

~Police~: organised in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel, after whom the members of the force were called 'bobbies' and 'peelers.'

60. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. PART I.

~Denominations~: religious bodies or sects, the members of which are all called by the same name. (Latin _nomen_, a name.)

~every conceivable topic~: every subject you can think of.

~community~: a people, the public.

~achieved~: won by effort.

61. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. PART II.

~Symbol of~: the representative of; the presence of a policeman is the outward form taken by the law in the eyes of the people.

~mote~: meeting; hence ~folks' mote~, meeting of the folk or people; ~ward mote~, meeting of those living in the same ward or city division.

~The Companies~: such as those of the Goldsmiths, Merchant Taylors, Drapers, &c.

~Quarter Sessions~: the sessions or sittings of the Law Courts in a county or city held every quarter.

~archives~: public records.

~sergeant~ means 'servant,' 'officer'--here of the law. Ordinarily it is a rank in the army.

62. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. PART III.

~Advocate~: argue in favour of.

~tenacity~: perseverance, holding on. (Latin _teneo_, to hold.)

~livery~: because the members of the different trade companies used to wear a distinguishing uniform or livery.

~fletchers~: arrow-makers. (French _fleche_, an arrow.)

~trust-money~: money entrusted for a certain purpose for which alone it can be used.

~technical~: where useful trades and sciences are taught.

63. LONDON. GREATER LONDON.

~Conservative~: preserving, so far as convenient, the present state of things.

~functions~: powers and duties.

~reformatory schools~: where boys and girls who have committed some crime are sent to be reformed to better ways.

~a.s.sets~: property actually held, so that it can be set off against a debt.

~democratic~: giving power and influence to the people.

~oligarchic~: giving power and influence to the few.

~'law worthiness'~: right to a.s.sist in the making of laws.