The History of Currency, 1252 to 1896 Part 37

" " Holland " = 4 " 18 "

(This equivalence of 4 fl. 30 kr. remained till the Vienna Convention (at 67 to the Koln mark, 23-2/3 fine = 4-1/2 gulden, ratio = 1:15-102/355 (15.2873)), the ratio prescribed by the Edict of the Emperor Joseph II., of 12th January 1786.) 1756 Souverain, or souverain d'or (originally Netherlands), minted in Vienna Mint, 22 carat 3/4 gr., 42.091 to mark gross (45.874 fine) = 6 gulden 11 kr. 1 pf.

1786, Jan. 12, Souverain, or souverain d'or = 6 gulden, 40 kr. (makes a ratio of 15.2923).

1750 Prussian Friedrichs d'or, 35 to mark, 21-3/4 carat fine (= 261 grs. of fine gold to the piece).

1770 Prussian Friedrichs d'or, 35 to mark, 21-2/3 carat fine (= 260 grs. fine gold to the piece).

(Confirmed by law of 30th Sept. 1821.) 1857 Vienna Convention trade money (see p. 210).

1871 10-mark piece, 139-1/2 to the German pound, .900 fine.

TABLE OF THE THALER.

1555, Brunswick, Luneberg, Hanover, etc.--Thaler = 32 Marien groschen = 24 silver groschen.

1558, Saxony Mint Ordinance (renewing previous ordinances in spite of the Imperial Ordinance)--Thaler or gulden thaler, 14 loth 8 grs. fine, 8 to mark (= 8-56/65 to mark fine) = to 24 groschen: mark fine therefore equal to 10 fl. 38 kr.

1559, Imperial Ordinance--forbidden.

1566, Reichstag of Augsburg--again authorised; 14 loth 4 grs., 8 to the mark fine; equal 72 kr.; mark fine therefore = 9 thalers 68 kr.

(10 fl. 12 kr.).

1585, Frankfort Fair--Philipps thaler = 82 kr.

1596, Imperial Commissioners at Frankfort--Philipps thaler provisionally set at 72 kr.

Same year, December 1596, Imperial Commissioners at Strasburg--Reichs thaler = 84 kr. (or 21 batzen), according to which mark of fine silver = 12 fl. 36 kr.

Beginning of seventeenth century (Imperial letters)--Reichs thaler recognised at 90 kr. as highest limit.

1603 (Higher Circles)--Reichs thaler recognised at 90 kr.

Electoral Saxony--Reichs thaler = 24 good groschen.

1610, Lower Saxony--Reichs thaler = 28 good groschen; Philipps thaler, 30-1/3 good groschen (mark fine silver = 12 fl. 9 kr.).

1617, Lower Saxony--Reichs thaler = 30 silver groschen.

1665 (Three Circles, 1667 _in comitiis_)--Reichs thaler = 96 kr.

(fine mark = 14 fl. 24 kr.).

1667, Saxony and Brandenburg (Zinnaische Fuss)--Reichs thaler = 1 fl. 45 kr. = 28 good groschen (fine mark = 15-3/4 fl.).

1669 (Three Circles)--Reichs thaler reduced to 90 kr. (fine mark = 13 fl. 30 kr.).

1680 (the Three Circles carried it _in comitiis_)--Reichs thaler reduced to 90 kr. (fine mark = 13 fl. 30 kr.).

1681, Emperor at Salzburg set the Reichs thaler = 96 kr.

1690 (Leipzig Mint, for Saxony, Brandenburg, Brunswick, Luneburg)--Mark fine = 12 thalers = 18 fl.; Reichs thaler = 2 fl.

(120 kr.).

1691, rejected by Hamburg, Lubeck, and Bremen, who stuck to Reichs thaler = 24 groschen, or 48 schillingen, or 90 kreutzers, or 3 marks (to be reduced to this by three drops).

1750, Prussia--Frederick V. 14-thaler, or 21-gulden fuss (14 thalers to the mark fine), thaler = 24 groschen, 1 groschen = 12 pfennige.

1821, Thaler = 30 groschen.

1857, " = 30 to the pound of pure silver, .900 fine.

1871, " = 3 marks (see p. 216).

TABLE OF THE GROSCHEN.

+---------------------------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Tale to the | Standard. | | | Cologne Mark. | | +---------------------------------+---------------+---------------+ | | | Loth. Grs. | |1226-- | | | | The Gros Tournois minted at | | | | Tours in France (58 to the | | | | troy mark) | 55-1/10 | 15 6 | | | | | |1296-- | | | | Groschen of Bohemia and Meissen | 63-1/2 | 15 0 | | | | | |1324-- | | | | Groschen of Meissen | 64-1/2 | 15 0 | | | | | |1341-- | | | | Groschen of Bohemia | 78 | 10 0 | | | | | |1350-- | | | | Meissen | 91 | 14 0 | | | | | |1364-- | | | | Bohemia | 74-1/2 | 9 0 | | | | | |1378-- | | | | Bohemian groschen, as by the | | | | Const.i.tution of Charles IV. | | | | and Wenceslaus | 70 | 14 1 | | | | | |1380-- | | | | Meissen | 72 | 13 0 | | | | | |1407-- | | | | Wurzburg (74 to the Wurzburg | | | | mark) | 72-40/131 | 8 0 | | | | | |1444-- | | | | Saxony and Meissen | 88 | 7 13 | | | | | |1444-- | {160 | 16 0 | | Frederick II. of Saxony (four | {120 | 12 0 | | kinds of groschen) | {104 | 8 0 | | | | | |1484-- | | | | Archduke Sigismund of Austria | | | | (8 gulden groschen to the | | | | Vienna mark) | 6-206/307 | 16 0 | | | | | |1490-- | | | | Schwart groschen | 103 | 5 0 | | Large groschen of Hesse | 112 | 6 0 | | Hamburg | 104 | 9 15 | | Lubeck | 107 | 9 13 | | Bohemia | 84 | 6 12 | | (18 other species concurrent.) | | | | | | | |1524-- | | | | Imperial Mint Ordinance of | | | | Charles V. | 136 | 12 0 | | | | | |1551-- | | | | Imperial Mint Ordinance of | | | | Charles V. (16 contemporary | { 94-1/2 | 7 5 | | species.) | {100 | 7 6 | | | | | |1559-- | | | | Imperial Mint Ordinance of | | | | Ferdinand I.--Reichs groschen | 108-1/2 | 8 0 | | | | | |1572-- | | | | Lower Saxony--Silver groschen | 108-1/2 | 8 0 | | " Marien groschen | 155-1/2 | 7 11 | | | | | |1573-- | | | | Brandenburg | 108 | 8 3-1/2| | | | | |1610-- | | | | Lower Saxony | 116 | 14 4 | | | | | |1617-- | | | | Lower Saxony | 144 | 8 0 | | | | | |1622-- | | | | Higher and Lower Saxony | 108-1/2 | 8 0 | | | | | |1667-- | | | | Brunswick and Luneberg-- | | | | Good groschen | 160 | 10 0 | | Marien groschen | 192 | 8 0 | | | | | |1669-- | | | | The Three Circles (Franconia, | | | | Bavaria, and Swabia) | 141-2/3 | 8 0 | | | | | |1680-- | | | | The Three Circles (Franconia, | | | | Bavaria, and Swabia) | 141 | 8 0 | | | | | |1690-- | | | | Leipzig standard--Good groschen | 150 | 8 0 | | " Marien groschen | 162-1/2 | 5 14 | | | | | |1738-- | | | | As adopted _in comitiis_-- | | | | Groschen | 125 | 6 2 | | Imperial groschen | 134-49/64 | 5 13-1/4| | Marien groschen | 171 | 6 0 | +---------------------------------+---------------+---------------+

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 24: h.e.l.ler were first minted in 1228 at Halle, but by the year 1420 they had sunk to the equivalence of a half-pfennige. Of the origin of the kreutzer less is known, as few, if any, records of it occur before its minting in the Tyrol in 1490. Its subsequent variation in different parts of Germany, and at different times, it is almost impossible to give account of.]

APPENDIX VI

THE MONETARY SYSTEM OF FRANCE

The metric system on which the French Mint was worked throughout the period treated of in this work up to the Revolution was as follows:--

1 mark = 8 oz.

" = 64 gros. (8 8).

" = 192 dens. (64 3).

" = 4608 grs. (192 24).

An alternative subdivision of the ounce was as follows:--

1 oz. = 20 esterlings.

" = 320 mailles (20 16).

" = 640 felins (320 2).

For the alloy or standard the mark was thus subdivided:--

For gold mark = 24 carats each subdivided into 32 parts. " silver "

= 12 dens. each subdivided into 24 grms.

In France fine gold was only refined to 23-26/32 carats, and fine silver 11 deniers 18 grs. In calculation the absolute fineness of 24 carats and 12 deniers must be used.

The system of reckoning was as follows:--

1 livre = 20 sols.

1 sol. = 12 den.

1 den. = 2 oboles.