The Grammar of English Grammars Part 242

Blair cor._ "The farther he searches, the firmer will be his belief."--_Keith cor._ "I deny not that religion consists in these things."--_Barclay cor._ "Except the king delighted in her, and she were called by name."--_Bible cor._ "The proper method of reading these lines, is, to read them as the sense dictates."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "When any words become obsolete, or are used _only in_ particular phrases, it is better to dispense with their service entirely, and give up the phrases."--_Campbell and Mur cor._ "Those savage people seemed to have no element but war."--_L.

Mur. cor._ "_Man_ is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and nominative case."--_J. Flint cor._ "The orator, as circ.u.mstances require, will employ them all."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "By deferring repentence [sic--KTH], we acc.u.mulate our sorrows."--_L. Murray cor._ "There is no doubt that public speaking became early an engine of government."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "The different _meanings_ of these two words, may not at first occur."--_Id._ "The sentiment is well expressed by Plato, but much better by Solomon."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "They have had a greater privilege than we."--_L. Mur. cor._ "Every thing should be so arranged, that what goes before, may give light and force to what follows."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "So that his doctrines were embraced by great numbers."--_Hist. cor._ "They have taken _an other_ and shorter cut."--_South cor._ "The imperfect tense of a regular verb is formed from the present by adding _d_ or _ed_; as, _love, loved_."--_Frost cor._ "The p.r.o.noun _their_ does not agree in number with the noun '_man_', for which it stands."--_Kirkham cor._ "This mark [!] denotes wonder, surprise, joy, grief, or sudden emotion."--_Bucke cor._ "We all are accountable, each for himself."--_L. Mur. et al. cor._ "If he has commanded it, I must obey."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "I now present him a form of the diatonic scale."--_Barber cor._ "One after an other, their favourite rivers have been reluctantly abandoned." Or: "One after an other _of_ their favourite rivers have _they_ reluctantly abandoned."--_Hodgson cor._ "_Particular_ and _peculiar_ are words of different import."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Some adverbs admit of comparison; as, _soon, sooner, soonest_."--_Bucke cor._ "Having exposed himself too freely in different climates, he entirely lost his health."--_L. Mur. cor._ "The verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."--_Buchanan cor._ "Write twenty short sentences containing adjectives."--_Abbott cor._ "This general tendency of the language seems to have given occasion to a very great corruption."-- _Churchill's Gram._, p. 113. "The second requisite of a perfect sentence is _unity_."--_L. Murray cor._ "It is scarcely necessary to apologize for omitting their names."--_Id._ "The letters of the English alphabet are twenty-six."--_Id. et al. cor._ "He who employs antiquated or novel phraseology, must do it with design; he cannot err from inadvertence, as he may with respect to provincial or vulgar expressions."--_Jamieson cor._ "The vocative case, in some grammars, is wholly omitted; why, if we must have cases, I could never understand."--_Bucke cor._ "Active verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb _have_; pa.s.sive verbs, with the auxiliary _am_ or _be_."--_Id._ "What then may AND be called? A conjunction."--_Smith cor._ "Have they ascertained who gave the information?"--_Bullions cor._

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE X.--OF IMPROPER OMISSIONS.

"All _words signifying concrete_ qualities of things, are called adnouns, or adjectives."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "The _macron_ [[=]] signifies _a_ long or accented syllable, and the breve [[~]] indicates a short or unaccented syllable."--_Id._ "Whose duty _it_ is, to help young ministers."--_Friends cor._ "The pa.s.sage is closely connected with what precedes and _what_ follows."--_Phil. Mu. cor._ "The work is not completed, but _it_ soon will be."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "Of whom hast thou been afraid, or _whom hast thou_ feared?"--_Bible cor._ "There is a G.o.d who made, and _who_ governs, the world."--_Bp. Butler cor._ "It was this _that_ made them so haughty."--_Goldsmith cor._ "How far the whole charge affected him, _it_ is not easy to determine."--_Id._ "They saw _these wonders of nature_, and _worshiped_ the G.o.d that made them."--_Bucke cor._ "The errors frequent in the use of hyperboles, arise either from overstraining _them_, or _from_ introducing them on unsuitable occasions."--_L. Mur. cor._ "The preposition _in_ is set before _the names of_ countries, cities, and large towns; as, 'He lives _in_ France, _in_ London, or _in_ Birmingham.' But, before _the names of_ villages, single houses, _or foreign_ cities, _at_ is used; as, 'He lives _at_ Hackney.'"--_Id. et al. cor._ "And, in such recollection, the thing is not figured as in our view, nor _is_ any image formed."--_Kames cor._ "Intrinsic _beauty_ and relative beauty must be handled separately."--_Id._ "He should be on his guard not to do them injustice by disguising _them_ or placing them in a false light."--_Dr.

Blair cor._ "In _perusing_ that work, we are frequently interrupted by _the author's_ unnatural thoughts."--_L. Murray cor._ "To this point have tended all the rules _which_ I have _just_ given."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "To _this point_ have tended all the rules which have _just_ been given."--_L. Murray cor._ "Language, as written, or _as_ oral, is addressed to the eye, or to the ear."--_Journal cor._ "He will learn, Sir, that to accuse and _to_ prove are very different."--_Walpole cor._ "They crowded around the door so as to prevent others _from_ going out."--_Abbott cor._ "_A word denoting_ one person or thing, is _of the_ singular number; _a word denoting_ more than one person or thing: is _of the_ plural number."--_J. Flint cor._ "Nouns, according to the sense or relation in which they are used, are in the nominative, _the_ possessive, or _the objective_ case: thus, Nom. man.

Poss. man's, Obj. man."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "Nouns or p.r.o.nouns in the possessive case are placed before the nouns which govern them, _and_ to which they belong."--_Sanborn cor._ "A teacher is explaining the difference between a noun and _a_ verb."--_Abbott cor._ "And therefore the two ends, or extremities, must directly answer to the north and _the_ south pole."--_Harris cor._ "WALKS or WALKETH, RIDES or RIDETH, _and_ STANDS or STANDETH, are of the third person singular."--_Kirkham cor._ "I grew immediately roguish and pleasant, to a _high_ degree, in the same strain."--_Swift cor._ "An _Anapest_ has the first _two_ syllables unaccented, and the last _one_ accented."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._; also _Kirkham et al_.; also _L. Mur. et al_. "But hearing and vision differ not more than words spoken and _words_ written." Or: "But hearing and vision _do not differ_ more than _spoken words_ and written."--_Wilson cor._ "They are considered by some _authors to be_ prepositions."--_Cooper cor._ "When those powers have been deluded and _have_ gone astray."--_Phil Mu. cor._ "They will understand this, and _will_ like it."--_Abbott cor._ "They had been expelled _from_ their native country Romagna."--_Hunt cor._ "Future time is expressed _in_ two different ways."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "Such as the borrowing _of some noted event_ from history."--_Kames cor._ "Every _finite_ verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."--_Bucke cor._ "We are struck, we know not how, with the symmetry of any _handsome_ thing we see."--_L. Murray cor._ "Under this head, I shall consider every thing _that is_ necessary to a good delivery."--_Sheridan cor._ "A good ear is the gift of nature; it may be much improved, but _it cannot be_ acquired by art."--_L. Murray cor._ "'_Truth_' _is a common_ noun, _of the third person_, singular _number_, neuter _gender_, and nominative _case_."--_Bullions cor._ by _Brown's Form_. "'_Possess_' _is a regular_ active-transitive verb, _found in_ the indicative mood, present _tense_, third person, _and_ plural number."--_Id._ "'_Fear_' is a _common_ noun, _of the third person_, singular _number_, neuter _gender_, and nominative _case_: and is the subject of _is: according to the Rule which says, 'A noun or a p.r.o.noun which is the subject of a finite verb, must be in the nominative case.'_ Because the meaning is--'_fear is_.'"--_Id._ "'_Is_' is an irregular _neuter_ verb, _from be_, was, _being_, been; _found_ in the indicative _mood_, present _tense_, third person, _and_ singular _number_: and agrees with its nominative _fear_; _according to the_ Rule _which says_, '_Every finite_ verb _must agree with its subject, or nominative, in person and number_' Because the meaning is--'_fear is_.'"--_Id._ "_Ae in the word Gaelic_, has the sound of long _a_."--_Wells cor._

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XI.--OF LITERARY BLUNDERS.

"Repeat some adverbs that are composed of the _prefix or preposition a_ and nouns."--_Kirkham cor._ "Participles are so called, because _they partic.i.p.ate or partake the properties of verbs and of adjectives or nouns_.

The Latin word _participium_, which signifies _a participle, is_ derived from _participo_, to partake."--_Merchant cor._ "The possessive _precedes_ an other noun, and is known by the sign _'s_, or by this ', the apostrophe only."--_Beck cor._ "Reciprocal p.r.o.nouns, _or compound personal p.r.o.nouns_, are formed by adding _self_ or _selves_ to the _simple_ possessives _of the first and second persons, and to the objectives of the third person_; as, _myself, yourselves, himself, themselves_."--_Id._ "The word SELF, and its plural SELVES, _when used separately as names_, must be considered as nouns; _but when joined to the simple p.r.o.nouns, they are not nouns, but parts of the compound personal p.r.o.nouns_."--_Wright cor._ "The _Spondee 'rolls round_,' expresses beautifully the majesty of the sun in his course."--_Webster and Frazee cor._ "_Active-transitive verbs_ govern the objective case; as, 'John _learned_ his _lesson_.'"--_Frazee cor._ "Prosody primarily signified _accent_, or _the modulation of the voice_; and, as the name implies, related _to poetry, or song_."--_Hendrick cor._ "On such a principle of forming _them_, there would be as many _moods_ as verbs; and, _in stead_ of four moods, we should have _four thousand three hundred_, which is the number of verbs in the English language, according to Lowth." [556]--_Hallock cor._ "The phrases, 'To let _out_ blood,'--'To go _a_ hunting,' are _not_ elliptical; for _out_ is needless, and _a_ is a preposition, governing _hunting_."--_Bullions cor._ "In Rhyme, the last syllable of every _line corresponds in_ sound _with that of some other line or lines_."--_Id._ "The possessive case plural, _where the nominative ends in s_, has the apostrophe _only_; as, '_Eagles'_ wings,'--'_lions'_ whelps,'--'_bears'_ claws.'"--_Weld cor._ "'_Horses-manes_,' plural, should be written _possessively, 'horses' manes_:'" [_one "mane"_ is never possessed by many "_horses_."]--_Id._ "W takes its _usual_ form from the union of two _Vees_, V being the _figure_ of the Roman capital letter which was anciently called _U_."--_Fowler cor._ "In the sentence, 'I saw the lady who sings,' what word _is nominative to_ SINGS?"--_J. Flint cor._ "In the sentence, 'This is the pen which John made,' what word _expresses the object of_ MADE?"--_Id._ "'That we fall into _no_ sin:' _no_ is a definitive or p.r.o.nominal _adjective_, not compared, and relates to _sin_."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "'That _all_ our doings may be ordered by thy governance:' _all_ is a p.r.o.nominal adjective, not compared, and relates to _doings_."--_Id._ "'Let him be made _to_ study.' _Why is_ the sign _to_ expressed before _study_? Because _be made_ is pa.s.sive; and pa.s.sive verbs do not take the infinitive after them without the preposition _to_."--_Sanborn cor._ "The following verbs have _both the preterit tense and the perfect participle like the present_: viz., Cast, cut, cost, shut, let, bid, shed, hurt, hit, put, &c."--_Buchanan cor._ "The agreement which _any_ word has with _an other_ in person, _number_, gender, _or_ case, is called CONCORD; and _the_ power which one _word_ has over _an other_, in respect to ruling its case, mood, or _form_, is called GOVERNMENT."--_Bucke cor._ "The word _ticks_ tells what the watch is _doing_."--_Sanborn cor._ "_The_ Breve ([~]) marks a short vowel or syllable, and the _Macron_ ([=]), a long _one_."--_Bullions and Lennie cor._ "'Charles, you, by your diligence, make easy work of the task given you by your preceptor.' The first _you_ is in the _nominative_ case, being the subject of the verb _make_."--_Kirkham cor._ "_Uoy_ in _buoy_ is a proper _triphthong; eau_ in _flambeau_ is an improper _triphthong_."--_Sanborn cor._ "'While I of things to come, As past rehearsing, sing.'--POLLOK. That is, 'While I sing of things to come, _as if I were rehearsing things that are_ past.'"--_Kirkham cor._ "A simple sentence _usually_ has in it but one nominative, and _but_ one _finite_ verb."--_Folker cor._ "An irregular verb is _a verb that does not form the preterit_ and _the_ perfect participle _by a.s.suming d or ed_."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 75. "But, when the antecedent is used in a _restricted_ sense, a comma is _sometimes_ inserted before the relative; as, 'There is no _charm_ in the female s.e.x, _which_ can supply the place of virtue.'"--_L. Murray's Gram._, p. 273. Or: "But, when the antecedent is used in a _restricted_ sense, no comma is _usually_ inserted before the relative; as, 'There is in the female s.e.x no _charm which_ can supply the place of virtue.'"--_Kirkham cor._ "Two capitals _used_ in this way, denote _different words_; but _one repeated, marks_ the plural number: as, L. D. _Legis Doctor_; LL. D. _Legum Doctor_."--_Gould cor._ "Was any person _present besides_ the mercer? Yes; his clerk."--_L. Murray cor._ "The word _adjective_ comes from the Latin _adjectivum_; and this, from _ad_, to, and _jacio_, I cast."--_Kirkham cor._ "Vision, or _Imagery_, is a figure _by which the speaker represents the objects of his imagination_, as actually before _his_ eyes, and _present to his senses_. Thus Cicero, in his fourth oration against Cataline: 'I seem to myself to behold this city, the ornament of the earth, and the capital of all nations, suddenly involved in one conflagration. I see before me the slaughtered heaps of citizens lying unburied in the midst of their ruined country. The furious countenance of Ceth[=e]'gus rises to my view, while with savage joy he is triumphing in your miseries.'"--_Dr. Blair cor._; also _L. Murray_. "When _two or more_ verbs follow the same nominative, _an_ auxiliary _that is common to them both or all_, is _usually expressed to_ the first, and understood to the rest: as, 'He _has gone_ and _left_ me;' that is, 'He _has gone_ and _has left_ me.'"--_Comly cor._ "When I use the word _pillar to denote a column that supports_ an edifice, I employ it literally."--_Hiley cor._ "_In poetry_, the conjunction _nor_ is often used for _neither_; as

'A stately superstructure, that _nor_ wind, Nor wave, nor shock of falling years, could move.'--POLLOK."--_Id._

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XII--OF PERVERSIONS.

"In the beginning G.o.d created the _heaven_ and the earth."--_Genesis_, i, 1. "Canst thou by searching find out _G.o.d_?"--_Job_, xi, 7. "Great _and marvellous are thy works_, Lord _G.o.d Almighty_; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints."--_Rev._, xv. 3. "_Not_ every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven."--_Matt._, vii, 21.

"Though he was rich, yet for _your_ sakes he became poor."--_2 Cor._, viii, 9. "Whose foundation was _overthrown_ with a flood."--SCOTT'S BIBLE: _Job_, xxii, 16. "Take my yoke upon _you, and learn of me_;" &c.--_Matt._, xi, 29.

"I _go_ to prepare a place for you."--_John_, xiv, 2. "_And you_ hath he quickened, who _were_ dead _in_ trespa.s.ses _and sins_."--_Ephesians_, ii, 1. "Go, flee thee away into the land of _Judah_."--_Amos_, vii, 12; _Lowth's Gram._, p. 44. Or: "Go, flee away into the land of _Judah_."--_Hart cor._ "Hitherto shalt thou come, _but_ no _further_."--_Job_, x.x.xviii, 11. "The day is thine, the night also is thine."--_Psal._, lxxiv, 16. "_Tribulation_ worketh patience; and patience, experience; and experience, hope."--_Romans_, v, 4. "_Then_ shall the dust return to _the earth as it was_; and the _spirit shall return unto G.o.d_ who gave it."--_Ecclesiastes_, xii, 7. "_At the last_ it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. _Thine eyes shall behold strange women_, and _thine heart shall_ utter perverse things: _Yea_, thou _shalt_ be _as he that_ lieth down in the midst of the sea."--_Prov._, xxiii, 32, 33, 34.

"The memory of the just _is blessed_; but the name of the wicked shall rot."--_Prov._, x, 7. "He that is slow _to_ anger, is better than the mighty; _and_ he that ruleth his spirit, than he that taketh a city."--_Prov._, xvi, 32. "_For whom the Lord loveth_, he correcteth; _even_ as _a_ father the son in whom he delighteth."--_Prov._, iii, 12.

"The _first-future_ tense _is that which expresses_ what _will_ take place hereafter."--_Brown's Inst. of E. Gram._, p. 54. "Teach me to feel another's woe, To hide _the fault_ I see."--_Pope's Univ. Prayer_. "Surely thou art one of them; for thou art a _Galilean_."--_Mark_, xiv, 70. "Surely thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth thee."--_Matt._, xxvi, 73. "Strait is the gate, and narrow _is_ the way, _which leadeth_ unto life."--_Matt._, vii, 14. "Thou buildest the wall, that thou _mayest_ be their king."--_Nehemiah_, vi, 6. "There is forgiveness with thee, that thou _mayest_ be feared."--_Psalms_, cx.x.x, 4. "But yesterday, the word _of Caesar_ might Have stood against the world."--_Beauties of Shakspeare_, p.

250. "The North-East spends _his_ rage."--_Thomson's Seasons_, p. 34.

"Tells how the drudging _goblin_ swet."--_Milton's Allegro_, l. 105. "And to his faithful _champion_ hath in place _Borne_ witness gloriously."--_Milton's Sam. Agon._, l. 1752. "Then, if thou _fall'st_, O Cromwell, Thou _fall'st_ a blessed martyr."--_Beauties of Shakspeare_, p.

173. Better: "Then, if thou _fall_, O Cromwell! thou _fallst_ a blessed martyr."--_Shak. and Kirk. cor._ "I see the dagger-crest of Mar, I see the _Moray's_ silver star, _Wave_ o'er the cloud of Saxon war, That up the lake _comes_ winding far!"--_Scott's Lady of the Lake_, p. 162. "Each _beast_, each insect, happy in its own."--_Pope, on Man_, Ep. i, l. 185. "_And he that is_ learning to arrange _his_ sentences with accuracy and order, _is_ learning, at the same time, to think with accuracy and order."--_Blair's Lect._, p. 120. "We, then, as workers together with _him_, beseech you also that ye receive not the grace of G.o.d in vain."--_2 Cor._, vi, 1. "And on the _boundless_ of thy goodness calls."--_Young's Last Day_, B. ii, l. 320.

"Knowledge dwells In heads replete with thoughts of other men; Wisdom, in minds _attentive_ to their own."--_Cowper's Task_, B. vi, l. 90. "_O_! let me listen to the _words_ of life!"--_Thomson's Paraphrase on Matt_. vi.

"Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled _tower_." &c.--_Gray's Elegy_, l. 9.

"_Weighs_ the _men's_ wits against the _Lady's hair_."--_Pope's Rape of the Lock_, Canto v, l. 72. "_Till_ the publication of _Dr_. Lowth's _small Introduction_, the grammatical study of our language formed no part of the ordinary method of instruction."--_Hiley's Preface_, p. vi. "Let there be no strife, _I pray thee, between_ me and thee."--_Gen._, xiii, 8.

"What! canst thou not _forbear_ me half an hour?"--_Shakspeare_.

"Till then who knew the force of those dire _arms_?"--_Milton_.

"In words, as fashions, the _same_ rule will hold; Alike fantastic, if too new or old: Be not the first by whom the new _are_ tried Nor yet the last to lay the old aside."--_Pope, on Criticism_, l. 333.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XIII.--OF AWKWARDNESS.

"They slew Varus, _whom_ I mentioned before."--_L. Murray cor._ "Maria rejected Valerius, _whom_ she had rejected before." Or: "Maria rejected Valerius _a second time_."--_Id._ "_In_ the English _language, nouns have_ but two different terminations for cases."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 64.

"Socrates and Plato were _the wisest men, and_ the most eminent philosophers _in_ Greece."--_Buchanan's Gram._, Pref., p. viii. "Whether more than one were concerned in the business, does not yet appear." Or: "_How many_ were concerned in the business, does not yet appear."--_L.

Murray cor._ "And that, consequently, the verb _or_ p.r.o.noun agreeing with it, _can never_ with propriety be used in the plural number."--_Id. et al.

cor._ "A second help may be, _frequent_ and _free converse_ with _others_ of your own s.e.x who are like minded."--_Wesley cor._ "Four of the _semivowels_, namely, _l, m, n_, and _r_, are _termed_ LIQUIDS, _on account of the fluency of_ their sounds."--See _Brown's Inst._, p. 16. "Some conjunctions _are used in pairs_, so that _one_ answers to _an other, as its regular_ correspondent."--_Lowth et al. cor._ "The mutes are those consonants whose sounds cannot be protracted; the _semivowels have imperfect_ sounds _of their own_, which can be continued at pleasure."--_Murray et al. cor._ "HE _and_ SHE _are_ sometimes used as _nouns_, and, _as such, are_ regularly declined: as, 'The _hes_ in birds.'--BACON. 'The _shes_ of Italy.'--SHAK."--_Churchill cor._ "The separation of a preposition from the word which it governs, is [censured by some writers, as being improper."--_C. Adams cor._ "The word WHOSE, _according to some critics, should_ be restricted to persons; but good writers _still occasionally_ use it _with reference to_ things."--_Priestley et al. cor._ "New and surpa.s.sing wonders present themselves to our _view_."--_Sherlock cor._ "The degrees of comparison are often _inaccurately_ applied and construed."--_Alger's Murray_. Or: "_Pa.s.sages_ are often found in which the degrees of comparison _have not an accurate construction_."--_Campbell cor._; also _Murray et al_. "The _sign of possession_ is placed too _far from the name_, to _form a construction that is_ either perspicuous or agreeable."--_L. Murray cor._ "_The simple tenses_ are those which are formed _by_ the princ.i.p.al verb without an auxiliary."--_Id._ "The _more intimate_ men _are_, the more _they affect one another's happiness_."--_Id._ "This is the machine that he _invented_."--_Nixon cor._ "To give this sentence the interrogative form, _we must express it_ thus." Or: "This sentence, _to have_ the interrogative form, should be expressed thus."--_L. Murray cor._ "Never employ words _that are_ susceptible of a sense different from _that which_ you intend _to convey_."--_Hiley cor._ "Sixty pages are occupied in explaining what, according to the ordinary method, would not require more than ten or twelve."--_Id._ "The participle in _ing_ always expresses action, suffering, or being, as continuing, _or in progress_."--_Bullions cor._ "The _first_ participle of all active verbs, has _usually_ an active signification; as, 'James is _building_ the house.' _Often_, however, it _takes_ a pa.s.sive _meaning_; as, '_The house is building_.'"--_Id._ "_Previously_ to parsing this sentence, the young pupil may be _taught to a.n.a.lyze_ it, by such questions as the following: viz."--_Id._ "_Since_ that period, however, attention has been paid to this important subject."--_Id.

and Hiley cor._ "A definition of a word is _a brief_ explanation _of_ what _it means_."--G. BROWN: _Hiley cor._

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XIV.--OF IGNORANCE.

"What is _a verb_? It is _a word_ which signifies _to be, to act_, or _to be acted upon_." Or thus: "What is an _a.s.sertor_? Ans. 'One who affirms positively; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator.'--WEBSTER'S DICT."--_Peirce cor._ "Virgil wrote the _aeneid_."--_Kirkham cor._ "Which, to a supercilious or inconsiderate _native of j.a.pan_, would seem very idle and impertinent."--_Locke cor._ "Will not a look of disdain cast upon you throw you into a _ferment_?"--_Say cor._ "Though only the conjunction _if_ is _here set before_ the verb, there are several others, (as _that, though, lest, unless, except_,) which may be _used with_ the subjunctive mood."--_L. Murray cor._ "When proper names have an article _before_ them, they are used as common names."--_Id. et al. cor._ "When a proper noun has an article _before_ it, it is used as a common noun."--_Merchant cor._ "Seeming to _rob_ the death-field of its terrors."--_Id._ "For the same reason, we might, without any _detriment_ to the language, dispense with the terminations of our verbs in the singular."--_Kirkham cor._ "It _removes_ all possibility of being misunderstood."--_Abbott cor._ "Approximation to _perfection_ is all that we can expect."--_Id._ "I have often joined in singing with _musicians_ at Norwich."--_Gardiner cor._ "When not standing in regular _prosaic_ order." Or:--"in _the_ regular order _of prose_."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ "_Regardless_ of the dogmas and edicts of the philosophical umpire."--_Kirkham cor._ "Others begin to talk before their mouths are open, _prefixing_ the mouth-closing M to most of their words; as, '_M-yes_,' for '_Yes_.'"--_Gardiner cor._ "That noted close of his '_esse videatur_,' exposed him to censure among his _contemporaries_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "A man's _own is_ what he _has, or possesses by right; the word own_ being a past participle of _the_ verb _to owe_, which formerly signified _to have or possess_."--_Kirkham cor._ "As requires so; expressing a comparison of _manner_; as, '_As_ the one dieth, _so_ dieth the other.'"--_L. Mur. et al. cor._ "To obey our parents, is _an obvious_ duty."--_Parker and Fox cor._ "_Almost_ all the political papers of the kingdom have touched upon these things."--_H. C. Wright cor._ "I shall take _the liberty_ to make a few observations on the subject."--_Hiley cor._ "His loss I have endeavoured to supply, _so_ far as _by_ additional vigilance and industry _I could_."--_Id._ "That they should make vegetation so _exuberant_ as to antic.i.p.ate every want."--_Frazee cor._ "The _guillemets_, or _quotation points_, [""] denote that one or more words are extracted from an other author."--_P. E. Day cor._ "_Nineveh, the capital of_ a.s.syria, _was one_ of the most noted cities of ancient _times_."--_Id._ "It may, however, be rendered definite by _the mention of_ some _particular_ time; as, yesterday, last week, &c."--_Bullions cor._ "The last is called heroic measure, and is the same that is used by Milton, Young, _Thomson, Pollok_. &c."--_Id._ "_Perennial_ ones must be sought in the delightful regions above."--_Hallock cor._ "Intransitive verbs are those which are _inseparable_ from the effect produced." Or better: "Intransitive verbs are those which _express action without governing an object_."--_Cutler cor._ "_The Feminine_ gender belongs to women, and animals of the female kind."--_Id._ "_Wo_ unto you, scribes and _Pharisees_, hypocrites!"--ALGER'S BIBLE: _Luke_, xi, 44. "A _pyrrhic_, which has both its syllables short."--_Day cor._ "What kind of _jessamine_?

A _jessamine_ in flower, or a flowery _jessamine_."--_Barrett cor._ "LANGUAGE, _a word_ derived from LINGUA, the tongue, _now signifies any series of sounds or letters formed into words, and used for the expression of thought_."--_Id._ See _this Gram. of E. Grammars_, p. 145. "Say '_none_,' not '_ne'er a one_.'"--_Staniford cor._ "'_E'er a one_,' [is sometimes used for '_any_'] or '_either_.'"--_Pond cor._

"Earth loses thy _pattern_ for ever and aye; O sailor-boy! sailor-boy! peace to thy soul."

--_Dymond_.

"His brow was sad; his eye beneath Flashed like a _falchion_ from its sheath."

--_Longfellow's Ballads_, p. 129.

[Fist] [The examples exhibited for exercises under Critical Notes 15th and 16th, being judged either incapable of correction, or unworthy of the endeavour, are submitted to the criticism of the reader, without any attempt to amend them, or to offer subst.i.tutes in this place.]

PROMISCUOUS CORRECTIONS OF FALSE SYNTAX.

LESSON I.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"_Why is_ our language less refined than that of Italy, Spain, or France?"--_L. Murray cor. "Why is_ our language less refined than _the French_?"--_Ingersoll cor._ "I believe your Lordship will agree with me, in the reason why our language is less refined than _that_ of Italy, Spain, or France."--_Swift cor._ "Even in this short sentence, 'why our language is less refined than _those_ of Italy, Spain, or France,' we may discern an inaccuracy; the _p.r.o.nominal adjective 'those'_ is made plural, when the substantive to which it refers, or the thing for which it stands, 'the _language_ of Italy, Spain, or France,' is singular."--_Dr. H. Blair cor._ "The sentence _would_ have run much better in this way:--'why our language is less refined than the Italian, _the_ Spanish, or _the_ French.'"--_Id._ "But when arranged in an entire sentence, _as_ they must be to make a complete sense, they show it still more evidently."--_L. Murray cor._ "This is a more artificial and refined construction, than that in which the common connective is simply _used_."--_Id._ "_I_ shall present _to_ the reader a list of _certain_ prepositions _or prefixes_, which are derived from the Latin and Greek languages."--_Id. "A relative sometimes comprehends_ the meaning of a _personal_ p.r.o.noun and a copulative conjunction."--_Id._ "Personal p.r.o.nouns, being used to supply the _places_ of nouns, are not _often_ employed in the same _clauses with_ the _nouns_ which they represent."--_Id. and Smith cor._ "There is very seldom any occasion for a subst.i.tute where the princ.i.p.al word is present."--_L. Mur.

cor._ "We hardly consider little children as persons, because _the_ term _person_ gives us the idea of reason, _or intelligence_."--_Priestley et al. cor._ "The _occasions_ for exerting these _two_ qualities _are_ different."--_Dr. Blair et al. cor._ "I'll tell you _with whom_ time ambles withal, _with whom_ time trots withal, _with whom_ time gallops withal, and _with whom_ he stands still withal. I pray thee, _with whom_ doth he trot withal?"--_Buchanan's Gram._, p. 122. "By greatness, I mean, _not_ the bulk of any single object _only_ but the largeness of a whole view."--_Addison cor._ "The question may then be put, What _more_ does he than mean?"--_Dr.

Blair cor._ "The question might be put, What more does he than mean?"--_Id._ "He is surprised to find himself _at_ so great a distance from the object with which he _set_ out."--_Id._; also _Murray cor._ "Few rules can be given which will hold _good_ in all cases."--_Lowth and Mur.

cor._ "Versification is the arrangement of _words into metrical lines_, according to the laws _of verse_."--_Johnson cor._ "Versification is the arrangement _of words into rhythmical lines of some particular length, so as to produce harmony by the regular alternation of syllables differing in quant.i.ty_."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "_Amelia's_ friend Charlotte, to whom no one imputed blame, was too prompt in her own vindication."--_L. Murray cor._ "Mr. Pitt's joining _of_ the war party in 1793, the most striking and the most fatal instance of this offence, is the one which at once presents itself."--_Brougham cor._ "To the framing _of_ such a sound const.i.tution of mind."--_Lady cor._ "'I beseech you,' said St. Paul to his Ephesian converts, 'that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called.'

"--See _Eph._, iv, 1. "So as to prevent _it from_ being equal to that."--_Booth cor._ "When speaking of an _action_ as being performed." Or: "When speaking of _the performance of an action_."--_Id._ "And, in all questions of _actions_ being so performed, _est_ is added _for_ the second person."--_Id._ "No account can be given of this, _but_ that custom has blinded their eyes." Or: "No _other_ account can be given of this, _than_ that custom has blinded their eyes."--_Dymond cor._

"Design, or chance, _makes_ others wive; But nature did this match contrive."--_Waller cor._

LESSON II.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"I suppose each of you _thinks_ it is _his_ own nail."--_Abbott cor._ "They are useless, _because they are_ apparently based upon this supposition."--_Id._ "The form, _or_ manner, in which this plan may be adopted is various."--_Id. "The_ making _of_ intellectual effort, and _the_ acquiring _of_ knowledge, are always pleasant to the human mind."--_Id._ "This will do more than the best lecture _that_ ever was delivered."--_Id.

"The_ doing _of_ easy things is generally dull work."--_Id._ "Such _are_ the tone and manner of some teachers."--_Id._ "Well, the fault is, _that some one was_ disorderly at prayer time."--_Id._ "Do you remember _to have spoken_ on this subject in school?"--_Id._ "The course above recommended, is not _the_ trying _of_ lax and inefficient measures"--_Id._ "Our community _agree_ that there is a G.o.d."--_Id._ "It prevents _them from_ being interested in what is said."--_Id._ "We will also suppose that I call an other boy to me, _whom_ I have reason to believe to be a sincere Christian."--_Id._ "Five _minutes'_ notice is given by the bell."--_Id._ "The Annals of Education _give_ notice of it." Or: "The _work ent.i.tled_ 'Annals of Education' _gives_ notice of it."--_Id. "Teachers'_ meetings will be interesting and useful."--_Id._ "She thought _a_ half hour's study would conquer all the difficulties."--_Id._ "The difference between an honest and _a_ hypocritical confession."--_Id._ "There is no point of attainment _at which_ we must stop."--_Id._ "Now six _hours' service_ is as much as is expected of teachers."--_Id._ "How _many_ are seven times nine?"--_Id._ "Then the reckoning proceeds till it _comes_ to ten hundred."--_Frost cor._ "Your success will depend on your own exertions; see, then, that you _be_ diligent."--_Id._ "Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense: If I _be_ known, If thou _be_ known, If he _be_ known;" &c.--_Id._ "If I be loved, If thou be loved, If he be loved;" &c.--_Frost right._ "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion. _Interjections_ are so called because they are generally thrown in between the parts of _discourse_, without any reference to the structure of _those_ parts."--_Frost cor._ "The _Cardinal numbers_ are those which _simply tell how many_; as, one, two, three."--_Id._ "More than one organ _are_ concerned in the utterance of almost every consonant." Or thus: "More _organs_ than one _are_ concerned in the utterance of almost _any_ consonant."--_Id._ "To extract from them all the terms _which_ we _use_ in our divisions and subdivisions of the art."--_Holmes cor._ "And there _were_ written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe."--_Bible cor._ "If I were to be judged as to my behaviour, compared with that of _John_."--_Whiston's Jos. cor._ "The preposition _to_, signifying _in order to_, was anciently preceded by _for_; as, 'What went ye out _for to see?_'"--_L. Murray's Gram._, p. 184. "This makes the proper perfect tense, which in English is always expressed by the auxiliary verb _have; as_, 'I have written.'"--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Indeed, in the formation of character, personal exertion is the first, the second, and the third _virtue_."--_Sanders cor._ "The reducing _of_ them to the condition of the beasts that perish."--_Dymond cor._ "Yet this affords no reason to deny that the nature of the gift is the same, or that both are divine." Or: "Yet this affords no reason to _aver_ that the nature of the gift is not the same, or that both are not divine."--_Id._ "If G.o.d _has_ made known his will."--_Id._ "If Christ _has_ prohibited them, nothing else can prove them right."--_Id._ "That the taking _of_ them is wrong, every man who simply consults his own heart, will know."--_Id._ "_From these evils the world_ would be spared, if one did not write."--_Id._ "It is in a great degree our own _fault_."--_Id._ "It is worthy _of_ observation, that lesson-learning is nearly excluded."--_Id._ "Who spares the aggressor's life, even to the endangering _of_ his own."--_Id._ "Who advocates the taking _of_ the life of an aggressor."--_Id._ "And thence up to the intentionally and _voluntarily_ fraudulent."--_Id._ "And the contention was so _sharp between_ them, that they departed asunder one from _the_ other."--SCOTT'S, FRIENDS', ALGER'S, BRUCE'S BIBLE, AND OTHERS: _Acts_, xv, 39. "Here the man is John, and John is the man; so the words are _imagination_ and _fancy; but THE imagination_ and THE fancy are _not words_: they are intellectual powers."--_Rev. M. Harrison cor._ "The article, which is here so emphatic in the Greek, is _quite forgotten_ in our translation."--_Id._ "We have no _fewer_ than _twenty-four_ p.r.o.nouns."--_Id._ "It will admit of a p.r.o.noun joined to it."--_Id._ "From intercourse and from conquest, all the languages of Europe partic.i.p.ate _one_ with _an_ other."--_Id._ "It is not always necessity, therefore, that has been the cause of our introducing _of_ terms derived from the cla.s.sical languages."--_Id._ "The man of genius stamps upon it any impression that pleases _him_." Or: "any impression that he _chooses_."--_Id._ "The proportion of names ending in SON _preponderates_ greatly among the Dano-Saxon population of the North."--_Id._ "As a proof of the strong similarity between the English _language_ and the Danish."--_Id._ "A century from the time _when_ (or _at which_) Hengist and Horsa landed on the Isle of Thanet."--_Id._

"I saw the colours waving in the wind, And _them_ within, to mischief how combin'd."--_Bunyan cor._

LESSON III.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"A ship excepted: of _which_ we say, '_She_ sails well.'"--_Jonson cor._ "Honesty is reckoned _of_ little worth."--_Lily cor._ "Learn to esteem life as _you_ ought."--_Dodsley cor._ "As the soundest health is less perceived than the lightest malady, so the highest joy toucheth us less _sensibly_ than the smallest sorrow."--_Id._ "_Youth_ is no apology for _frivolousness_."--_Whiting cor._ "The porch was _of_ the same width as the temple."--_Milman cor._ "The other tribes contributed _neither_ to his rise _nor to his_ downfall."--_Id._ "His whole religion, _with all its laws_, would have been shaken to its foundation."--_Id._ "The English has most commonly been neglected, and children _have been_ taught only _in_ the Latin syntax."--_J. Ward cor._ "They are not _noticed_ in the notes."-- _Id._ "He walks in righteousness, doing what he would _have others do to him_."--_Fisher cor._ "They stand _independent_ of the rest of the sentence."--_Ingersoll cor._ "My uncle _and_ his son were in town yesterday."--_Lennie cor._ "She _and_ her sisters are well."--_Id._ "His purse, with its contents, _was_ abstracted from his pocket."--_Id._ "The great const.i.tutional feature of this inst.i.tution being, that directly _after_ the acrimony of the last election is over, the acrimony of the next begins."--_d.i.c.kens cor._ "His disregarding _of_ his parents' advice has brought him into disgrace."--_Farnum cor._ "Can you tell me _why_ his father _made_ that remark?"--_Id._ "_Why does_ our teacher _detain_ us so long?"--_Id._ "I am certain _that_ the boy said so."--_Id._ "WHICH means any thing or things before named; and THAT may represent any person or persons, thing or things, _that_ have been speaking, spoken to, or spoken of."--_Perley cor._ "A certain number of syllables _occurring in a particular order_, form a foot. _Poetic feet_ are so called because it is by their aid that the voice, as it were, steps along."--_L. Murray et al.

cor._ "_Questions asked by_ a princ.i.p.al verb _only_--as, _'Teach I?' 'Burns he?'_ &c.,--are _archaisms_, and now _peculiar to the poets_."--_A. Murray cor._ "Tell whether the 18th, _the_ 19th, _the_ 20th, _the_ 21st, _the_ 22d, or _the_ 23d _rule is_ to be used, and repeat the rule."--_Parker and Fox cor._ "The resolution was adopted without much deliberation, _and consequently_ caused great dissatisfaction." Or: "The resolution, _which_ caused great dissatisfaction, was adopted without much deliberation."-- _Iid._ "The man is now much _noticed_ by the people thereabouts."--_Webb's Edward's Gram. cor._ "The sand prevents _them from_ sticking to one an other."--_Id._ "Defective verbs are those which are used only in some of _the_ moods and tenses."--_Greenleaf's Gram., p. 29; Ingersoll's, 121; Smith's, 90; Merchant's, 64; Nutting's, 68; L. Murray, Guy, Russell, Bacon, Frost, Alger, S. Putnam, Goldsbury, Felton, et al. cor._ "Defective verbs are those which want some of _the_ moods _or_ tenses."--_Lennie et al.

cor._ "Defective verbs want some of _the_ parts _common to other verbs_."--_Bullions cor._ "A Defective verb is one that wants some of _the_ parts _common to verbs_."--_Id._ "To the irregular verbs _may_ be added the defective; which are not only irregular, but also wanting in some parts."--_Lowth cor._ "To the irregular verbs _may_ be added the defective; which are not only wanting in some parts, but are, when inflected, irregular."--_Churchill cor._ "When two or more nouns _occur together_ in the possessive case."--_Farnum cor._ "When several short sentences _come together_"--_Id._ "Words are divided into ten cla.s.ses, called Parts of Speech."--_L. Ainsworth cor._ "A pa.s.sive verb has its agent or doer always in the objective case, governed by a preposition."--_Id._ "I am surprised at your _inattention_."--_Id._ "SINGULAR: Thou lovest, _not_ You love.

_You_ has always a plural verb."--_Bullions cor._ "How do you know that love is _of_ the first person? Ans. Because _we, the p.r.o.noun_, is _of_ the first _person_."--_Id. and Lennie cor._ "The lowing herd _winds_ slowly _o'er_ the lea."--_Gray's Elegy_, l. 2: _Bullions cor._ "Iambic verses have _their_ second, fourth, and other even syllables accented."--_Bullions cor._ "Contractions _that_ are not allowable in prose, are often made in poetry."--_Id._ "Yet to their general's voice they _soon obey'd_"-- _Milton_. "It never presents to his mind _more than_ one new subject at the same time."--_Felton cor._ "An _abstract noun_ is the name of some particular quality considered apart from its substance."--_Brown's Inst. of E. Gram._, p. 32. "_A noun is of_ the first person when _it denotes the speaker_."--_Felton cor._ "Which of the two brothers _is a graduate_?"-- _Hallock cor._ "I am a linen-draper bold, As all the world doth know."--_Cowper_. "_Oh_ the _pain_, the _bliss_ of dying!"--_Pope_. "This do; take _to_ you censers, _thou_, Korah, and all _thy_ company."--_Bible cor._ "There are _three_ participles; the _imperfect, the perfect_, and _the preperfect_: as, reading, read, having read. Transitive verbs have an _active and pa.s.sive_ participle: that is, their form for the perfect is sometimes active, and sometimes pa.s.sive; as, _read_, or _loved_."--_S. S.

Greene cor._

"O _Heav'n_, in my connubial hour decree _My spouse this man_, or such a _man_ as he."--_Pope cor._

LESSON IV.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.

"The past tenses (of Hiley's subjunctive mood) represent conditional past _facts_ or _events_, of which the speaker is uncertain."--_Hiley cor._ "Care also should be taken that they _be_ not introduced too abundantly."--_Id._ "Till they _have_ become familiar to the mind." Or: "Till they _become_ familiar to the mind."--_Id._ "When once a particular arrangement and phraseology _have_ become familiar to the mind."--_Id._ "I have furnished the student with the plainest and most practical directions _that_ I could devise."--_Id._ "When you are conversant with the Rules of Grammar, you will be qualified to commence the study of Style."--_Id._ "_C before e, i, or y, always_ has a soft sound, like _s_."--_L. Murray cor._ "_G_ before _e, i, or y_, is _generally_ soft; as in _genius, ginger, Egypt_."--_Id._ "_C_ before _e, i, or y, always_ sounds soft, like _s_."--_Hiley cor._ "_G_ is _generally_ soft before _e, i, or y_; as in _genius, ginger, Egypt_."--_Id._ "A perfect alphabet must always contain _just_ as many letters as there are elementary sounds in the language: the English alphabet, _having fewer letters than sounds, and sometimes more than one letter for the same sound_, is both defective and redundant."--_Id._ "A common _noun is a name_, given to a whole cla.s.s or species, and _is_ applicable to every individual of that cla.s.s."--_Id._ "Thus an adjective has _usually_ a noun either expressed or understood."--_Id._ "Emphasis is _extraordinary force used in the enunciation of such words as we wish to make prominent in discourse_." Or: "Emphasis is _a peculiar stress of voice, used in the utterance of words specially significant_."--_Dr. H. Blair cor._; also _L. Murray_. "_So_ simple _a_ question as. 'Do you ride to town to-day?' is capable of _as many as_ four different acceptations, _the sense varying_ as the emphasis is differently placed."--_Iid._ "Thus, _bravely, for_ 'in a brave manner.'

is derived from _brave-like_."--_Hiley cor._ "In _this_ manner, _several_ different parts of speech are _often_ formed from _one root_ by means of _different affixes_."--_Id._ "Words derived from _the same root_, are always more or less allied in signification."--_Id._ "When a noun of mult.i.tude conveys _the idea of unity_, the verb and p.r.o.noun should be singular; but when it conveys _the idea of plurality_, the verb and p.r.o.noun must be plural."--_Id._ "They have spent their whole time to make the sacred chronology agree with the profane."--_Id._ "I have studied my lesson, but you have not _looked at yours_."--_Id._ "When words _are connected_ in pairs, there is _usually_ a comma _after_ each pair."-- _Hiley, Bullions, and Lennie, cor._ "When words _are connected_ in pairs, the pairs should be marked by the comma."--_Farnum cor._ "His _book ent.i.tled_, 'Studies of Nature,' is deservedly a popular work."--_Biog.

Dict. cor._