The Grammar of English Grammars Part 230

"That Caesar's horse, _which_, as fame goes, Had corns upon his feet and toes, Was not by half so tender-hoof'd, Nor trod upon the ground so soft."--_Butler cor._

UNDER NOTE IV.--NOUNS OF MULt.i.tUDE.

"He instructed and fed the crowds _that_ surrounded him."--_Murray's Key_.

"The court, _which_ gives currency to manners, ought to be exemplary." p.

187. "Nor does he describe cla.s.ses of sinners _that_ do not exist."--_Mag.

cor._ "Because the nations among _which_ they took their rise, were not savage."--_Murray cor._ "Among nations _that_ are in the first and rude periods of society."--_Blair cor._ "The martial spirit of those nations among _which_ the feudal government prevailed."--_Id._ "France, _which_ was in alliance with Sweden."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 97. "That faction, in England, _which_ most powerfully opposed his arbitrary pretensions."--_Ib._ "We may say, 'the crowd _which_ was going up the street.'"--_Cobbett's E.

Gram._, -- 204. "Such members of the Convention _which_ formed this Lyceum, as have subscribed this Const.i.tution."--_N. Y. Lyceum cor._

UNDER NOTE V.--CONFUSION OF SENSES.

"_The name_ of the possessor shall take a particular form to show its case."--_Kirkham cor._ "Of which reasons, the princ.i.p.al one is, that no noun, properly so called, implies _the_ presence _of the thing named_."--_Harris cor._ "_Boston_ is a proper noun, which distinguishes _the city of Boston_ from other cities."--_Sanborn cor._ "_The word_ CONJUNCTION means union, or _the act of_ joining together. _Conjunctions are_ used to join or _connect_ either words or sentences."--_Id._ "The word INTERJECTION means _the act of throwing between. Interjections are_ interspersed among other words, to express _strong or sudden_ emotion."--_Id._ "_Indeed_ is composed of _in_ and _deed. The words_ may better be written separately, as they formerly were."--_Cardell cor._ "_Alexander_, on the contrary, is a particular name; and is _employed_ to distinguish _an individual only_."--_Jamieson cor._ "As an indication that nature itself had changed _its_ course." Or:--"that _Nature herself_ had changed her course."--_History cor._ "Of removing from the United States and _their_ territories the free people of colour."--_Jenifer cor._ "So that _gh_ may be said not to have _its_ proper sound." Or thus: "So that _the letters, g_ and _h_, may be said not to have their proper _sounds_."--_Webster cor._ "Are we to welcome the loathsome harlot, and introduce _her_ to our children?"--_Maturin cor._ "The first question is this: 'Is reputable, national, and present use, _which_, for brevity's sake, I shall hereafter simply denominate _good use_, always uniform, [i.

e., undivided, and unequivocal,] in _its_ decisions?"--_Campbell cor._ "_In personifications_, Time is always masculine, on account of _his_ mighty efficacy; Virtue, feminine, _by reason of her_ beauty and _loveliness_."--_Murray, Blair, et al. cor._ "When you speak to a person or thing, the _noun or p.r.o.noun_ is in the second person."--_Bartlett cor._ "You now know the noun; for _noun_ means _name_."--_Id._ "_T_. What do you see? _P_. A book. _T_. Spell _book_."--_R. W. Green cor._ "_T_. What do you see now? _P_. Two books. _T_. Spell _books_."--_Id._ "If the United States lose _their_ rights as a nation."--_Liberator cor._ "When a person or thing is addressed or spoken to, the _noun or p.r.o.noun_ is in the second person."--_Frost cor._ "When a person or thing is _merely_ spoken of, the _noun or p.r.o.noun_ is in the third person."--_Id._ "The _word_ OX _also, taking_ the same plural termination, _makes_ OXEN."--_Bucke cor._

"Hail, happy States! _yours_ is the blissful seat Where nature's gifts and art's improvements meet."--_Everett cor._

UNDER NOTE VI.--THE RELATIVE THAT.

(1.) "This is the most useful art _that_ men possess."--_L. Murray cor._ "The earliest accounts _that_ history gives us, concerning all nations, bear testimony to these facts."--_Blair et al. cor._ "Mr. Addison was the first _that_ attempted a regular inquiry into the pleasures of taste."--_Blair cor._ "One of the first _that_ introduced it, was Montesquieu."--_Murray cor._ "Ma.s.sillon is perhaps the most eloquent _sermonizer that_ modern times have produced."--_Blair cor._ "The greatest barber _that_ ever lived, is our guiding star and prototype."--_Hart cor._

(2.) "When prepositions are subjoined to nouns, they are generally the same _that_ are subjoined to the verbs from which the nouns are derived."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 200. Better thus: "_The_ prepositions _which_ are subjoined to nouns, _are_ generally the same _that_,"

&c.--_Priestley cor._ "The same proportions _that_ are agreeable in a model, are not agreeable in a large building."--_Kames cor._ "The same ornaments _that_ we admire in a private apartment, are unseemly in a temple."--_Murray cor._ "The same _that_ John saw also in the sun."--_Milton cor._

(3.) "Who can ever be easy, _that_ is reproached with his own ill conduct?"--_T. a Kempis cor._ "Who is she _that_ comes clothed in a robe of green?"--_Inst._, p. 267. "Who _that_ has either sense or civility, does not perceive the vileness of profanity?"--_G. Brown_.

(4.) "The second person denotes the person or thing _that_ is spoken to."--_Kirkham cor._ "The third person denotes the person or thing _that_ is spoken of."--_Id._ "A pa.s.sive verb denotes action received, or endured by the person or thing _that is signified by_ its nominative."--_Id._ "The princes and states _that_ had neglected or favoured the growth of this power."--_Bolingbroke cor._ "The nominative expresses the name of the person or thing _that_ acts, or _that_ is the subject of discourse."--_Hiley cor._

(5.) "Authors _that_ deal in long sentences, are very apt to be faulty."--_Blair cor._ "Writers _that_ deal," &c.--_Murray cor._ "The neuter gender denotes objects _that_ are neither male nor female."--_Merchant cor._ "The neuter gender denotes things _that_ have no s.e.x."--_Kirkham cor._ "Nouns _that_ denote objects neither male nor female, are of the neuter gender."--_Wells's Gram. of late_, p. 55. Better thus: "_Those_ nouns _which_ denote objects _that are_ neither male nor female, are of the neuter gender."--_Wells cor._ "Objects and ideas _that_ have been long familiar, make too faint an impression to give an agreeable exercise to our faculties."--_Blair cor._ "Cases _that_ custom has left dubious, are certainly within the grammarian's province."--_L. Murray cor._ "Substantives _that_ end in _ery_, signify action or habit."--_Id._ "After all _that_ can be done to render the definitions and rules of grammar accurate."--_Id._ "Possibly, all _that_ I have said, is known and taught."--_A. B. Johnson cor._

(6.) "It is a strong and manly style _that_ should chiefly be studied."--_Blair cor._ "It is this [viz., _precision] that_ chiefly makes a division appear neat and elegant."--_Id._ "I hope it is not I _that_ he is displeased with."--_L. Murray cor._ "When it is this alone _that_ renders the sentence obscure."--_Campbell cor._ "This sort of full and ample a.s.sertion, '_It is this that_,' is fit to be used when a proposition of importance is laid down."--_Blair cor._ "She is not the person _that_ I understood it to have been."--_L. Murray cor._ "Was it thou, or the wind, _that_ shut the door?"--_Inst._, p. 267. "It was not I _that_ shut it."--_Ib._

(7.) "He is not the person _that he_ seemed _to be_."--_Murray and Ingersoll cor._ "He is really the person _that_ he appeared to be."--_Iid._ "She is not now the woman _that_ they represented her to have been."--_Iid._ "An _only child_ is one _that_ has neither brother nor sister; a _child alone_ is one _that_ is left by itself, _or unaccompanied_."--_Blair, Jam., and Mur., cor._

UNDER NOTE VII.--RELATIVE CLAUSES CONNECTED.

(1.) "A Substantive, or Noun, is the name of a thing; (i. e.,) of whatever we conceive to subsist, or of _whatever_ we _merely imagine_."--_Lowth cor._ (2.) "A Substantive, or Noun, is the name of any thing _which_ exists, or of which we have any notion."--_Murray et al. cor._ (3.) "A Substantive, or Noun, is the name of any person, place, or thing, that exists, or _that_ we can have an idea _of_."--_Frost cor._ (4.) "A noun is the name of any thing _which_ exists, or of which we form an idea."--_Hallock cor._ (5.) "A Noun is the name of any person, place, object, or thing, that exists, or _that_ we may conceive to exist."--_D. C.

Allen cor._ (6.) "The name of every thing _which_ exists, or of which we can form a notion, is a noun."--_Fisk cor._ (7.) "An allegory is the representation of some one thing by an other that resembles it, and _that_ is made to stand for it."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 150. (8.) "Had he exhibited such sentences as contained ideas inapplicable to young minds, or _such as_ were of a trivial or injurious nature."--_L. Murray cor._ (9.) "Man would have others obey him, even his own kind; but he will not obey G.o.d, _who_ is so much above him, and who made him."--_Penn cor._ (10.) "But what we may consider here, and _what_ few persons have _noticed_, is," &c.--_Brightland cor._ (11.) "The compiler has not inserted _those_ verbs _which_ are irregular only in familiar writing or discourse, and which are improperly terminated by _t in stead_ of _ed_."--_Murray, Fisk, Hart, Ingersoll et al., cor._ (12.) "The remaining parts of speech, which are called the indeclinable parts, _and which_ admit of no variations, (or, _being words that_ admit of no variations,) will not detain us long."--_Dr. Blair cor._

UNDER NOTE VIII.--THE RELATIVE AND PREPOSITION.

"In the temper of mind _in which_ he was then."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 102.

"To bring them into the condition _in which_ I am at present."--_Add. cor._ "In the posture _in which_ I lay."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 102. "In the sense _in which_ it is sometimes taken."--_Barclay cor._ "Tools and utensils are said to be right, when they _answer well_ the uses _for which_ they were made."--_Collier cor._ "If, in the extreme danger _in which_ I now am," &c.

Or: "If, in _my present_ extreme danger," &c.--_Murray's Sequel_, p. 116.

"News was brought, that Dairus [sic--KTH] was but twenty miles from the place _in which_ they then were."--_Goldsmith cor._ "Alexander, upon hearing this news, continued four days _where_ he then was:" or--"_in the place in which_ he then was."--_Id._ "To read in the best manner _in which reading_ is now taught."--_L. Murray cor._ "It may be expedient to give a few directions as to the manner _in which_ it should be studied."--_Hallock cor._ "Participles are words derived from verbs, and convey an idea of the acting of an agent, or the suffering of an object, with the time _at which_ it happens." [536]--_A. Murray cor._

"Had I but serv'd my G.o.d with half the zeal _With which_ I serv'd my king, he would not _thus_, In age, have left me naked to _my foes_."--_Shak. cor._

UNDER NOTE IX.--ADVERBS FOR RELATIVES. "In compositions _that are not designed to be delivered in public_."--_Blair cor._ "They framed a protestation _in which_ they repeated their claims."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 133; _Murray's_, 197. "Which have reference to _inanimate_ substances, _in which_ s.e.x _has no_ existence."--_Harris cor._ "Which denote substances _in which_ s.e.x never had existence."--_Ingersoll's Gram._, p. 26. "There is no rule given _by which_ the truth may be found out."--_W. Walker cor._ "The nature of the objects _from which_ they are taken."--_Blair cor._ "That darkness of character, _through which_ we can see no heart:" [i. e., generous emotion.]--_L. Murray cor._ "The states _with which_ [or _between which_] they negotiated."--_Formey cor._ "Till the motives _from which_ men act, be known."--_Beattie cor._ "He a.s.signs the principles _from which_ their power of pleasing flows."--_Blair cor._ "But I went on, and so finished this History, in that form _in which_ it now appears."--_Sewel cor._ "By prepositions we express the cause _for which_, the instrument by which, _and_ the manner _in which_, a thing is done."--_A. Murray cor._ "They are not such in the language _from which_ they are derived."--_Town cor._ "I find it very hard to persuade several, that their pa.s.sions are affected by words from _which_ they have no ideas."--_Burke cor._ "The known end, then, _for which_ we are placed in a state of so much affliction, hazard, and difficulty, is our improvement in virtue and piety."--_Bp. Butler cor._

"Yet such his acts as Greeks unborn shall tell, And curse the _strife in which_ their fathers fell."--_Pope cor._

UNDER NOTE X.--REPEAT THE NOUN.

"Youth may be thoughtful, but _thoughtfulness in the young_ is not very common."--_Webster cor._ "A proper name is _a name_ given to one person or thing."--_Bartlett cor._ "A common name is _a name_ given to many things of the same sort."--_Id._ "This rule is often violated; some instances of _its violation_ are annexed."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "This is altogether careless writing. _Such negligence respecting the p.r.o.nouns_, renders style often obscure, and always inelegant."--_Blair cor._ "Every inversion which is not governed by this rule, will be disrelished by every _person_ of taste."--_Kames cor._ "A proper diphthong, is _a diphthong_ in which both the vowels are sounded."--_Brown's Inst.i.tutes_, p. 18. "An improper diphthong, is _a diphthong_ in which only one of the vowels is sounded."--_Ib._ "Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and _the_ descendants _of Jacob_, are called Hebrews."--_Wood cor._ "In our language, _every word_ of more than one syllable, has one of _its syllables_ distinguished from the rest in this manner."--_L. Murray cor._ "Two consonants proper to begin a word, must not be separated; as, fa-ble, sti-fle. But when _two consonants_ come between two vowels, and are such as cannot begin a word, they must be divided, as, ut-most, un-der."--_Id._ "Shall the intellect alone feel no pleasures in its energy, when we allow _pleasures_ to the grossest energies of appet.i.te and sense?"--_Harris and Murray cor._ "No man has a propensity to vice as such: on the contrary, a wicked deed disgusts _every one_, and makes him abhor the author."--_Ld. Kames cor._ "The same _grammatical properties_ that belong to nouns, belong also to p.r.o.nouns."--_Greenleaf cor._ "What is language? It is the means of communicating thoughts from one _person_ to an other."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ "A simple word is _a word_ which is not made up of _other words_."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "A compound word is _a word_ which is made up of two or more words."--_Iid_. "When a conjunction is to be supplied, _the ellipsis_ is called Asyndeton."--_Adam cor._

UNDER NOTE XI.--PLACE OF THE RELATIVE.

"It gives _to words a meaning which_ they would not have."--_L. Murray cor._ "There are in the English language many _words, that_ are sometimes used as adjectives, and sometimes as adverbs."--_Id._ "Which do not more effectually show the varied intentions of the mind, than do the _auxiliaries which_ are used to form the potential mood."--_Id._ "These _accents, which_ will be the subject of a following speculation, make different impressions on the mind."--_Ld. Kames cor._ "And others differed very much from the words _of the writers to whom_ they were ascribed."--_John Ward cor._ "Where there is in the sense _nothing which_ requires the last sound to be elevated, an easy fall will be proper."--_Murray and Bullions cor._ "In the last clause there is an ellipsis of the verb; _and_, when you supply _it_, you find it necessary to use the adverb _not, in lieu of no_."--_Campbell and Murray cor._ "_Study_ is _of the_ singular number, because _the_ nominative _I, with which_ it agrees, _is singular_."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "John is the _person who_ is in error, or thou art."--_Wright cor._ "For he hath made him, who knew no sin, to be sin for us."--_Harrison's E. Lang._, p. 197.

"My friend, take that of _me, who_ have the power To seal th' accuser's lips."--_Shakspeare cor._

UNDER NOTE XII.--WHAT FOR THAT.

"I had no idea but _that_ the story was true."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 268.

"The postboy is not so weary but _that_ he can whistle."--_Ib._ "He had no intimation but _that_ the men were honest."--_Ib._ "Neither Lady Haversham nor Miss Mildmay will ever believe but _that_ I have been entirely to blame."--_Priestley cor._ "I am not satisfied but _that_ the integrity of our friends is more essential to our welfare than their knowledge of the world."--_Id._ "Indeed, there is in poetry nothing so entertaining or descriptive, but _that an ingenious_ didactic writer may introduce _it_ in some part of his work."--_Blair cor._ "Brasidas, being bit by a mouse he had catched, let it slip out of his fingers: 'No creature,' says he, 'is so contemptible but _that it_ may provide for its own safety, if it have courage.'"--_Ld. Kames cor._

UNDER NOTE XIII.--ADJECTIVES FOR ANTECEDENTS.

"In narration, Homer is, at all times, remarkably concise, _and therefore_ lively and agreeable."--_Blair cor._ "It is usual to talk of a nervous, a feeble, or a spirited style; which _epithets_ plainly _indicate the_ writer's manner of thinking."--_Id._ "It is too violent an alteration, if any alteration were necessary, _whereas_ none is."--_Knight cor._ "Some men are too ignorant to be humble; _and_ without _humility_ there can be no docility."--_Berkley cor._ "Judas declared him innocent; _but innocent_ he could not be, had he in any respect deceived the disciples."--_Porteus cor._ "They supposed him to be innocent, _but_ he certainly was not _so_."--_Murray et al. cor._ "They accounted him honest, _but_ he certainly was not _so_."--_Felch cor._ "Be accurate in all you say or do; for _accuracy_ is important in all the concerns of life."--_Brown's Inst._, p.

268. "Every law supposes the transgressor to be wicked; _and_ indeed he is _so_, if the law is just."--_Ib._ "To be pure in heart, pious, and benevolent, (_and_ all may be _so_,) const.i.tutes human happiness."--_Murray cor._ "To be dexterous in danger, is a virtue; but to court danger to show _our dexterity_, is _a_ weakness."--_Penn cor._

UNDER NOTE XIV.--SENTENCES FOR ANTECEDENTS.

"This seems not so allowable in prose; which _fact_ the following erroneous examples will demonstrate."--_L. Murray cor._ "The accent is laid upon the last syllable of a word; which _circ.u.mstance_ is favourable to the melody."--_Kames cor._ "Every line consists of ten syllables, five short and five long; from which _rule_ there are but two exceptions, both of them rare."--_Id._ "The soldiers refused obedience, _as_ has been explained."--_Nixon cor._ "Caesar overcame Pompey--_a circ.u.mstance_ which was lamented."--_Id._ "The crowd hailed William, _agreeably to the expectations of his friends_."--_Id._ "The tribunes resisted Scipio, _who knew their malevolence towards him_."--_Id._ "The censors reproved vice, _and were held in great honour_."--_Id._ "The generals neglected discipline, which _fact_ has been proved."--_Id._ "There would be two nominatives to the verb _was, and such a construction_ is improper."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "His friend bore the abuse very patiently; _whose forbearance, however_, served _only_ to increase his rudeness; it produced, at length, contempt and insolence."--_Murray and Emmons cor._ "Almost all _compound_ sentences are more or less elliptical; _and_ some examples of _ellipsis_ may be _found_, under _nearly all_ the different parts of speech."--_Murray, Guy, Smith, Ingersoll, Fisk, et al. cor._

UNDER NOTE XV.--REPEAT THE p.r.o.nOUN.

"In things of Nature's workmanship, whether we regard their internal or _their_ external structure, beauty and design are equally conspicuous."--_Kames cor._ "It puzzles the reader, by making him doubt whether the word ought to be taken in its proper, or _in its_ figurative sense."--_Id._ "Neither my obligations to the muses, nor _my_ expectations from them, are so great."--_Cowley cor._ "The Fifth Annual Report of the _Antislavery_ Society of Ferrisburgh and _its_ vicinity."--_t.i.tle cor._ "Meaning taste in its figurative as well as _its_ proper sense."--_Kames cor._ "Every measure in which either your personal or _your_ political character is concerned."--_Junius cor._ "A jealous _and_ righteous G.o.d has often punished such in themselves or _in their_ offspring."--_Extracts cor._ "Hence their civil and _their_ religious history are inseparable."--_Milman cor._ "Esau thus carelessly threw away both his civil and _his_ religious inheritance."--_Id._ "This intelligence excited not only our hopes, but _our_ fears likewise."--_Jaudon cor._ "In what way our defect of principle, and _our_ ruling manners, have completed the ruin of the national spirit of union."--_Dr. Brown cor._ "Considering her descent, her connexion, and _her_ present intercourse."--_Webster cor._ "His own and _his_ wife's wardrobe are packed up in a firkin."--_Parker and Fox cor._

UNDER NOTE XVI.--CHANGE THE ANTECEDENT.

"The _sounds_ of _e_ and _o_ long, in _their_ due degrees, will be preserved, and clearly distinguished."--_L. Murray cor._ "If any _persons_ should be inclined to think," &c., "the author takes the liberty to suggest to _them_," &c.--_Id._ "And he walked in all the _way_ of Asa his father; he turned not aside from _it_."--_Bible cor._ "If ye from your hearts forgive not every one his _brethren their_ trespa.s.ses."--_Id._ "_None_ ever fancied _they_ were slighted by him, or had the courage to think _themselves_ his _betters_."--_Collier cor._ "And _Rebecca_ took _some very good clothes_ of her eldest son _Esau's_, which _were_ with her in the house, and put _them_ upon Jacob her younger son."--_Gen. cor._ "Where all the attention of _men_ is given to _their_ own indulgence."--_Maturin cor._ "The idea of a _father_ is a notion superinduced to _that of_ the substance, or man--let _one's idea of_ man be what _it_ will."--_Locke cor._ "Leaving _all_ to do as they _list_."--_Barclay cor._ "Each _person_ performed his part handsomely."--_J. Flint cor._ "This block of marble rests on two layers of _stones_, bound together with lead, which, however, has not prevented the Arabs from forcing out several of _them_."--_Parker and Fox cor._

"Love gives to _all our powers_ a double power, Above their functions and their offices." Or:-- "Love gives to every power a double power, _Exalts all_ functions and _all_ offices."--_Shak. cor._