The Grammar of English Grammars Part 156

"They have each their distinct and exactly-limited relation to gravity."--_Hasler's Astronomy_, p 219. "But in cases which would give too much of the hissing sound, the omission takes place even in prose."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 175. "After _o_ it [the _w_] is sometimes not sounded at all; sometimes like a single _u_."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 3. "It is situation chiefly which decides _of_ the fortunes and characters of men."--HUME: _Priestley's Gram._, p. 159. "It is situation chiefly which decides the fortune (or, _concerning_ the fortune) and characters of men."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 201. "The vice of covetousness is what enters deeper into the soul than any other."--_Ib._, p. 167; _Ingersoll's_, 193; _Fisk's_, 103; _Campbell's Rhet._, 205.

"Covetousness, of all vices, enters the deepest into the soul."--_Murray_, 167; _and others_. "Covetousness is what of all vices enters the deepest into the soul."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 205. "The vice of covetousness is what enters deepest into the soul of any other."--_Guardian_, No. 19.

"_Would_ primarily denotes inclination of will; and _should_, obligation; but they both vary their import, and are often used to express simple event."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 43; _Murray's_, 89; _Fisk's_, 78; _Greenleaf's_, 27. "But they both vary their import, and are often used to express simple events."--_Comly's Gram._, p. 39; _Ingersoll's_, 137. "But they vary their import, and are often used to express simple event."--_Abel Flint's Gram._, p 42. "A double conjunctive, in two correspondent clauses of a sentence, is sometimes made use of: as, '_Had_ he done this, he _had_ escaped.'"--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 213; _Ingersoll's_, 269. "The pleasures of the understanding are preferable to those of the imagination, or of sense."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 191. "Claudian, in a fragment upon the wars of the giants, has contrived to render this idea of their throwing the mountains, which is in itself so grand, burlesque, and ridiculous."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 42. "To which not only no other writings are to be preferred, but even in divers respects not comparable."-- _Barclay's Works_, i, 53. "To distinguish them in the understanding, and treat of their several natures, in the same cool manner as we do with regard to other ideas."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 137. "For it has nothing to do with parsing, or a.n.a.lyzing, language."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p.

19. Or: "For it has nothing to do with parsing, or a.n.a.lyzing, language."--_Ib., Second Edition_, p. 16. "Neither was that language [the Latin] ever so vulgar in Britain."--SWIFT: see _Blair's Rhet._, p. 228.

"All that I propose is to give some openings into the pleasures of taste."--_Ib._, p. 28. "But it would have been better omitted in the following sentences."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 210. "But I think it had better be omitted in the following sentence."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 162.

"They appear, in this case, like excrescences jutting out from the body, which had better have been wanted."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 326. "And therefore, the fable of the Harpies, in the third book of the aeneid, and the allegory of Sin and Death, in the second book of Paradise Lost, had been better omitted in these celebrated poems."--_Ib._, p. 430. "Ellipsis is an elegant Suppression (or the leaving out) of a Word, or Words in a Sentence."--_British Gram._, p. 234; _Buchanan's_, p. 131. "The article _a_ or _an_ had better be omitted in this construction."--_Blair's Gram._, p.

67. "Now suppose the articles had not been left out in these pa.s.sages."--_Burke's Gram._, p. 27. "To give separate names to every one of those trees, would have been an endless and impracticable undertaking."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 72. "_Ei_, in general, sounds the same as long and slender _a_."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 12. "When a conjunction is used apparently redundant it is called Polysyndeton."--_Adam's Gram._, p.

236; _Gould's_, 229. "_Each, every, either, neither_, denote the persons or things which make up a number, as taken separately or distributively."-- _M'Culloch's Gram._, p. 31. "The Princ.i.p.al Sentence must be expressed by verbs in the Indicative, Imperative, or Potential Modes."--_Clark's Pract.

Gram._, p. 133. "Hence he is diffuse, where he ought to have been pressing."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 246. "All manner of subjects admit of explaining comparisons."--_Ib._, p. 164; _Jamieson's Rhet._, 161. "The present or imperfect participle denotes action or being continued, but not perfected."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 78. "What are verbs? Those words which express what the nouns do"--_Fowle's True Eng. Gram._, p. 29.

"Of all those arts in which the wise excel, Nature's chief masterpiece is writing well."

--_J. Sheffield, Duke of Buck_.

"Such was that muse whose rules and practice tell Nature's chief masterpiece is writing well."

--_Pope, on Criticism_.

LESSON XIV.--THREE ERRORS.

"In some words the metaphorical sense has justled out the original sense altogether, so that in respect of it they are become obsolete."-- _Campbell's Rhet._, p. 323. "Sure never any mortal was so overwhelmed with grief as I am at this present."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 138. "All languages differ from each other in their mode of inflexion."--_Bullions, E. Gram._, Pref., p. v. "Nouns and verbs are the only indispensable parts of speech--the one to express the subject spoken of, and the other the predicate or what is affirmed of it."--_M'Culloch's Gram._, p. 36. "The words in italics of the three latter examples, perform the office of substantives."--_L. Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 66. "Such a structure of a sentence is always the mark of careless writing."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 231.

"Nothing is frequently more hurtful to the grace or vivacity of a period, than superfluous dragging words at the conclusion."--_Ib._, p. 205. "When its substantive is not joined to it, but referred to, or understood."-- _Lowth's Gram._, p. 24. "Yet they have always some substantive belonging to them, either referred to, or understood."--_Ib._, 24. "Because they define and limit the extent of the common name, or general term, to which they either refer, or are joined.'"--_Ib._, 24. "Every new object surprises, terrifies, and makes a strong impression on their mind."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 136. "His argument required to have been more fully unfolded, in order to make it be distinctly apprehended, and to give it its due force."--_Ib._, p. 230. "Participles which are derived from active verbs, will govern the objective case, the same as the verbs from which they are derived"--_Emmons's Gram._, p. 61. "Where, contrary to the rule, the nominative _I_ precedes, and the objective case _whom_ follows the verb."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 181. "The same conjunction governing both the indicative and the subjunctive moods, in the same sentence, and in the same circ.u.mstances, seems to be a great impropriety."--_Ib._, p. 207; _Smith's New Gram._, 173: see _Lowth's Gram._, p. 105; _Fisk's_, 128; and _Ingersoll's_, 266. "A nice discernment, and accurate attention to the best usage, are necessary to direct us, on these occasions."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 170. "The Greeks and Romans, the former especially, were, in truth, much more musical nations than we; their genius was more turned to delight in the melody of speech."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 123. "When the sense admits it, the sooner a circ.u.mstance is introduced, the better, that the more important and significant words may possess the last place, quite disenc.u.mbered."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, i, p. 309; _Parker and Fox's_, Part III, p. 88. "When the sense admits it, the sooner they are despatched, generally speaking, the better; that the more important and significant words may possess the last place, quite disenc.u.mbered."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 118. See also _Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 101. "Thus we find it, both in the Greek and Latin tongues."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 74. "A train of sentences, constructed in the same manner, and with the same number of members, should never be allowed to succeed one another."--_Ib._, p. 102; _Murray's Gram._, 8vo, Vol. i, p. 306; _Parker and Fox's Gram._, Part III, p. 86. "I proceed to lay down the rules to be observed in the conduct of metaphors, and which are much the same for tropes of every kind."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 143. "By a proper choice of words, we may produce a resemblance of other sounds which we mean to describe."--_Ib._, p. 129; _Murray's Gram._, 8vo, Vol. i, p. 331. "The disguise can almost never be so perfect, but it is discovered."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 259. "The sense admits of no other pause than after the second syllable 'sit,' which therefore must be the only pause made in the reading."--_Ib._, p. 333. "Not that I believe North America to be peopled so late as the twelfth century, the period of Madoc's migration."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 212. "Money and commodities will always flow to that country, where they are most wanted and will command the most profit."--_Ib._, p. 308. "That it contains no visible marks, of articles, which are the most important of all others, to a just delivery."-- _Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 13. "And of virtue, from its beauty, we call it a fair and favourite maid."--_Mack's Gram._, p. 66. "The definite article may agree with nouns in the singular and plural number."--_Infant School Gram._, p. 130.

LESSON XV.--MANY ERRORS.

(1.) "A compound word is included under the head of derivative words."-- _Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 23. (2.) "An Apostrophe, marked thus ' is used to abbreviate or shorten a word. Its chief use is to show the genitive case of nouns."--_Ib._, p. 281.[449] (3.) "A Hyphen, marked thus - is employed in connecting compounded words. It is also used when a word is divided."-- _Ib._, p. 282. (4.) "The Acute Accent, marked thus ': as, '_Fancy_.' The Grave thus ` as, '_Favour_'"--_Ib._, p. 282. (5.) "The stress is laid on long and short syllables indiscriminately. In order to distinguish the one from the other, some writers of dictionaries have placed the grave on the former, and the acute on the latter."--_Ib._, 282. (6.) "A Diaeresis, thus marked , consists of two points placed over one of the two vowels that would otherwise make a diphthong, and parts them into syllables."--_Ib._, 282. (7.) "A Section marked thus --, is the division of a discourse, or chapter, into less parts or portions."--_Ib._, 282. (8.) "A Paragraph -- denotes the beginning of a new subject, or a sentence not connected with the foregoing. This character is chiefly used in the Old and in the New Testaments."--_Ib._, 282. (9.) "A Quotation " ". Two inverted commas are generally placed at the beginning of a phrase or a pa.s.sage, which is quoted or transcribed from the speaker or author in his own words; and two commas in their direct position, are placed at the conclusion."--_Ib._, 282. (10.) "A Brace is used in poetry at the end of a triplet or three lines, which have the same rhyme. Braces are also used to connect a number of words with one common term, and are introduced to prevent a repet.i.tion in writing or printing."--_Ib._, p. 283. (11.) "Two or three asterisks generally denote the omission of some letters in a word, or of some bold or indelicate expression, or some defect in the ma.n.u.script."--_Ib._, 283. (12.) "An Ellipsis ---- is also used, when some letters in a word, or some words in a verse, are omitted."--_Ib._, 283. (13.) "An Obelisk, which is marked thus [dagger], and Parallels thus ||, together with the letters of the Alphabet, and figures, are used as references to the margin, or bottom of the page."--_Ib._, 283. (14.) "A note of interrogation should not be employed, in cases where it is only said a question has been asked, and where the words are not used as a question. 'The Cyprians asked me why I wept.'"--_Ib._, p. 279; _Comly_, 163; _Ingersoll_, 291; _Fisk_, 157; _Flint_, 113. (15.) "A point of interrogation is improper after sentences which are not questions, but only expressions of admiration, or of some other emotion."--_Same authors and places_. (16.) "The parenthesis incloses in the body of a sentence a member inserted into it, which is neither necessary to the sense, nor at all affects the construction."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 124. (17.) "Simple members connected by relatives, and comparatives, are for the most part distinguished by a comma."

[450]--_Ib._, p. 121. (18.) "Simple members of sentences connected by comparatives, are, for the most part, distinguished by a comma."--_L.

Murray's Gram._, p 272; _Alden's_, 148; _Ingersoll's_, 284. See the same words without the last two commas, in _Comly's Gram._, p. 149; _Alger's_, 79; _Merchant's Murray_, 143:--and this again, with a _different sense_, made by a comma before "_connected_," in _Smith's New Gram._, 190; _Abel Flint's_, 103. (19.) "Simple members of sentences connected by comparatives, are for the most part distinguished by the comma."--_Russell's Gram._, p. 115. (20.) "Simple members of sentences, connected by comparatives, should generally be distinguished by a comma."--_Merchant's School Gram._, p. 150. (21.) "Simple members of sentences connected by _than_ or _so_, or that express contrast or comparison, should, generally, be divided by a comma."--_Jaudon's Gram._, p. 185. (22.) "Simple members of sentences, connected by comparatives, if they be long, are separated by a comma."--_Cooper's New Gram._, p. 195. See the same without the first comma, in _Cooper's Murray_, p. 183. (23.) "Simple members of sentences connected by comparatives, and phrases placed in opposition to, or in contrast with, each other, are separated by commas."--_Bullions_, p. 153; _Hiley_, 113. (24.) "On which ever word we lay the emphasis, whether on the first, second, third, or fourth, it strikes out a different sense."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 243. (25.) "To inform those who do not understand sea phrases, that, 'We tacked to the larboard, and stood off to sea,' would be expressing ourselves very obscurely."--_Ib._, p. 296; _and Hiley's Gram._, p. 151. (26.) "Of dissyllables, which are at once nouns and verbs, the verb has commonly the accent on the latter, and the noun, on the former syllable."--_Murray_, p.

237. (27.) "And this gives our language a superior advantage to most others, in the poetical and rhetorical style."--_Id. ib._, p. 38; _Ingersoll_, 27; _Fisk_, 57. (28.) "And this gives the English an advantage above most other languages in the poetical and rhetorical style."--_Lowth's Gram_, p. 19. (29.) "The second and third scholar may read the same sentence; and as many, as it is necessary to learn it perfectly to the whole."--_Osborn's Key_, p. 4.

(30.) "Bliss is the name in subject as a king, In who obtain defence, or who defend."

--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 178.

LESSON XVI.--MANY ERRORS.

"The j.a.panese, the Tonquinese, and the Corceans, speak different languages from one another, and from the inhabitants of China, but use, with these last people, the same written characters; a proof that the Chinese characters are like hieroglyphics, independent of language."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 18. "The j.a.panese, the Tonquinese, and the Corceans, who speak different languages from one another, and from the inhabitants of China, use, however, the same written characters with them; and by this means correspond intelligibly with each other in writing, though ignorant of the language spoken in their several countries; a plain proof," &c.--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 67. "The curved line is made square instead of round, for the reason beforementioned."--_Knight, on the Greek Alphabet_, p. 6. "Every one should content himself with the use of those tones only that he is habituated to in speech, and to give none other to emphasis, but what he would do to the same words in discourse. Thus whatever he utters will be done with ease, and appear natural."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 103.

"Stops, or pauses, are a total cessation of sound during a perceptible, and in numerous compositions, a measurable s.p.a.ce of time."--_Ib._, p. 104.

"Pauses or rests, in speaking and reading, are a total cessation of the voice during a perceptible, and, in many cases, a measurable s.p.a.ce of time."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 248; _English Reader_, p. 13; _Goldsbury's Gr._, 76; _Kirkham's_, 208; _Felton's_, 133; _et al._ "Nouns which express a small one of the kind are called _Diminutive Nouns_; as, lambkin, hillock, satchel, gosling, from lamb, hill, sack, goose."--_Bullions, E.

Gram._, 1837, p. 9. "What is the cause that nonsense so often escapes being detected, both by the writer and by the reader?"--_Campbell's Rhet._, p.

xi, and 280. "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion.

They are so called, because they are generally thrown in between the parts of a sentence without reference to the structure of the other parts of it."--_M'Culloch's Gram._, p. 36. "_Ought_ (in duty bound) _oughtest, oughtedst_, are it's only inflections."--_Mackintosh's Gram._, p. 165. "But the arrangment, government, agreement, and dependence of one word upon another, are referred to our reason."--_Osborn's Key, Pref._, p. 3. "_Me_ is a personal p.r.o.noun, first person singular, and the accusative case."--_Guy's Gram._, p. 20. "The substantive _self_ is added to a p.r.o.noun; as, herself, himself, &c.; and when thus united, is called a reciprocal p.r.o.noun."--_Ib._, p. 18. "One cannot avoid thinking that our author had done better to have begun the first of these three sentences, with saying, _it is novelty which bestows charms on a monster_, &c."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 207. "The idea which they present to us of nature's resembling art, of art's being considered as an original, and nature as a copy,[451] seems not very distinct nor well brought out, nor indeed very material to our author's purpose."--_Ib._, p. 220. "The present construction of the sentence, has plainly been owing to hasty and careless writing."--_Ib._, p. 220. "Adverbs serve to modify, or to denote some circ.u.mstance of an action, or of a quality, relative to its time, place, order, degree, and the other properties of it, which we have occasion to specify."--_Ib._, p. 84. "The more that any nation is improved by science, and the more perfect their language becomes, we may naturally expect that it will abound more with connective particles."--_Ib._, p. 85. "Mr.

Greenleaf's book is by far the best adapted for learners of any that has yet appeared on the subject."--DR. FELTUS and BP. ONDERDONK: _Greenleaf's Gram._, p. 2. "Punctuation is the art of marking in writing the several pauses, or rests, between sentences, and the parts of sentences, according to their proper quant.i.ty or proportion, as they are expressed in a just and accurate p.r.o.nunciation."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 114. "A compound sentence must be resolved into simple ones, and separated by commas."--_Greenleaf's Gram._, p. 41; _Allen Fisk's_, 155.[452] "Simple sentences should be separated from each other by commas, unless such sentences are connected by a conjunction: as, 'Youth is pa.s.sing away, age is approaching and death is near.'"--_Hall's Gram._, p. 36. "_V_ has the sound of flat _f_, and bears the same relation to it, as _b_ does to _p, d_ to _t_, hard _g_ to _k_, and _z_ to _s_. It has one uniform sound."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 17; _Fisk's_, 42. "_V_ is flat _f_, and bears the same relation to it as _b_ does to _p, d_ to _t_, hard _g_ to _k_, and _z_ to _s_. It is never irregular."--_Walker's Dict._, p. 52. "_V_ has the sound of flat _f_; and bears the same relation to it as _z_ does to _s_. It has one uniform sound."--_Greenleaf's Gram._, p. 20. "The author is explaining the distinction, between the powers of sense and imagination in the human mind."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, Vol. i, p. 343. [The author is endeavouring]

"to explain a very abstract point, the distinction between the powers of sense and imagination in the human mind."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 164. "HE (Anglo-Saxon _he_) is a Personal p.r.o.noun, of the Third Person, Masculine Gender (Decline he), of the singular number, in the nominative case."--_Fowler's E. Gram._, 8vo, 1850, --589.

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER THE CRITICAL NOTES.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE I.--OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

"The pa.s.sive voice denotes a being acted upon."--_Maunders Gram._, p. 6.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the term "_being acted upon_" as here used, suggests a doubt concerning its cla.s.sification in parsing. But, according to Critical Note 1st, "Words that may const.i.tute different parts of speech, must not be left doubtful as to their cla.s.sification, or to what part of speech they belong." Therefore, the phraseology should be altered; thus, "The pa.s.sive voice denotes _an action received_." Or; "The pa.s.sive voice denotes _the receiving of an_ action."]

"Milton, in some of his prose works, has very finely turned periods."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 127; _Jamieson's_, 129. "These will be found to be all, or chiefly, of that cla.s.s."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 32. "All appearances of an author's affecting harmony, are disagreeable."--_Ib._, p.

127; _Jamieson_, 128. "Some nouns have a double increase, that is, increase by more syllables than one; as, _iter, itin~eris_."--_Adam's Gram._, p.

255; _Gould's_, 241. "The powers of man are enlarged by advancing cultivation."--_Gurney's Essays_, p. 62. "It is always important to begin well; to make a favourable impression at first setting out."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 307. "For if one take a wrong method at first setting out, it will lead him astray in all that follows."--_Ib._, 313. "His mind is full of his subject, and his words are all expressive."--_Ib._, 179. "How exquisitely is this all performed in Greek!"--_Harris's Hermes_, p. 422.

"How little is all this to satisfy the ambition of an immortal soul!"-- _Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 253. "So as to exhibit the object in its full and most striking point of view."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 41. "And that the author know how to descend with propriety to the plain, as well as how to rise to the bold and figured style."--_Ib._, p. 401. "The heart can only answer to the heart."--_Ib._, p. 259. "Upon its first being perceived."--_Harris's Hermes_, p. 229. "Call for Samson, that he may make us sport."--_Judges_, xvi, 25. "And he made them sport."--_Ibid._ "The term _suffer_ in this definition is used in a technical sense, and means simply the receiving of an action, or the being acted upon."--_Bullions_, p. 29. "The Text is what is only meant to be taught in Schools."--_Brightland, Pref._, p. ix. "The perfect participle denotes action or being perfected or finished."-- _Kirkham's Gram._, p. 78. "From the intricacy and confusion which are produced by their being blended together."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 66.

"This very circ.u.mstance of a word's being employed ant.i.thetically, renders it important in the sentence."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 121. "It [the p.r.o.noun _that_] is applied to both persons and things."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 53. "Concerning us, as being every where evil spoken of."--_Barclay's Works_, Vol. ii, p. vi. "Every thing beside was buried in a profound silence."--_Steele_. "They raise more full conviction than any reasonings produce."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 367. "It appears to me no more than a fanciful refinement."--_Ib._, p. 436. "The regular resolution throughout of a complete pa.s.sage."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. vii. "The infinitive is known by its being immediately preceded by the word _to_."--_Maunders Gram._, p.

6. "It will not be gaining much ground to urge that the basket, or vase, is understood to be the capital."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol. ii, p. 356.

"The disgust one has to drink ink in reality, is not to the purpose where the subject is drinking ink figuratively."--_Ib._, ii, 231. "That we run not into the extreme of pruning so very close."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 111.

"Being obliged to rest for a little on the preposition by itself."--_Ib._, p. 112; _Jamieson's Rhet._, 93. "Being obliged to rest a little on the preposition by itself."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 319. "Our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is none abiding."--_1 Chron._, xxix, 15. "There maybe a more particular expression attempted, of certain objects, by means of resembling sounds."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 129; _Jamieson's_, 130; _Murray's Gram._, 331. "The right disposition of the shade, makes the light and colouring strike the more."--_Blair's Rhet._, 144. "I observed that a diffuse style inclines most to long periods."--_Ib._, p. 178. "Their poor Arguments, which they only Pickt up and down the Highway "--_Divine Right of Tythes_, p. iii. "Which must be little, but a transcribing out of their writings."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 353. "That single impulse is a forcing out of almost all the breath."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 254. "Picini compares modulation to the turning off from a road."--_Gardiner's Music of Nature_, p. 405. "So much has been written, on and off, of almost every subject."--_The Friend_, ii, 117. "By reading books written by the best authors, his mind became highly improved."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 201.

"For I never made the being richly provided a token of a spiritual ministry."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 470.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE II.--OF DOUBTFUL REFERENCE.

"However disagreeable, we must resolutely perform our duty."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 171.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the adjective _disagreeable_ appears to relate to the p.r.o.noun _we_, though such a relation was probably not intended by the author. But, according to Critical Note 2d, "The reference of words to other words, or their syntactical relation according to the sense, should never be left doubtful, by any one who means to be understood." The sentence may be amended thus: "However disagreeable _the task_, we must resolutely perform our duty."]

"The formation of verbs in English, both regular and irregular, is derived from the Saxon."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 47. "Time and chance have an influence on all things human, and on nothing more remarkably than on language."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 180. "Time and chance have an influence on all things human, and on nothing more remarkable than on language."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 47. "Archytases being a virtuous man, who happened to perish once upon a time, is with him a sufficient ground,"

&c.--_Philological Museum_, i, 466. "He will be the better qualified to understand, with accuracy, the meaning of a numerous cla.s.s of words, in which they form a material part."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 120. "We should continually have the goal in view, which would direct us in the race."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 172. "But [Addison's figures] seem to rise of their own accord from the subject, and constantly embellish it."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 150; _Jamieson's_, 157. "As far as persons and other animals and things that we can see go, it is very easy to distinguish Nouns."--_Cobbett's Gram._, --14. "Dissyllables ending in _y, e_ mute, or accented on the last syllable, may be sometimes compared like monosyllables."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 12. "Admitting the above objection, it will not overrule the design."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 140.

"These philosophical innovators forget, that objects are like men, known only by their actions."--_Dr. Murray's Hist. of Lang._, i, 326. "The connexion between words and ideas is arbitrary and conventional, owing to the agreement of men among themselves."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 1. "The connexion between words and ideas may, in general, be considered as arbitrary and conventional, owing to the agreement of men among themselves."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 53. "A man whose inclinations led him to be corrupt, and had great abilities to manage and multiply and defend his corruptions."--_Swift_. "They have no more control over him than any other men."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, 1st Ed., p. 372. "His old words are all true English, and numbers exquisite."--_Spectator_, No. 540. "It has been said, that not only Jesuits can equivocate."--_Murray's Exercises_, 8vo, p.

121. "It has been said, that Jesuits can not only equivocate."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 253. "The nominative of the first and second person in Latin is seldom expressed."--_Adam's Gram._, p. 154; _Gould's_, 157. "Some words are the same in both numbers."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 40; _Ingersoll's_, 18; _Fisk's_, 59; _Kirkham's_, 39; _W. Allen's_, 42; et al.

"Some nouns are the same in both numbers."--_Merchant's Gram._, p. 29; _Smith's_, 45; et al. "Others are the same in both numbers; as, _deer, swine_, &c."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 8. "The following list denotes the sounds of the consonants, being in number twenty-two."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 6; _Fisk's_, 36. "And is the ignorance of these peasants a reason for others to remain ignorant; or to render the subject a less becoming inquiry?"--_Harris's Hermes_, p. 293; _Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 288. "He is one of the most correct, and perhaps the best, of our prose writers."--_Lowth's Gram., Pref._, p. iv., "The motions of a vortex and a whirlwind are perfectly similar."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 131. "What I have been saying throws light upon one important verse in the Bible, which I should like to have read."--_Abbott's Teacher_, p. 182. "When there are any circ.u.mstances of time, place, or other limitations, which the princ.i.p.al object of our sentence requires to have connected with it."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 115; _Jamieson's Rhet._, 98; _Murray's Gram._, i, 322.

"Interjections are words used to express emotion, affection, or pa.s.sion, and imply suddenness."--_Bucke's Gram._, p. 77. "But the genitive is only used to express the measure of things in the plural number."--_Adam's Gram._, p. 200; _Gould's_, 198. "The buildings of the inst.i.tution have been enlarged; the expense of which, added to the increased price of provisions, renders it necessary to advance the terms of admission."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 183. "These sentences are far less difficult than complex."--_S. S.

Greene's a.n.a.lysis, or Grammar_, 1st Ed., p. 179.

"Far from the madding crowd's ign.o.ble strife, Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray."--_Gray's Elegy_.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE III.--OF DEFINITIONS.

(1.) "_Definition_ is such a description of things as exactly describes the thing and that thing only."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 135.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because this definition of a _definition_ is not accurately adapted to the thing. But, according to Critical Note 3d, "A definition, in order to be perfect, must include the whole thing, or cla.s.s of things, which it pretends to define, and exclude every thing which comes not under the name." [453] The example may be amended thus: "A definition is a _short and lucid_ description of a _thing, or species, according to its nature and properties._"]

(2.) "Language, in general, signifies the expression of our ideas by certain articulate sounds, which are used as the signs of those ideas."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 53. (3.) "A WORD is an articulate _sound_ used by common consent as the sign of an idea,"--_Bullions, a.n.a.lyt. and Pract.

Gr._, p. 17. (4.) "A word is a sound, or combination of sounds, which is used in the expression of thought"--_Hazen's Gram._, p. 12. (5.) "_Words_ are articulate sounds, used as _signs_ to convey our ideas."--_Hiley's Gram._, p. 5. (6.) "A _word_ is a number of letters used together to represent some idea."--_Hart's E. Gram._, p. 28. (7.) "A _Word_ is a combination of letters, used as the sign of an idea."--_S. W. Clark's Practical Gram._, p. 9. (8.) "A _word_ is a letter or a combination of letters, used as the sign of an idea."--_Wells's School Gram._, p. 41. (9.) "Words are articulate sounds, by which ideas are communicated."--_Wright's Gram._, p. 28. (10.) "Words are certain articulate sounds used by common consent as signs of our ideas."--_Bullions, Principles of E. Gram._, p. 6; _Lat. Gram._, 6; see _Lowth, Murray, Smith, et al._ (11.) "Words are sounds used as signs of our ideas."--_W. Allen's Gram._, p. 30. (12.) "Orthography means _word-making_ or _spelling_.'"--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 19; _Smith's New Gram._, p. 41. (13.) "A vowel is a letter, the name of which const.i.tutes a full, open sound."--_Hazen's Gram._, p. 10; _Lennie's, 5; Brace's, 7._ (14.) "Spelling is the art of reading by naming the letters singly, and rightly dividing words into their syllables. Or, in writing, it is the expressing of a word by its proper letters."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 5; _Churchill's_, 20. (15.) "Spelling is the art of rightly dividing words into their syllables, or of expressing a word by its proper letters."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 21; _Ingersoll's, 6; Merchant's, 10; Alger's, 12; Greenleaf's, 20_; and others. (16) "Spelling is the art of expressing words by their proper letters; or of rightly dividing words into syllables."--_Comly's Gram._, p. 8. (17.) "Spelling is the art of expressing a word by its proper letters, and rightly dividing it into syllables."--_Bullions's Princ. of E. Gram._, p. 2. (18.) "Spelling is the art of expressing a word by its proper letters."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 23; _Sanborn's_, p. 259. (19.) "A syllable is a sound either simple or compounded, p.r.o.nounced by a single impulse of the voice, and const.i.tuting a word or part of a word."--_Lowth_, p. 5; _Murray_, 21; _Ingersoll_, 6; _Fisk_, 11; _Greenleaf_, 20: _Merchant_, 9; _Alger_, 12; _Bucke_, 15; _Smith_, 118; _et al_. (20.) "A Syllable is a complete Sound uttered in one Breath."--_British Gram._, p. 32; _Buchanan's_, 5. (21.) "A syllable is a distinct sound, uttered by a single impulse of the voice."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 20. (22.) "A Syllable is a distinct sound forming the whole of a word, or so much of it as can be sounded at once."--_Bullions, E. Gr._, p.

2. (23.) "A _syllable_ is a word, or part of a word, or as much as can be sounded at once."--_Picket's Gram._, p. 10. (24.) "A diphthong is the union of two Vowels, both of which are p.r.o.nounced as one: as in bear and beat."--_Bucke's Gram._, p. 15. (25.) "A diphthong consists of two vowels, forming one syllable; as, _ea_, in _beat_."--_Guy's Gram._, p. 2. (26.) "A triphthong consists of three vowels forming one syllable; as, _eau_ in _beauty_."--_Ib._ (27.) "But the Triphthong is the union of three Vowels, p.r.o.nounced as one."--_Bucke's Gram._, p. 15. (28.) "What is a Noun Substantive? A Noun Substantive is the thing itself; as, a Man, a Boy."--_British Gram._, p. 85; _Buchanan's_, 26. (29.) "An adjective is a word added to nouns to describe them."--_Maunder's Gram._, p. 1. (30.) "An adjective is a word joined to a noun, to describe or define it."--_Smith's New Gram._, p. 51. (31.) "An adjective is a word used to describe or define a noun."--_Wilc.o.x's Gram._, p. 2. (32.) "The adjective is added to the noun, to express the quality of it"--_Murray's Gram._, 12mo, 2d Ed., p. 27; _Lowth_, p. 6. (33.) "An adjective expresses the quality of the noun to which it is applied; and may generally be known by its making sense in connection with it; as, 'A _good_ man,' 'A _genteel_ woman.'"--_Wright's Gram._, p. 34. (34.) "An adverb is a word used to modify the sense of other words."--_Wilc.o.x's Gram._, p. 2. (35.) "An adverb is a word joined to a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, to modify or denote some circ.u.mstance respecting it."--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 66; _Lat. Gram._, 185. (36.) "A Substantive or Noun is a name given to every object which the senses can perceive; the understanding comprehend; or the imagination entertain."--_Wright's Gram._, p. 34. (37.) "GENDER means the distinction of nouns with regard to s.e.x."--_Bullions, Prin. of E. Gram._, 2d Ed., p. 9.

(38.) "Gender is a distinction of nouns with regard to s.e.x."--_Frost's Gram._, p. 7. (39.) "Gender is a distinction of nouns in regard to s.e.x."--_Perley's Gram._, p. 10. (40.) "Gender is the distinction of nouns, in regard to s.e.x."--_Cooper's Murray_, 24; _Practical Gram._, 21. (41.) "Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to s.e.x."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 37; _Alger's_, 16; _Bacon's_, 12; _R. G. Greene's_, 16; _Bullions, Prin._, 5th Ed., 9; _his New Gr._, 22; _Fisk's_, 19; _Hull's_, 9; _Ingersoll's_, 15. (42.) "Gender is the distinction of s.e.x."--_Alden's Gram._, p. 9; _Comly's_, 20; _Dalton's_, 11; _Davenport's_, 15; _J.

Flint's_, 28; A. _Flint's_, 11; _Greenleaf's_, 21; _Guy's_, 4; _Hart's_, 36; _Hiley's_, 12; _Kirkham's_, 34; _Lennie's_, 11; _Picket's_, 25; _Smith's_, 43; _Sanborn's_, 25; _Wilc.o.x's_, 8. (43.) "Gender is the distinction of s.e.x, or the Difference betwixt Male and Female."--_British Gram._, p. 94; _Buchanan's_, 18. (44.) "Why are nouns divided into genders?

To distinguish their s.e.xes."--_Fowle's True Eng. Gram._, p. 10. (45.) "What is meant by _Gender?_ The different s.e.xes."--_Burn's Gram._, p. 34. (46) "Gender, in grammar, is a difference of termination, to express distinction of s.e.x."--_Webster's Philos. Gram._, p 30; _Improved Gram._, 22. (47.) "Gender signifies a distinction of nouns, according to the different s.e.xes of things they denote."--_Coar's Gram._, p. 2. (48.) "Gender is the distinction occasioned by s.e.x. Though there are but two s.e.xes, still nouns necessarily admit of four distinctions[454] of gender."--_Hall's Gram._, p.

6. (49.) "Gender is a term which is employed for the distinction of nouns with regard to s.e.x and species."--_Wright's Gram._, p. 41. (50.) "Gender is a Distinction of s.e.x."--_Fisher's Gram._, p. 53. (51.) "GENDER marks the distinction of s.e.x."--_W. Allen's Gram._, p. 37. (52.) "_Gender_ means the kind, or s.e.x. There are four genders."--_Parker and Fox's, Part I_, p. 7.

(53.) "Gender is a property of the noun which distinguishes s.e.x."--_Weld's Gram._, 2d Ed., p. 57. (54.) "Gender is a property of the noun or p.r.o.noun by which it distinguishes s.e.x."--_Weld's Grammar Abridged_, p. 49. (55.) "Case is the state or condition of a noun with respect to the other words in a sentence."--_Bullion's, E. Gram._, p. 16; _his a.n.a.lyt. and Pract.

Gram._, p. 31. (56.) "_Case_ means the different state or situation of nouns with regard to other words."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 55. (57.) "The cases of substantives signify their different terminations, which serve to express the relation of one thing to another."--_L. Murray's Gram._, 12mo, 2d Ed., p. 35. (58.) "Government is the power which one _part of speech_ has over _another_, when it causes it or requires it to be of some particular person, number, gender, case, style, or mode."--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 126; see _Murray's Gram._, 142; _Smith's_, 119; _Pond's_, 88; _et al_. (59.) "A simple sentence is a sentence which contains only one nominative case and one verb to agree with it."--_Sanborn, ib._; see _Murray's Gram., et al_. (60.) "Declension means putting a noun through the different cases."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 58. (61.) "Zeugma is when two or more substantives have a verb in common, which is applicable only to one of them."--_B. F. Fisk's Greek Gram._, p. 185. (62.) "An Irregular Verb is that which has its pa.s.sed tense and perfect participle terminating differently; as, smite, smote, smitten."--_Wright's Gram._, p. 92. (63.) "_Personal_ p.r.o.nouns are employed as subst.i.tutes for nouns that denote _persons_."--_Hiley's Gram._, p. 23.